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[[File:ضريح السيدة آمنة عليها السلام-2.JPG|thumb|left|The alleged grave of Amina bint Wahb in [[Al-Abwa']]. It was [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destroyed]] in 1998.]]
[[File:ضريح السيدة آمنة عليها السلام-2.JPG|thumb|left|The alleged grave of Amina bint Wahb in [[Al-Abwa']]. It was [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destroyed]] in 1998.]]


Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite book |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2015 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/188 188]-189}}</ref> One transmission by [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Majah]] states that [[God in Islam|Allah]] ([[God]]) refused to forgive Amina for her ''[[kafir|kufr]]'' (disbelief). Another transmission in [[List of Sunni books#Other Authentic Hadith collections|Musnad al-Bazzar]] states that Muhammad's parents was brought back to life and accepted Islam, then returned to the ''[[Barzakh]]''.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ProphetsParent/page/n3 |title=The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims |pages=11–28 |publisher=Suffah Foundation |author=Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri}}</ref>{{rp|11}} Some [[Ash'ari]] and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were ''[[Ahl al-fatrah]]'', or "People of the interval" between the prophetic messages of [[Jesus in Islam|'Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name="Katz">{{cite book |title=The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz|url-access=limited |last=Holmes Katz |first=Marion |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz/page/n134 126]-128 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-1359-8394-9}}</ref> The concept of ''Ahl al-fatrah'' is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]'' ([[Polytheism]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rida |first=Rashid |title=Tafsir al-Manar |chapter=2:62 |pages=278–281 |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105004004/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it, and disregard the ''a[[hadith]]'' (narrations) stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.<ref name="Brown" />
Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite book |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2015 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/188 188]-189}}</ref> One transmission by [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Majah]] states that [[God in Islam|Allah]] ([[God]]) refused to forgive Amina for her ''[[kafir|kufr]]'' (disbelief). Another transmission in [[List of Sunni books#Other Authentic Hadith collections|Musnad al-Bazzar]] states that Muhammad's parents were brought back to life and accepted Islam, then returned to the ''[[Barzakh]]''.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ProphetsParent/page/n3 |title=The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims |pages=11–28 |publisher=Suffah Foundation |author=Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri}}</ref>{{rp|11}} Some [[Ash'ari]] and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were ''[[Ahl al-fatrah]]'', or "People of the interval" between the prophetic messages of [[Jesus in Islam|'Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name="Katz">{{cite book |title=The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz|url-access=limited |last=Holmes Katz |first=Marion |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz/page/n134 126]-128 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-1359-8394-9}}</ref> The concept of ''Ahl al-fatrah'' is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]'' ([[Polytheism]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rida |first=Rashid |title=Tafsir al-Manar |chapter=2:62 |pages=278–281 |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105004004/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it, and disregard the ''a[[hadith]]'' (narrations) stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.<ref name="Brown" />


While a work attributed to [[Abu Hanifa]], an early [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, stated that both Amina and Abd Allah died upon their innate nature (''Mata 'ala al-fitrah''),<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/parents.htm |title=Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs |author=Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani |publisher=Masud}}</ref> some later authors of ''[[mawlid]]'' texts related a tradition in which Amina and Abd Allah were temporarily [[Resurrection in Islam|revived]] and embraced Islam. Scholars like [[Ibn Taymiyya]] stated that this was a lie, though [[Al-Qurtubi]] stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology.<ref name=" Katz" /> According to [[Ali al-Qari]], the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|28}} According to [[Al-Suyuti]], [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi|Isma'il Haqqi]], and other Islamic scholars, all of the narrations indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|24}} [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Amina included, were [[Tawhid|monotheists]], and therefore entitled to [[Jannah|Paradise]]. A Shia tradition states that [[Allah|God]] forbade the fires of [[Jahannam|Hell]] from touching either of Muhammad's parents.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |year=1975 |volume=5 |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad |pages=75–88}}</ref>
While a work attributed to [[Abu Hanifa]], an early [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, stated that both Amina and Abd Allah died upon their innate nature (''Mata 'ala al-fitrah''),<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/parents.htm |title=Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs |author=Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani |publisher=Masud}}</ref> some later authors of ''[[mawlid]]'' texts related a tradition in which Amina and Abd Allah were temporarily [[Resurrection in Islam|revived]] and embraced Islam. Scholars like [[Ibn Taymiyya]] stated that this was a lie, though [[Al-Qurtubi]] stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology.<ref name=" Katz" /> According to [[Ali al-Qari]], the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|28}} According to [[Al-Suyuti]], [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi|Isma'il Haqqi]], and other Islamic scholars, all of the narrations indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|24}} [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Amina included, were [[Tawhid|monotheists]], and therefore entitled to [[Jannah|Paradise]]. A Shia tradition states that [[Allah|God]] forbade the fires of [[Jahannam|Hell]] from touching either of Muhammad's parents.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |year=1975 |volume=5 |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad |pages=75–88}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:52, 10 December 2023

Amina
آمِنَة
Born
Amina bint Wahb

c. 549 (66 BH)
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died576–577 C.E. / 36 B.H. (Age 27)
Al-Abwa', Tihamah, Hejaz
Resting placeAl-Abwa
Known forMother of Muhammad[1]
SpouseAbdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (m. 568–569)
ChildrenMuhammad
Parents
Relatives
Cousin:

Daughter(s)-in-law:

Granddaughter(s):

Grandson(s):
FamilyBanu Zuhrah (of Quraysh)
This article is about the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. For other uses, see Amina (disambiguation).

Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf al-Zuhriyya (Arabic: آمِنَة بِنْت وَهْب, romanized: ʾĀmina bint Wahb, c. 549–577) was the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] She belonged to the Banu Zuhra tribe.

Early life and marriage

Amina was born to Wahb ibn Abd Manaf and Barrah bint 'Abd al-'Uzzā ibn 'Uthmān ibn 'Abd al-Dār in Mecca. Her tribe, Quraysh, descent from Ibrahim (Abraham), through his son Isma'il (Ishmael). Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of Qusayy ibn Kilab, who was an ancestor of Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib, and was the first Qurayshi custodian of the Kaaba. Abd al-Muttalib proposed the marriage of Abd Allah, his youngest son, to Amina. Some sources state that Amina's father accepted the match, while others say that it was Amina's uncle Wuhaib, who was serving as her guardian.[2][3] The two were married soon after.[3] Abd Allah spent much of Amina's pregnancy away from home as part of a merchant caravan, and died of disease before the birth of his son in Madinah.[3][4]

Birth of Muhammad

See also: Mawlid and Muhammad in Mecca
Makkah Al Mukarramah Library (21°25′30″N 39°49′48″E / 21.42500°N 39.83000°E / 21.42500; 39.83000 (Bayt al-Mawlid / Makkah Al Mukarramah Library)) is believed to stand on the spot where Amina gave birth to Muhammad, so it is also known as Bayt al-Mawlid.

Three months after Abd Allah's death, in 570–571 CE, Muhammad was born. As was tradition among all the great families at the time, Amina sent Muhammad to live with a milk mother in the desert as a baby. The belief was that in the desert, one would learn self-discipline, nobility, and freedom. During this time, Muhammad was nursed by Halima bint Abi Dhuayb, a poor Bedouin woman from the tribe of Banu Sa'd, a branch of the Hawāzin.[5]

Death

When Muhammad was six years old, he was reunited with Amina, who took him to visit her relatives in Yathrib (later Medina). Upon their return to Mecca a month later, accompanied by her slave Umm Ayman, Amina fell ill. She died around the year 577 or 578,[6][7] and was buried in the village of Al-Abwa'. Her grave was destroyed in 1998.[8][9] The young Muhammad was taken in first by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib in 577, and later by his paternal uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[3]

Fate in the afterlife

The alleged grave of Amina bint Wahb in Al-Abwa'. It was destroyed in 1998.

Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.[10] One transmission by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah states that Allah (God) refused to forgive Amina for her kufr (disbelief). Another transmission in Musnad al-Bazzar states that Muhammad's parents were brought back to life and accepted Islam, then returned to the Barzakh.[11]: 11  Some Ash'ari and Shafi'i scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were Ahl al-fatrah, or "People of the interval" between the prophetic messages of 'Isa (Jesus) and Muhammad.[12] The concept of Ahl al-fatrah is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of Shirk (Polytheism),[13] though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it, and disregard the ahadith (narrations) stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.[10]

While a work attributed to Abu Hanifa, an early Sunni scholar, stated that both Amina and Abd Allah died upon their innate nature (Mata 'ala al-fitrah),[14] some later authors of mawlid texts related a tradition in which Amina and Abd Allah were temporarily revived and embraced Islam. Scholars like Ibn Taymiyya stated that this was a lie, though Al-Qurtubi stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology.[12] According to Ali al-Qari, the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.[11]: 28  According to Al-Suyuti, Isma'il Haqqi, and other Islamic scholars, all of the narrations indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.[11]: 24  Shia Muslims believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Amina included, were monotheists, and therefore entitled to Paradise. A Shia tradition states that God forbade the fires of Hell from touching either of Muhammad's parents.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b Al-A'zami, Muhammad Mustafa (2003). The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments. UK Islamic Academy. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-1-8725-3165-6.
  2. ^ Muhammad Shibli Numani; M. Tayyib Bakhsh Badāyūnī (1979). Life of the Prophet. Kazi Publications. pp. 148–150.
  3. ^ a b c d Ibn Ishaq (1955). Ibn Hisham (ed.). Life of Muhammad. Translated by Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–79.
  4. ^ Ibn Sa'd/Haq pp. 107–108.
  5. ^ "Muhammad: Prophet of Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  6. ^ Peters, F. E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. Albany, New York, the U.S.A.: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1876-6.
  7. ^ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir: Volume I, Pakistan Historical Society, page- 129.
  8. ^ Daniel Howden (18 April 2006). "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-07-27. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  9. ^ Ondrej Beranek; Pavel Tupek (2009). "From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis" (Crown Paper). Waltham, Massachusetts, the U.S.A.: Brandeis University. OCLC 457230835.
  10. ^ a b Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2015). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 188-189.
  11. ^ a b c Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri, The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims, Suffah Foundation, pp. 11–28
  12. ^ a b Holmes Katz, Marion (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Routledge. p. 126-128. ISBN 978-1-1359-8394-9.
  13. ^ Rida, Rashid. "2:62". Tafsir al-Manar. pp. 278–281. Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-06.
  14. ^ Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani, Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs, Masud
  15. ^ Rubin, Uri (1975). "Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad". Israel Oriental Studies. 5: 75–88.
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