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| other_names =Andrew Berwick,<ref name=nyt-extremist>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/europe/24oslo.html?_r=1&hp|title=Christian Extremist Charged in Norway|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Scott|last2=Shane|date=23 July 2011|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Sigurd (Jorsalfar)<ref name=db1/>
| other_names =Andrew Berwick,<ref name=nyt-extremist>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/europe/24oslo.html?_r=1&hp|title=Christian Extremist Charged in Norway|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Scott|last2=Shane|date=23 July 2011|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Sigurd (Jorsalfar)<ref name=db1/>
| education = High school
| education = High school
| organization= [[Knights Templar]]
| occupation = Self-employed
| occupation = Self-employed
| known_for = [[2011 Norway attacks]]
| known_for = [[2011 Norway attacks]]

Revision as of 19:21, 29 July 2011

Anders Behring Breivik
File:Anders Behring Breivik (Facebook portrait in suit).jpg
Anders Behring Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[1]
Oslo, Norway[2]
Other namesAndrew Berwick,[3] Sigurd (Jorsalfar)[4]
CitizenshipNorwegian
EducationHigh school
OccupationSelf-employed
OrganizationKnights Templar
Known for2011 Norway attacks

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: ['ɑnəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk]; born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian Christian terrorist, christofascist, right-wing Christian terrorist.[6] He has claimed responsibility[7][8] for the attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011: a bombing of government buildings in Oslo that caused eight deaths, and a mass shooting at a youth camp of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya, where he killed 69 people.[9][10][11]

Breivik's far-right[12] militant ideology is described in a collection of texts written by himself and by others, titled 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks[12][13] under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[14][15] In it he lays out his xenophobic worldview, which includes support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, Islamophobia, far-right Zionism and Serbian paramilitarism.[12][16] It further argues for the violent annihilation of Eurabia, "cultural Marxism", Islam and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.[12][17][18][19][20]

Breivik has confessed to what he calls "atrocious but necessary" actions, but denies criminal responsibility.[21][22] Breivik claimed contact with Norwegian and international far-right political movements,[23][24] and claims to belong to an international anti-Islam network with two cells in Norway and more in other countries. Police and experts doubt these claims but have not dismissed them completely.[22]

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[22] acts of terrorism under the criminal law, and ordered held for eight weeks—the first four in solitary confinement—pending further court proceedings.[10][25] Prosecutors are considering charging him with crimes against humanity under a 2008 law.[26]

Biography

Breivik was born in Oslo, on 13 February 1979, [27] the son of [Wenche Behring], a nurse, and [Jens David Breivik], a Siviløkonom (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the Royal Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[28] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian army officer.[29]

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School.[30] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[31] When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. He and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around in Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. He later wrote that after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his father stopped contact with him.[30]

Breivik criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."

Breivik's father, who currently lives in France as a pensioner, has confirmed that he has had no contact with his son since 1995.[32] His home in the south of France was surrounded by gendarmes following the murders.[33][34] They initially said they were searching the premises,[35] but later the state prosecutor at Carcassonne said that the gendarmes were to protect Breivik and his wife.[30] The local mayor's office said Breivik had requested protection against harassment from journalists.[36] After the attack, Jens Breivik is quoted as saying "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done", adding "I will have to live with this shame for the rest of my life."[35] Breivik's mother has reportedly left her home after her son's arrest and is staying at a secret location.[37]

Breivik was exempt from conscription in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[38] In his manifesto, Breivik described how he avoided his mandatory military service in the Norwegian Army three times, by claiming he would not put his life on the line for Norway’s political parties.

For some time Breivik worked in a customer service company.[39] A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[40] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[41] Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attack in 2002, founding his own "computer programming" business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million at the age of 24.[42] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[43] To save money, he moved back to his mother's home. His declared assets in 2007 were about 630,000 Norwegian krones, according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[39] He claims that by 2008 he had about two million Norwegian krones and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[42]

In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[44] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[45] In the same year he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. The attempt was a failure, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels instead.[46] He had no declared income in 2009 and his fortune amounted to 390,000 Norwegian krones, according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[39] In January 2010 he states that his funds are "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.[42] In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,[47] the site of his farm. Immediately after the attack there was speculation that he could have used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives.[47] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[48] Newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought large amounts of fertiliser from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. Despite this, the security service accessed his phone and email but only for 24 hours. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with the fertiliser nitrate explosives before detailing a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[49] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at 317,000 euros - "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years."[39]

2011 attacks

Main article: 2011 Norway attacks
File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a compression garment in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti traitor hunting permit".[50]

On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[51][52][11] The youngest victim being Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn, who had just turned 14 years old, her blog was purpleinstyle.blogg.no [53] and describes the days before her murder.[54][55] Breivik has also been linked with the bomb blasts which had taken place approximately two hours earlier in Oslo, killing eight people. Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a compression garment and pointing a rifle.[56]

Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.[57] After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.[52][58][59]

Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.[60] The chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and I am not. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."[61] Breivik himself has confessed to using testosterone in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.[62][63]

The first funerals of the victims commenced on 29 July 2011, the first being for Bano Rashid, aged 18.[64][65]

Writings

Forums

Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[66] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[67] website document.no.[68] He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.[69] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[70][71][72]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[17][73] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[74] EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26 July 2011.[75] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[23][76][77] Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[78] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin(Putinism), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[79]

Personal manifesto

Breivik compiled a 1,516-page manifesto entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence (a reference to the unsuccessful second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683[80]), under the pseudonym "Andrew Berwick", which he e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[81] In the manifesto, which is part political discussion, part confessional, and part action plan, Breivik sets out his belief that his actions will help to spark a civil war in Europe that will last for decades, progressing through three distinct phases and culminating in 2083 with the extermination of European Marxists and the expulsion of Muslims from Europe.[82]

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[83][84][citation needed] Major parts of the manifesto are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[85] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[86] The New York Times described American influences in Brevik's writings, noting that he mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times in his manifesto and cites Spencer's works at great length.[87] The work of the Egyptian born Jewish author Bat Ye'or [88] is cited dozens of times.[89] Neocon blogger Pamela Geller [90] , Middle-eastern expert Bernard Lewis[91], Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst [92] and neo-conservative Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as Breivik's sources of inspiration.[93] The pamphlet also quotes from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column as well as Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[94] Breivik also admires Ayaan Hirsi Ali (whom he thinks deserves the Nobel Prize), Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[95] and Henryk M. Broder.[96]

In the manifesto, Breivik considers himself "a real European hero", "the saviour of Christianity" and "the greatest defender of cultural-conservatism in Europe since 1950".[97] Breivik wanted to see European policies on multiculturalism more similar to those of Japan and South Korea, which he said are “not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best”.[18]

Breivik's manifesto also advocates a restoration of patriarchy which would be necessary to save European culture. Beirik promises that if his movement wins they “will re-establish the patriarchal structures“.[98] [99]

Political and religious views

Islamophobia

Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by officials as being a right-wing extremist. The acting police chief said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and Islamophobia views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen." He was also described by many in the media as a Christian Fundamentalist, christian terrorist, christofascist,nazist nationalist and right-wing extremist,[20][52][100][101][6] Although self-identified as a Christian, others have questioned whether Breivik was in fact a fundamentalist Christian or even a Christian at all.[102] [103] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[104][105][106] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[107] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to the "Islam", and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[12]

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL)[23] and claimed to have been involved with the Norwegian Defence League(NDL),[24] The NDL had held a failed rally in Norway in April 2011[108] An EDL leader denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011.[75] He sympathises with the Serbian paramilitarism.[16] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083.[109] He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[110] In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India.[111]

Christian terrorism

Breivik chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15.[112][113] In 2009, he wrote that he supports "an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic".[114] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian.[17][115] Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Church in a final "Martyr's mass".[116]

In his manifesto, he describes himself as "100 percent Christian",[112] but adds that he is not "excessively religious"[112] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[112][102] He states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie" and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment".[102][115] Breivik writes that he embraces religion as a source for drawing mental strength,[102] and planned to pray to God during his attacks.[117]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI, for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[118] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[119]

American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism — the ethnocentric branch of Greater European Heathenry — in his writ. In regards to them, he says, “even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers” in the Knights Templar organization that Breivik claims to be a founding member of. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[120]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist"[52][121][122][123] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[124][118][125] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[126][102][115]

Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his Facebook page and was himself a Freemason.[127] He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile[128], although the regalia in the photo was incomplete, and was a member of St. Olaus T.D. Tre Søiler No. 8 in Oslo.[129] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[130][131] During the four and a half years he was a member he only took part in four meetings and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[132]

Breivik was previously a member of the anti-immigrant Progress Party (FrP), which promotes libertarian, conservative and right-wing populist viewpoints[133][134][135] and its youth wing FpU from 1997 to 2007, acting as deputy chairman for one of the local Oslo chapters.[136] According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.[137]

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, who has banned him for life, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[138]. The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons. Oslo Pistolklubb

Knights Templar

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" in the tradition of the Knights Templar,[136] which he calls the new "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici". The name translates into "Poor Fellows of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon" and refers to the first headquarters of the Knights Templar, built on the place ascribed to the ruins of the Temple of Solomon. According to him, the order has been established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb and has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated knights" besides an unknown number of "civilian members", who he expects to take political and military control of Western Europe.[139] Breivik gives his own code name as "Sigurd Jorsalfar" and that of his "mentor" as "Richard Lionheart" (recalling the twelfth-century Crusaders King Sigurd I of Norway and Richard the Lionheart),[4] claiming that the group has several "cells" in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[22]

Influences

Breivik identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, Zionism[12], Serbian paramilitarism,[16], the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria[140] [141] , right-wing Hindu nationalism (Hindutva)[142], the right-wing Swiss People's Party[143], Winston Churchill,[144] Max Manus,[144][145] Robert Spencer[146], Patrick Buchanan [147] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture".[148] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[47][149]

Breivik has also frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[150] In response to his knowledge of this following the 2011 attacks, Fjordman distanced himself from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" that he was cited by Breivik.[151] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the 2083 manifesto, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.[152] He admired several historical leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Nicholas I of Russia and John III Sobieski.[153]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rayment, Sean (25 July 2011). "Modest boy who became a mass murderer". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  2. ^ "Dagens navn". Aftenposten, morgen. 15 February 1979. p. 10. Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)
  3. ^ Erlanger, Steven; Shane, Scott (23 July 2011). "Christian Extremist Charged in Norway". New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Skulle drepe 4848 nordmenn" (in Norwegian). 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Is Anders Breivik A 'Christian Terrorist'?. Huffington Post. "I consider myself to be 100% Christian."
  6. ^ a b "Man held after Norway attacks right-wing extremist: report". Reuters. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  7. ^ "Norway suspect admits responsibility". Sky News. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  8. ^ "Slik var dramaet på Utøya". Verdens Gang. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  9. ^ Gavin Hewitt. "Norway gunman 'has accomplices'". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  10. ^ a b Steven Erlanger and Alan Cowell (25 July 2011). "Norway suspect hints that he did not act alone". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b "Death Toll in Norway Attacks Rises to 77". ABC News. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  12. ^ a b c d e f 'Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views' by Ben Hartman, The Jerusalem Post, 24 July 2011
  13. ^ Kumano-Ensby, Anne Linn (23 July 2011). "Sendte ut ideologisk bokmanus en time før bomben". NRK News (in Norwegian). Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  14. ^ AVKRISTINA OVERN  . "Var aktiv i norsk antiislamsk organisasjon - Nyheter - Innenriks". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 27 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ Bjoern Amland and Sarah Dilorenzo (24 July 2011). "Lawyer: Norway suspect wanted a revolution". Forbes. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  16. ^ a b c eurasiareview.com. 26 July 2011 title=Norway’s Bomber Should Leave The Balkans Alone http://www.eurasiareview.com/norway%E2%80%99s-bomber-should-leave-the-balkans-alone-oped-26072011/ title=Norway’s Bomber Should Leave The Balkans Alone. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help); Text "authorBalkan Insight" ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b c "Norwegian Massacre Gunman was a Right-Wing Extremist who hated Muslims". The Daily Mail. 24 July 2011.
  18. ^ a b "Norway killings: Breivik posted hate-filled video on YouTube hours before attacks". The Daily Telegraph. 24 July 2011.
  19. ^ Norwegian Crime and Punishment by Debra J. Saunders, San Francisco Chronicle, 26 July 2011 ~ "... the anti-multiculturalism, anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist message of his 1,500-page manifesto."
  20. ^ a b Goodman, J. David (23 July 2011). "At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  21. ^ "Suspect mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik denies criminal responsibility". Herald Sun. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  22. ^ a b c d Reuters (26 July 2011). "Norway massacre suspect appears to be insane, his lawyer says". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  23. ^ a b c Craig Murray. "Norwegian Killer Linked to Tea Party and EDL". Craig Murray.
  24. ^ a b "CH4, 25th July 2011". Channel4.com. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  25. ^ "Court ruling in Norwegian from the arraignment hearing in ''Oslo tingrett'' (Oslo District Court), 25 July 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  26. ^ "Norway: Police ponder new Anders Behring Breivik charge". 26 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "BBC" ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Dagens navn". Aftenposten, morgen. 15 February 1979. p. 10. Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)
  28. ^ Allen, Peter (23 July 2011). "Norway Killer: Father horrified by Anders Behring Breivik killing spree". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  29. ^ Allen, Peter; Fagge, Nick; Cohen, Tamara (25 July 2011). "Mummy's boy who lurched to the Right was 'privileged' son of diplomat but despised his liberal family". The Telegraph.
  30. ^ a b c Norway gunman's father speaks out: 'He should have taken his own life' The Guardian, 2011-07-25.
  31. ^ Bundgaard, Maria (23. jul. 2011 kl. 18:12), Skolekammerat: Han hjalp mobbeofre {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Father of Norway attack suspect says in shock", Reuters, 24 July 2011.
  33. ^ French Police Raid Norway Suspect's Father's Home Fox News, 2011-07-25.
  34. ^ French police raid Norway shooter's father's home Forbes, 2011-07-25.
  35. ^ a b The Associated Press and Reuters (25 July 2011). "Norway massacre suspect warns of two more terrorist cells". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  36. ^ Police Form Ring Around Breivik's Father's House Wall Street Journal, 2011-07-25.
  37. ^ "Breiviks familie i dekning". VG nett. 27 July 2011.
  38. ^ Aune, Oddvin, "32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø", NRK, Oslo {{citation}}: Text ""Etter det NRK får opplyst, har ikke den pågrepne noen yrkesmilitær bakgrunn. Han ble fritatt fra verneplikt, og dermed har han ikke spesialutdanning eller utenlandsoppdrag for Forsvaret." - "From what NRK have been informed, the suspect has no military background. He was exempt from conscription and therefore has no special military training or service abroad."" ignored (help)
  39. ^ a b c d Breivik lade alla besparingar på terrorattentaten (in Swedish), DN.se {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help)
  40. ^ Hansen, Anette Holth; Skille, Øyvind Bye, Han var en utmerket kollega (in Norwegian), NO: NRK
  41. ^ "Norwegian mass murder suspect has big ego – friend". RT. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  42. ^ a b c Taylor, Matthew (25 July 2011). "Norway gunman claims he had nine-year plan to finance attacks". Guardian.
  43. ^ "Terrorsiktede Anders Behring Breivik tappet selskapet like før det gikk konkurs". Hegnar.no. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  44. ^ "Brønnøysundregistrene - Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret". Brønnøysund Business Register (in Norwegian). NO: Ministry of Trade and Industry. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  45. ^ "Profile: Norway attacks suspect Anders Behring Breivik". BBC. 25 July 2011.
  46. ^ Oslo killer sought weapons from Prague’s underworld, Czech Position, 25 July 2011
  47. ^ a b c "Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 July 2011.[verification needed]
  48. ^ "Oslo bomb suspect bought 6 tonnes fertiliser: supplier". Reuters. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  49. ^ "Anders Breivik 'was on Norwegian secret service watchlist' after buying chemical haul from Polish retailer". MailOnline. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  50. ^ Shara Lee (25 July 2011). "Norway mourns loss after terror". Canadian Christianity. Retrieved 26 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  51. ^ Ujala Sehgal (23 July 2011). "Profile: The Christian Extremist Suspect in Norway's Massacre". The Atlantic.
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