Anna of Savoy: Difference between revisions

Anna of Savoy
Anna of Savoy
Byzantine Empress consort
Tenure	1326–1341
Born	1306
Died	1365 (aged 58–59); Thessaloniki
Spouse	Andronikos III Palaiologos
Issue	Maria (renamed Eirene); John V Palaiologos; Michael Palaiologos; Eirene (renamed Maria)
House	Savoy
Father	Amadeus V, Count of Savoy
Mother	Maria of Brabant
Religion	Eastern Orthodox; prev. Roman Catholic

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Anna of Savoy, born Giovanna (1306–1365), was a Byzantine Empress consort, as the second spouse of Andronikos III Palaiologos. She served as regent, with the titles augusta and autokratorissa,^[1] during the minority of her son John V Palaiologos from 1341 until 1347.^[2] In Byzantium, she was known as Anna Palaiologina, owing to her marriage to Andronikos.^[1]

Life[edit]

Anna was a daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, and his second wife, Maria of Brabant.^[3] She was betrothed to Andronikos III Palaiologos in September 1325,^[4] during which time he was involved in a civil war with his paternal grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos.^[5]

The marriage took place in October 1326.^[4] She joined the Eastern Orthodox Church and took the name Anna.^[6] In 1328, Andronikos III entered Constantinople and finally deposed his grandfather.^[7]

Regent[edit]

On 14-15 June 1341, Andronikos III died.^[8] He was succeeded by their son John V who was still three days short of his ninth birthday. Anna was appointed regent for her son.^[9] However, Andronikos III had entrusted the administration to his advisor John Kantakouzenos, whom Anna did not trust.

At about the same time, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia launched an invasion of Northern Thrace. Kantakouzenos left Constantinople to try to restore order to the area. In his absence, Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople and courtier Alexios Apokaukos convinced Anna that the senior advisor was her enemy. Anna declared Kantakouzenos an enemy of the state and offered the title of eparch of Constantinople to Apokaukos.

On 26 October 1341, Kantakouzenos answered by proclaiming himself emperor at Didymoteicho. He still controlled part of the Byzantine army, and his claim to the throne began a civil war that lasted until 1347. Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria soon allied with the faction under John V and Anna while Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia sided with John VI. Both rulers were actually taking advantage of the civil war for their own political and territorial gains. In time John VI would ally himself with Orhan I of the nascent Ottoman emirate.

At the same time Anna was attempting to gain support from Western Europe. In Summer, 1343 an emissary proclaimed her loyalty to Pope Clement VI in Avignon. In August, 1343, Anna pawned the Byzantine crown jewels to the Republic of Venice for 30,000 ducats as part of an attempt to secure more finances for the war.^[10] However Anna at last lost the war^[how?].

On 3 February 1347, the two sides reached an agreement. John VI was accepted as senior emperor with John V as his junior co-ruler.^[11] The agreement included the marriage of John V to Helena Kantakouzene, a daughter of John VI.^[12] John VI entered Constantinople and took effective control of the city.

Later years[edit]

In 1351, Anna left Constantinople for Thessaloniki. She held her own court in the city, issuing decrees in her name and even controlling a mint. She was the second Byzantine empress to hold court in Thessaloniki, following Irene of Montferrat. Her rule there lasted to about 1365.

Her last official act was the donation of a convent in the memory of Agioi Anargyroi (Greek: «Άγιοι Ανάργυροι» "The Angels Without Money"). Agioi Anargyroi is the joined description of Saints Cosmas and Damian, who supposedly offered free medical services. Their devotees usually pray for healing. The donation may indicate Anna suffering from poor health and hoping for a cure. A little later she became a nun and died under the name "Anastasia" ca. 1365.

Issue[edit]

Maria (renamed Eirene) Palaiologina (1327 – after 1356), who married Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria.^[6]
John V Palaiologos (18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391).^[6]
Michael Palaiologos,^[8] despotes (1337 – before 1370). He entered the court of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia in 1351/1352.
Eirene (renamed Maria) Palaiologina (d. 6 August 1384), who married Francesco I of Lesbos.^[8]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Wilson, Lain. "Anna Palaiologina (1341–1347)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
^ Russell, Eugenia (2013). Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441155849. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ Cox 1967, p. 376.
^ ^a ^b Nicol 1996, p. 83.
^ Bartusis 1992, p. 86.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nicol 1996, p. 84.
^ Nicol 1993, p. 160-161.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nicol 1996, p. 85.
^ Nicol 1996, p. 87.
^ Barker 1969, p. 499.
^ Nicol 1996, p. 91.
^ Herrin 2009, p. 288.

Sources[edit]

Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Ann of Savoy". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 55. Wikidata Q115751844.
Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press.
Bartusis, Mark C. (1992). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cox, Eugene L. (1967). The Green Count of Savoy. Princeton University Press.
Herrin, Judith (2009). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press.
Nicol, Donald M. (1996). The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500. Cambridge University Press.
Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Royal titles
Anna of Savoy House of Savoy Born: 1306 Died: 1365
Preceded by Irene of Brunswick	Byzantine Empress consort 1326–1341	Succeeded by Irene Asanina

[:0-1] Wilson, Lain. "Anna Palaiologina (1341–1347)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2021-08-13.

[2] Russell, Eugenia (2013). Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441155849. Retrieved 10 June 2022.

[FOOTNOTECox1967376-3] Cox 1967, p. 376.

[FOOTNOTENicol199683-4] Nicol 1996, p. 83.

[FOOTNOTEBartusis199286-5] Bartusis 1992, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTENicol199684-6] Nicol 1996, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTENicol1993160-161-7] Nicol 1993, p. 160-161.

[FOOTNOTENicol199685-8] Nicol 1996, p. 85.

[FOOTNOTENicol199687-9] Nicol 1996, p. 87.

[FOOTNOTEBarker1969499-10] Barker 1969, p. 499.

[FOOTNOTENicol199691-11] Nicol 1996, p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEHerrin2009288-12] Herrin 2009, p. 288.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{distinguish|Anne of Savoy}}
-[[Image:EmpressAnnaofSavoy.JPG|thumb|250px|Anna of Savoy. [[14th century|14th c.]] [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]]. [[Stuttgart]], [[Württembergische Landesbibliothek]].]]'''Anna of Savoy''', born '''Giovanna''', (1306–1359) was the second wife of [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]].
+{{Infobox royalty
+| consort      = yes
+| succession   = [[Byzantine Empress consort]]
+| image        = Anna_of_Savoy.jpg
+| spouse       = [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]]
+| reign        = 1326&ndash;1341
+| issue        = [[Maria-Irene Palaiologina|Maria (renamed Eirene)]]<br>[[John V Palaiologos]]<br>[[Michael Palaiologos (son of Andronikos III)|Michael Palaiologos]]<br>Eirene (renamed Maria)
+| house        = [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]
+| father       = [[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy]]
+| mother       = [[Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy|Maria of Brabant]]
+| birth_date   = 1306
+| birth_place  =
+| death_date   = {{death year and age|1365|1306}}
+| death_place  = [[Thessaloniki]]
+| burial_place =
+| religion     = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]<br><small>''prev.'' [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]</small>
+}}
+'''Anna of Savoy''', born '''Giovanna''' (1306–1365), was a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empress]] consort, as the second spouse of [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]]. She served as [[regent]], with the titles ''[[Augusta (honorific)|augusta]]'' and ''[[Autokrator|autokratorissa]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Lain|title=Anna Palaiologina (1341–1347)|url=https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals/rulers-of-byzantium/anna-palaiologina-1341-47|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Dumbarton Oaks|language=en}}</ref> during the minority of her son [[John V Palaiologos]] from 1341 until 1347.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Eugenia |title=Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781441155849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCwU8eqbxBoC |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> In Byzantium, she was known as ''Anna Palaiologina'', owing to her marriage to Andronikos.<ref name=":0" />
-==Family==
+==Life==
+Anna was a daughter of [[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy]], and his second wife, [[Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy|Maria of Brabant]].{{sfn|Cox|1967|p=376}} She was betrothed to [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] in September 1325,{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=83}} during which time he was involved in a civil war with his paternal grandfather [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]].{{sfn|Bartusis|1992|p=86}}
+The marriage took place in October 1326.{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=83}} She joined the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and took the name Anna.{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=84}} In 1328, Andronikos III entered [[Constantinople]] and finally deposed his grandfather.{{sfn|Nicol|1993|p=160-161}}
-She was a daughter of [[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy]] and his second wife Maria of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. Her maternal grandparents were [[John I, Duke of Brabant]] and Margaret of Flanders. Margaret was a daughter of [[Guy of Dampierre]] and his first wife [[Matilda of Bethune]].
-==Marriage==
+===Regent===
+On 14-15 June 1341, Andronikos III died.{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=85}} He was succeeded by their son John V who was still three days short of his ninth birthday. Anna was appointed [[regent]] for her son.{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=87}} However, Andronikos III had entrusted the administration to his advisor [[John Kantakouzenos]], whom Anna did not trust.
+At about the same time, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] launched an invasion of Northern [[Thrace]]. Kantakouzenos left Constantinople to try to restore order to the area. In his absence, [[Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople]] and courtier [[Alexios Apokaukos]] convinced Anna that the senior advisor was her enemy. Anna declared Kantakouzenos an enemy of the state and offered the title of [[eparch of Constantinople]] to Apokaukos.
-She was betrothed to [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]]. At the time Andronikos III was involved in a civil war with his paternal grandfather [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]]. He had claimed the throne since 1321.
+On 26 October 1341, Kantakouzenos answered by proclaiming himself emperor at [[Didymoteicho]]. He still controlled part of the [[Palaiologan army|Byzantine army]], and his claim to the throne began a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|civil war]] that lasted until 1347. [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria]] soon allied with the faction under John V and Anna while [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] sided with John VI. Both rulers were actually taking advantage of the civil war for their own political and territorial gains. In time John VI would ally himself with [[Orhan I]] of the nascent [[Ottoman emirate]].
-According to the history of [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], the marriage took place in October, 1326. She joined the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and took the name Anna.
+At the same time Anna was attempting to gain support from [[Western Europe]]. In Summer, 1343 an emissary proclaimed her loyalty to [[Pope Clement VI]] in [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]. In August, 1343, Anna pawned the [[Byzantine crown jewels]] to the [[Republic of Venice]] for 30,000 [[ducat]]s as part of an attempt to secure more finances for the war.{{sfn|Barker|1969|p=499}} However Anna at last lost the war{{how?|date=September 2018}}.
-In 1328, Andronikos III entered [[Constantinople]] and finally deposed his grandfather. Andronikos III and Anna had four children:
+On 3 February 1347, the two sides reached an agreement. John VI was accepted as senior emperor with John V as his junior co-ruler.{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=91}} The agreement included the marriage of John V to [[Helena Kantakouzene]], a daughter of John VI.{{sfn|Herrin|2009|p=288}} John VI entered Constantinople and took effective control of the city.
-* Maria (renamed Eirene) Palaiologina (1327 - after 1356), who married [[Michael Asen IV оf Bulgaria]]. Her husband was the eldest son of [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria]] and his first wife [[Theodora of Wallachia]]. He was co-ruler of his father until predeceasing him during the [[Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars]].
-* [[John V Palaiologos]] (18 June 1332 - 16 February 1391).
-* Michael Palaiologos, ''[[despotes]]'' (1337 - before 1370). He entered the court of [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] in 1351/1352.
-* Eirene (renamed Maria) (d. 1401), who married [[Francesco I of Lesbos]].
-==Regent==
+===Later years===
+In 1351, Anna left Constantinople for [[Thessaloniki]]. She held her own court in the city, issuing decrees in her name and even controlling a [[Mint (coin)|mint]]. She was the second Byzantine empress to hold court in Thessaloniki, following [[Irene of Montferrat]]. Her rule there lasted to about 1365.
-On 15 June 1341, Andronikos III died. He was succeeded by their son John V who was still three days short of his ninth birthday. Anna was appointed [[regent]] for her son. However Andronikos III had entrusted the administration to his advisor John Kantakouzenos. Anna did not trust the powerful advisor.
+Her last official act was the donation of a convent in the memory of ''Agioi Anargyroi'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: «Άγιοι Ανάργυροι» "The Angels Without Money"). Agioi Anargyroi is the joined description of [[Saints Cosmas and Damian]], who supposedly
-At about the same time, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] launched an invasion of Northern [[Thrace]]. Kantakouzenos left Constantinople to try to restore order to the area. In his absence, [[Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople]] and courtier [[Alexios Apokaukos]] convinced Anna that the senior advisor was her enemy. Anna declared Kantakouzenos an enemy of the state and offered the title of [[eparch of Constantinople]] to Apokaukos.
+offered free medical services. Their devotees usually pray for healing. The donation may indicate Anna suffering from poor health and hoping for a cure. A little later she became a nun and died under the name "Anastasia" ca. 1365.
+==Issue==
-Kantakouzenos was still in control of part of the [[Byzantine army]]. On 26 October 1341, he answered by proclaiming himself emperor at [[Didymoteicho]]. This was the beginning of a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|civil war]] that would last until 1347. [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria]] soon allied with the faction under John V and Anna while [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] sided with John VI. Both rulers were actually taking advantage of the civil war for their own political and territorial gains. In time John VI would ally himself with [[Orhan I]] of the nascent [[Ottoman emirate]].
+* [[Maria-Irene Palaiologina|Maria (renamed Eirene) Palaiologina]] (1327 – after 1356), who married [[Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria]].{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=84}}
+* [[John V Palaiologos]] (18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391).{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=84}}
+* [[Michael Palaiologos (son of Andronikos III)|Michael Palaiologos]],{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=85}} ''[[despotes]]'' (1337 – before 1370). He entered the court of [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] in 1351/1352.
+* Eirene (renamed Maria) Palaiologina (d. 6 August 1384), who married [[Francesco I of Lesbos]].{{sfn|Nicol|1996|p=85}}
+==References==
-At the same time Anna was attempting to gain support from [[Western Europe]]. In Summer, 1343 an emissary proclaimed her loyalty to [[Pope Clement VI]] in [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]. In August, 1343, Anna pawned the Byzantine crown jewels to the [[Republic of Venice]] for 30,000 [[ducat]]s as part of an attempt to secure more finances for the war. However Anna at last lost the war.
+{{Reflist|3}}
-On 3 February 1347, the two sides reached an agreement. John VI was accepted as senior emperor with John V as his junior co-ruler. The agreement with the marriage of John V to [[Helena Kantakouzene]], a daughter of John VI. John VI entered Constantinople and took effective control of the city.
-==Later years==
-In 1351, Anna left Constantinople for [[Thessaloniki]]. She held her own court in the city, issuing decrees in her name and even controlling a [[Mint (coin)|mint]]. She was the second Byzantine empress to hold court in Thessaloniki, following [[Eirene of Montferrat]]. Her rule there lasted to about 1359/1360.
-Her last official act was the donation of a convent in the memory of ''Agioi Anargyroi'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: «Άγιοι Ανάργυροι» "The Holy Unmercenaries"). Agioi Anargyroi is the joined description of [[Saints Cosmas and Damian]], who supposedly
-offered free medical services. Their worshipers usually pray for healing. The donation may indicate Anna suffering from poor health and hoping for a cure. A little later she became a nun and died under the name "Anastasia" ca. 1359.
+==Sources==
+* {{cite Q|Q115751844|editor1=Henry Gardiner Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ann of Savoy]] -->
+*{{cite book |title=Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship |first=John W. |last=Barker |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1969 }}
+*{{cite book |title=The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453 |first=Mark C. |last=Bartusis |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1992 }}
+*{{ cite book | last=Cox | first=Eugene L. | title=The Green Count of Savoy | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967  }}
+*{{cite book |title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire |first=Judith |last=Herrin |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 }}
+*{{cite book |title=The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500 |first=Donald M. |last=Nicol |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 }}
+*{{cite book |title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 |first=Donald M. |last=Nicol |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 }}
 {{s-start}}
-{{s-hou|[[House of Savoy]]||1306||1359}}
+{{s-hou|[[House of Savoy]]||1306||1365}}
 {{s-roy}}
-{{s-bef|before=[[Adelheid of Brunswick]]}}
+{{s-bef|before=[[Irene of Brunswick]]}}
 {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Byzantine Empresses|Byzantine Empress consort]]|years=1326&ndash;1341}}
 {{s-aft|after=[[Irene Asanina]]}}
 {{end}}
-==Ancestry==
-<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
-|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
-|border=1
-|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
-|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
-|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
-|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
-|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
-|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
-|1= 1. ''' Anna of Savoy '''
-|2= 2. [[Amadeus V of Savoy]]
-|3= 3. [[Maria of Brabant]]
+{{Roman empresses}}
-|4= 4. [[Thomas II of Piedmont]]
+{{Authority control}}
-|5= 5. Beatrice Fieschi
-|6= 6. [[John I of Brabant]]
-|7= 7. [[Margaret of Flanders (d. 1285)|Margaret of Flanders]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Anna Of Savoy}}
-|8= 8. [[Thomas I of Savoy]]
+[[Category:1306 births]]
-|9= 9. [[Margaret of Geneva]]
+[[Category:1365 deaths]]
-|10= 10. Teodoro III Fieschi of Lavagna
-|11= 11. Simone della Volta
-|12= 12. [[Henry III of Brabant]]
-|13= 13. [[Adelaide of Burgundy (1233–1273)|Adelaide of Burgundy]]
-|14= 14. [[Guy of Dampierre]]
-|15= 15. Matilda of Bethune
-|16= 16. [[Humbert III of Savoy]]
-|17= 17. Beatrice of Viennois
-|18= 18. [[William I of Geneva]]
-|19= 19. Beatrice de Faucigny
-|20= 20. Ugo Fieschi of Lavagna
-|21= 21. Brumisan di Grillo
-|22= 22. Raymond della Volta de Capo-Corso
-|23=
-|24= 24. [[Henry II of Brabant]]
-|25= 25. [[Marie of Hohenstaufen]]
-|26= 26. [[Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh IV of Burgundy]]
-|27= 27. [[Yolande of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy|Yolande of Dreux]]
-|28= 28. [[William II of Dampierre]]
-|29= 29. [[Margaret II of Flanders]]
-|30= 30. Robert VII of Bethune
-|31= 31. Elisabeth of Morialmes
-}}</center>
-==External links==
-[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SAVOY.htm#JeanneAnnadied1359 Her listing in "Medieval lands" by Charles Cawley.] The  project "involves extracting and analysing detailed information from primary sources, including contemporary chronicles, cartularies, necrologies and testaments."
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Anna of Savoy}}
-[[Category:14th-century births]]
-[[Category:14th-century deaths]]
-[[Category:Byzantine empresses]]
 [[Category:Byzantine regents]]
 [[Category:House of Savoy]]
-[[Category:Palaeologus dynasty]]
+[[Category:Palaiologos dynasty]]
-[[Category:14th-century Byzantine people]]
+[[Category:People from Thessaloniki]]
+[[Category:14th-century Byzantine empresses]]
+[[Category:14th-century regents]]
-[[bg:Анна Савойска]]
+[[Category:14th-century women regents]]
-[[cs:Anna Savojská]]
+[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism]]
-[[de:Anna von Savoyen]]
+[[Category:14th-century people from Savoy]]
-[[es:Ana de Saboya]]
+[[Category:Mothers of Byzantine emperors]]
-[[it:Anna di Savoia]]

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