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{{Short description|Diplomatic Mission of the Holy See in the United States of America}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox Diplomatic Mission
{{Infobox Diplomatic Mission
| name = Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States
| name = Apostolic Nunciature to the United States
| image = ApostolicNunciatureWashingtonDC.jpg
| image = ApostolicNunciatureWashingtonDC.jpg
| address = 3339 [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue]] N.W.
| image_caption = The Apostolic Nunciature in [[Washington, D.C.]]
| location = Washington, D.C. 20008
| address = 3339 [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue]] N.W., [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]] 20008
| coordinates = {{coord|38|55|28|N|77|3|56|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|38|55|28|N|77|3|56|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| apostolic_nuncio = Archbishop [[Christophe Pierre]]
| apostolic_nuncio = Cardinal [[Christophe Pierre]]
| website = }}
| website = }}
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The '''Apostolic Nunciature to the United States''', sometimes referred to as the '''Vatican Embassy''', is the [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[Holy See]] to the United States. It is located at 3339 [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue]], [[Northwest, Washington, D.C.]], in the [[Embassy Row]] neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassy.org/embassies/va.html|title=Embassy: Apostolic Nunciature, the Holy See|publisher=Embassy.org|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Since 2016, the papal [[nuncio]] has been Cardinal [[Christophe Pierre]].
[[File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|thumb|Flag of the Vatican City]]
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The '''Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States''' is the [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[Holy See]] to the [[United States]]. It is located at 3339 Massachusetts Avenue [[Northwest, Washington, D.C.]], in the [[Embassy Row]] neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassy.org/embassies/va.html|title=Embassy: Apostolic Nunciature, the Holy See|publisher=Embassy.org|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> The current Apostolic Nuncio is Archbishop [[Christophe Pierre]], who was named to the position by [[Pope Francis]] on 12 April 2016.


The [[Apostolic Nunciature]] to the United States of America is an ecclesiastical office of the [[Catholic Church]] in the [[United States]], with the rank of an [[embassy]]. The [[nuncio]] serves both as the ambassador of the Holy See to the [[President of the United States]], and as delegate and point-of-contact between the [[Catholic Church hierarchy|Catholic hierarchy]] in America and the Pope (as head of the church). The office of Apostolic Nuncio is currently always assigned to [[titular bishop|titular archbishop]]s. The [[nunciature]] to the United States is considered a highly important post and therefore is normally filled by a very experienced Vatican diplomat; historically nuncios to the United States have often been elevated to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] in [[papal consistory|consistory]] shortly after their service, and been given senior posts within the Vatican itself.
The [[Apostolic nunciature|Apostolic Nunciature]] to the United States is an ecclesiastical office of the [[Catholic Church]] in the [[United States]], with the rank of an [[embassy]]. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Holy See to the government of the United States and as delegate and point-of-contact between the [[Catholic Church hierarchy|Catholic hierarchy]] in America and the pope.


The Apostolic Nunciature is an administrative center of the Catholic Church in the United States. Communications from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] and the various [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States|dioceses in the United States]] to the Holy See pass through the nunciature. The nuncio also fills a central role in the appointment of [[bishop]]s to episcopal offices in the country, and is the official responsible for making the announcement of an episcopal appointment.
The Apostolic Nunciature is an administrative center of the Catholic Church in the United States. Communications from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] and the various [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States|dioceses in the United States]] to the Holy See pass through the nunciature. The nuncio also fills a central role in the appointment of [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishops]] in the U.S. and is the official responsible for announcing such appointments.


The physical building which houses the offices of the apostolic nuncio and his staff is also called the Nunciature to the United States of America. It is exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Washington (canon 366 1°).
The physical building which houses the offices of the apostolic nuncio and his staff is called the Nunciature to the United States of America. It is exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Washington (canon 366 1°).


== History ==
== History ==
The [[Apostolic nunciature]] was established as the Delegation to the United States of America on January 24, 1893, with offices in [[Washington, D.C.]], led by an apostolic delegate. It was the result of an effort by the Holy See to establish communication between the [[Pope]] ([[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]) and the [[President of the United States|President]] ([[Benjamin Harrison]]). Formal relations, however, were not established until January 10, 1984, when the delegation was elevated to the rank of nunciature. The establishment of an embassy in the city of Washington was the result of an increased friendship of [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Ronald Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]].
The Apostolic Delegation to the United States was established on January 24, 1893, with offices in [[Washington, D.C.]]; it was led by an apostolic delegate. The delegation was the result of an effort by the Holy See to establish communication between [[Pope Leo XIII]] and President [[Benjamin Harrison]]. An apostolic delegate is an ecclesiastical official, rather than a diplomat, who represents the Holy See to the Catholic Church in his host country. Because the delegate was not recognized by the U.S. government, the Holy See was not restricted in its choice of delegate, and there were periods when two delegates served at the same time.


The Holy See usually names a pro-nuncio rather than a delegate in anticipation of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the Vatican were established on January 10, 1984,<ref>{{cite news | access-date = September 9, 2022 | newspaper = New York Times | date = January 11, 1984 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/11/world/us-and-vatican-restore-full-ties-after-117-years.html | title = U.S. and Vatican Restore Full Ties after 117 Years | first = Steven R. | last = Weisman}}</ref> the result of the close friendship between [[Pope John Paul II]] and President [[Ronald Reagan]],{{cn|date=September 2022}} and the delegation was elevated to the rank of nunciature on January 11.<ref>{{cite book | page = 437 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-74-1984-ocr.pdf | date = 1984 | volume = LXXIV | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = September 8, 2022 }}</ref> The Holy See's representative continued to be titled pro-nuncio because at the time, the Vatican only gave the title of nuncio to its ambassadors who were [[dean of the diplomatic corps|deans of the diplomatic corps]] in their host country.{{cn|date=September 2022}} In 1990 and 1991, the Vatican quietly began using the title of nuncio for all its newly appointed ambassadors who were not the deans of a country's diplomatic corps, though it retained the pro-nuncio title for all those already appointed.{{efn|Since 1993, the official Vatican yearbook, the ''Annuario Pontificio'', has included an asterisk after the title of those nuncios "che (per ora) non sono Decani del Corpo Diplomatico"&nbsp;– "who (for now) are not deans of the diplomatic corps."}}
== Staff ==
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The staff of the nunciature includes the permanent and alternative observer to the [[Organization of American States]], given that the OAS headquarters are in Washington.


At its establishment in 1893, the Apostolic Delegation occupied temporary quarters at the [[Catholic University of America]], then from 1894 on a row of antebellum houses north of the [[United States Capitol]]. It moved in 1907 into a new home at 1811 Biltmore Street NW, designed for that purpose in 1905 by architect [[Albert Olszewski Von Herbulis]] (razed in 1973).<ref>{{cite book|title=Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings |author=James M. Goode |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=2003 |page=273}}</ref> The current site of the Apostolic Nunciature on Massachusetts Avenue was acquired in 1931 for $223,000 and the construction of the building, a three-story complex that includes a chancery, other offices and residential quarters, was completed in 1937 at a cost of $550,000. Designed by [[Frederick V. Murphy]], the design, based on a Roman [[Palace#Italy|palazzo]], features ample use of [[Limestone#Uses|limestone]] and [[Art Deco]] influences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Michael V. |last2=Murphy |first2=John C. |date=1994 |title=The Architecture of the Vatican Embassy Building Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154025 |journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |jstor=25154025 |issn=0735-8318}}</ref>
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== Apostolic Delegate ==
Until 1984 the Holy See did not have official ties with the United States and its mission was headed by an [[apostolic delegate]] without the rank of ambassador. Apostolic delegates, unlike apostolic nuncios, exercise only ecclesiastical functions of oversight over the Catholic hierarchy of the country to which they were sent, while apostolic nuncios have the added responsibility of also acting as ambassadors of the Holy See before the government of the country where they serve. There were instances in which two official delegates served at the same time.


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The nunciature also houses the staff of the Holy See's permanent observer to the [[Organization of American States]], which is headquartered in Washington.
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#[[Francesco Satolli]], January 14, 1893&nbsp;– 1896
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#[[Sebastiano Martinelli]], [[Augustinians|OSA]], April 18, 1896&nbsp;– 1902
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#[[Diomede Falconio]], [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]], September 30, 1902&nbsp;– 1911
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#[[Giovanni Bonzano]], February 2, 1912&nbsp;– December 11, 1922
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#[[Pietro Fumasoni Biondi]], December 14, 1922&nbsp;– March 16, 1933
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#[[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], March 17, 1933&nbsp;– November 14, 1959
#[[Egidio Vagnozzi]], December 16, 1958&nbsp;– January 13, 1968
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#[[Luigi Raimondi]], June 30, 1967<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 19 May 2020 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/07/01/83130897.html | work = New York Times | date = 1 July 1967 | title = Delegate to U.S. is Named by Pope | first = Edward B. | last = Fiske }}</ref> – March 21, 1973
#[[Jean Jadot]], May 23, 1973&nbsp;– June 27, 1980
#[[Pio Laghi]], December 10, 1980&nbsp;– January 9, 1984


== Representatives of the Holy See to the United States==
⚫
== Apostolic Pro-Nuncio ==
⚫
;Apostolic Delegates
The first Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States, Archbishop (later Cardinal) [[Pio Laghi]], presented his credentials as Holy See ambassador to the United States in 1984 after the Holy See and the United States established full diplomatic relations. His title was pro-nuncio because at the time the Vatican gave the title of nuncio only to its ambassadors who enjoyed the rank of [[dean of the diplomatic corps]] to a country.
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*[[Francesco Satolli]] (January 14, 1893&nbsp;– 1896)
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*[[Sebastiano Martinelli]], [[Augustinians|OSA]] (April 18, 1896&nbsp;– 1902)
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*[[Diomede Falconio]], [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]] (September 30, 1902&nbsp;– 1911)
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*[[Giovanni Bonzano]] (February 2, 1912&nbsp;– December 11, 1922)
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*[[Pietro Fumasoni Biondi]] (December 14, 1922&nbsp;– March 16, 1933)
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*[[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]] (March 17, 1933&nbsp;– November 14, 1959)
*[[Egidio Vagnozzi]] (December 16, 1958<ref>{{cite book | page = 116 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf | access-date = 9 September 2022 | date = 1959 | volume = LI }}</ref>&nbsp;– January 13, 1968)
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*[[Luigi Raimondi]] (June 30, 1967<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 19 May 2020 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/07/01/83130897.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 1 July 1967 | title = Delegate to U.S. is Named by Pope | first = Edward B. | last = Fiske }}</ref>&nbsp;– March 21, 1973)<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-65-1973-ocr.pdf | page = 165| date = 1973 | volume = LXV | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 8 September 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Jean Jadot]] (May 23, 1973<ref>{{cite book | page = 349 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-65-1973-ocr.pdf | date = 1973 | volume = LXV | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 9 September 2022 }}</ref>&nbsp;– June 27, 1980)<ref>{{cite book | page = 769 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-72-1980-ocr.pdf | date = 1980 | volume = LXXII | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 9 September 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Pio Laghi]] (December 10, 1980<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times | access-date = 8 September 2022 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/12/14/111829413.html | date = 14 December 1980 | title = Pope Designates a New Apostolic Delegate to U.S; A Diplomat Since 1952 }}</ref>&nbsp;– March 26, 1984)<ref name=laghi/>


⚫
;Apostolic Pro-Nuncios
#[[Pio Laghi]], March 26, 1984&nbsp;– April 6, 1990
*[[Pio Laghi]] (March 26, 1984<ref name=laghi>{{cite book | page = 429 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-74-1984-ocr.pdf | date = 1984 | volume = LXXIV | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = September 8, 2022 }}</ref>&nbsp;– April 6, 1990)<ref>{{cite book | page = 536 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf | date = 1990 | volume = LXXXII | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 8 September 2022 }}</ref>
#[[Agostino Cacciavillan]], June 13, 1990&nbsp;– November 5, 1998
*[[Agostino Cacciavillan]] (June 13, 1990<ref>{{cite book| title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis| access-date = September 8, 2022 |page= 738 | date=1990| url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf | volume = LXXXII }}</ref>&nbsp;– November 5, 1998)<ref>{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis |access-date = 8 September 2022 | date = 1998 | page = 1047 | volume = XC | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-90-1998-ocr.pdf }}</ref>


== Apostolic Nuncio ==
;Apostolic Nuncios
*[[Gabriel Montalvo Higuera]] (7 December 1998<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 8 September 2022 | page = 127 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-91-1999-ocr.pdf | date = 1999 | volume = XCI | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis }}</ref>&nbsp;– 17 December 2005)<ref name=sambi/>
In 1990 and 1991 the Vatican quietly began to use the title of nuncio instead of pro-nuncio for its ambassadors who were not the deans of a country's ambassadorial corps, but it retained the pro-nuncio title for all those already appointed. In 1998, when [[Bill Clinton|President Bill Clinton]] accepted the credentials of Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo Higuera as the third Vatican ambassador to the United States, he held the title of Apostolic Nuncio. Since 1993 the official Vatican yearbook, the ''Annuario Pontificio'', has included an asterisk behind the title of those nuncios "che (per ora) non sono Decani del Corpo Diplomatico"&nbsp;– "who (for now) are not deans of the diplomatic corps."
*[[Pietro Sambi]] (17 December 2005<ref name=sambi>{{cite press release| url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2005/12/17/0636/01644.html | publisher= Holy See Press Office | accessdate=8 September 2022 |title= Rinunce e Nomine, 17.12.2005 | date= 17 December 2005 | language=it}}</ref>&nbsp;– 27 July 2011)<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://cnsblog.wordpress.com/2011/07/27/vatican-nuncio-to-u-s-archbishop-sambi-dies/ | publisher = Catholic News Service | title = Vatican nuncio to U.S. Archbishop Sambi dies | first = Jim | last = Lackey |date = 27 July 2011 | accessdate = 8 September 2022}}</ref>
#[[Gabriel Montalvo Higuera]], 7 December 1998&nbsp;– 17 December 2005
*[[Carlo Maria Viganò]] (19 October 2011<ref>{{cite web |access-date = 8 September 2022 | url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1104106.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111022090057/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1104106.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2011 |title=Pope names Archbishop Vigano new nuncio to the U.S |date=19 October 2011 |work=Catholic News Service |last=Wooden |first=Cindy }}</ref>&nbsp;– 12 April 2016)<ref name=pierre/>
#[[Pietro Sambi]], 17 December 2005&nbsp;– 27 July 2011
*[[Christophe Pierre]] (12 April 2016<ref name=pierre>{{cite news|work=National Catholic Reporter|accessdate=7 September 2022| first=Joshua J. |last=McElwee| date= 12 April 2016|title=Francis replaces Vatican ambassador Vigano days after he's lauded by US bishops|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-replaces-vatican-ambassador-vigano-days-after-he-s-lauded-us-bishops}}</ref>&nbsp;– present)
#[[Carlo Maria Viganò]] 19 October 2011&nbsp;– 12 April 2016
#[[Christophe Pierre]] 12 April 2016 &ndash; present


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Portal|Vatican City|United States|Politics}}
*[[Apostolic Prefecture of the United States]]
*[[Apostolic Prefecture of the United States]]
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*[[Foreign relations of the Holy See]]
*[[Holy See–United States relations]]
*[[Holy See–United States relations]]
*[[List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See]]
*[[United States Ambassadors to the Holy See]]
*[[United States Ambassadors to the Holy See]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.nuntiususa.org/ Official Web Site]
* {{Official site| url = http://www.nuntiususa.org/ }}
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=38.9238101&lon=-77.0659161&z=17&l=0&m=b&show=/655915/Embassy-of-the-Holy-See wikimapia]


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{{Portal bar|Vatican City|United States|Politics}}
{{Diplomatic missions in the United States}}
{{Diplomatic missions in the United States}}
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{{Diplomatic missions of the Holy See}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Apostolic Nunciature to the United States }}
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to the United States| ]]
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Latest revision as of 19:41, 1 July 2024

Apostolic Nunciature to the United States
The Apostolic Nunciature in Washington, D.C.
LocationWashington, D.C. 20008
Address3339 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates38°55′28″N 77°3′56″W / 38.92444°N 77.06556°W / 38.92444; -77.06556
Apostolic NuncioCardinal Christophe Pierre

The Apostolic Nunciature to the United States, sometimes referred to as the Vatican Embassy, is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the United States. It is located at 3339 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Embassy Row neighborhood.[1] Since 2016, the papal nuncio has been Cardinal Christophe Pierre.

The Apostolic Nunciature to the United States is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in the United States, with the rank of an embassy. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Holy See to the government of the United States and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in America and the pope.

The Apostolic Nunciature is an administrative center of the Catholic Church in the United States. Communications from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the various dioceses in the United States to the Holy See pass through the nunciature. The nuncio also fills a central role in the appointment of bishops in the U.S. and is the official responsible for announcing such appointments.

The physical building which houses the offices of the apostolic nuncio and his staff is called the Nunciature to the United States of America. It is exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Washington (canon 366 1°).

History

[edit]

The Apostolic Delegation to the United States was established on January 24, 1893, with offices in Washington, D.C.; it was led by an apostolic delegate. The delegation was the result of an effort by the Holy See to establish communication between Pope Leo XIII and President Benjamin Harrison. An apostolic delegate is an ecclesiastical official, rather than a diplomat, who represents the Holy See to the Catholic Church in his host country. Because the delegate was not recognized by the U.S. government, the Holy See was not restricted in its choice of delegate, and there were periods when two delegates served at the same time.

The Holy See usually names a pro-nuncio rather than a delegate in anticipation of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the Vatican were established on January 10, 1984,[2] the result of the close friendship between Pope John Paul II and President Ronald Reagan,[citation needed] and the delegation was elevated to the rank of nunciature on January 11.[3] The Holy See's representative continued to be titled pro-nuncio because at the time, the Vatican only gave the title of nuncio to its ambassadors who were deans of the diplomatic corps in their host country.[citation needed] In 1990 and 1991, the Vatican quietly began using the title of nuncio for all its newly appointed ambassadors who were not the deans of a country's diplomatic corps, though it retained the pro-nuncio title for all those already appointed.[a]

At its establishment in 1893, the Apostolic Delegation occupied temporary quarters at the Catholic University of America, then from 1894 on a row of antebellum houses north of the United States Capitol. It moved in 1907 into a new home at 1811 Biltmore Street NW, designed for that purpose in 1905 by architect Albert Olszewski Von Herbulis (razed in 1973).[4] The current site of the Apostolic Nunciature on Massachusetts Avenue was acquired in 1931 for $223,000 and the construction of the building, a three-story complex that includes a chancery, other offices and residential quarters, was completed in 1937 at a cost of $550,000. Designed by Frederick V. Murphy, the design, based on a Roman palazzo, features ample use of limestone and Art Deco influences.[5]

The nunciature also houses the staff of the Holy See's permanent observer to the Organization of American States, which is headquartered in Washington.

Representatives of the Holy See to the United States

[edit]
Apostolic Delegates
Apostolic Pro-Nuncios
Apostolic Nuncios

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Since 1993, the official Vatican yearbook, the Annuario Pontificio, has included an asterisk after the title of those nuncios "che (per ora) non sono Decani del Corpo Diplomatico" – "who (for now) are not deans of the diplomatic corps."

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Embassy: Apostolic Nunciature, the Holy See". Embassy.org. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  2. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (January 11, 1984). "U.S. and Vatican Restore Full Ties after 117 Years". New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  3. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXIV. 1984. p. 437. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  4. ^ James M. Goode (2003). Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings. Smithsonian Institution. p. 273.
  5. ^ Murphy, Michael V.; Murphy, John C. (1994). "The Architecture of the Vatican Embassy Building Washington, D.C." U.S. Catholic Historian. 12 (2): 131–138. ISSN 0735-8318. JSTOR 25154025.
  6. ^ . Vol. LI. 1959. p. 116 https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf. Retrieved 9 September 2022. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Fiske, Edward B. (1 July 1967). "Delegate to U.S. is Named by Pope". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  8. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXV. 1973. p. 165. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  9. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXV. 1973. p. 349. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  10. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXII. 1980. p. 769. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  11. ^ "Pope Designates a New Apostolic Delegate to U.S; A Diplomat Since 1952". New York Times. 14 December 1980. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  12. ^ a b Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXIV. 1984. p. 429. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  13. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXII. 1990. p. 536. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  14. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXII. 1990. p. 738. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  15. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XC. 1998. p. 1047. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  16. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XCI. 1999. p. 127. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  17. ^ a b "Rinunce e Nomine, 17.12.2005" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 17 December 2005. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  18. ^ Lackey, Jim (27 July 2011). "Vatican nuncio to U.S. Archbishop Sambi dies". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  19. ^ Wooden, Cindy (19 October 2011). "Pope names Archbishop Vigano new nuncio to the U.S". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  20. ^ a b McElwee, Joshua J. (12 April 2016). "Francis replaces Vatican ambassador Vigano days after he's lauded by US bishops". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
[edit]
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