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Coordinates: 27°39′00″N 68°59′00″E / 27.65°N 68.9833°E / 27.65; 68.9833
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'''Aror''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: اروهڙ) or '''Alor''' or '''Arorkot''' (Sindhi: اروهڙ ڪوٽ) is the medieval name of the city of [[Rohri]] (in [[Sindh]], modern [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="SinghGhosh1996">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Kumar Suresh|last2=Ghosh|first2=Tapash Kumar|last3=Nath|first3=Surendra|title=People of India: Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99c-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788173040962|quote=The Arora or Rora is a community of traders of the south-western part of the Punjab. Their origin according to the Bhavishya Purana, can be traced back to the time of Parshuram, who in anger started killing the Kshatriyas. In this process, Parshuram met a Kshatriya who refused to oppose the Brahmans, and winning Parshuram's respect, was asked to go to Sindh to setde there. Later, the place came to be known as Arutkot or Arorkot. His progeny are called Aroras.}}</ref> Aror once served as the capital of Sindh.<ref name="Malhotra2002">{{cite book|last=Malhotra|first=Anshu|title=Gender, Caste, and Religious Identities: Restructuring Class in Colonial Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ykqAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195656480|quote=The Aroras were also said to be the Khatris of Arorkot, or Aror, the ancient capital of Sindh.}}</ref><ref name="Firm1883">{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Punjab, Western Rajputana, Kashmir, and Upper Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=1883|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ/page/n308 293]|quote=''Aror''.--While at Rorhi, a visit may be paid to the very ancient town of Aor, which is only 5 m. distant to the E. This was the capital of the Hindu Rajas of Sindh and was taken from them by the Muslims, under Muhammad Kasim, about 711 A.D. At that time the Indus washed the city of [[Battle of Aror]], but it was diverted from it by an earthquake about 962 A.D., at which the river entered its present channel.}}</ref>
'''Aror''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: اروهڙ) or '''Alor''' or '''Arorkot''' (Sindhi: اروهڙ ڪوٽ) is the medieval name of the city of [[Rohri]] (in [[Sindh]], modern [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="SinghGhosh1996">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Kumar Suresh|last2=Ghosh|first2=Tapash Kumar|last3=Nath|first3=Surendra|title=People of India: Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99c-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788173040962| }}</ref>
Aror or Alor or Arorkot is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan). Aror once served as the capital of Sindh. Al-rur was the capital of the Ror Dynasty .<ref name="Rudradaman127">{{cite book|title= Errorless 16 Year-wise MPPSC General Studies Prelims Solved Paper 1 (2003 - 21) 2nd Edition |url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Errorless_16_Year_wise_MPPSC_General_Stu/V89CEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |year=2021|publisher=[[Disha Publications (publishing house) | Disha Publications]]|page=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V89CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP15&dq=ror+dynasty&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz_IjSjNL_AhXGbN4KHTDpDvoQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=ror%20dynasty&f=false] Aror or Alor or Arorkot is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan). Aror once served as the capital of Sindh. Al-rur was the capital of the Ror Dynasty }}</ref><ref name="Firm1883">{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Punjab, Western Rajputana, Kashmir, and Upper Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=1883|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ/page/n308 293]|quote=''Aror''.--While at Rorhi, a visit may be paid to the very ancient town of Aor, which is only 5 m. distant to the E. This was the capital of the Hindu Rajas of Sindh and was taken from them by the Muslims, under Muhammad Kasim, about 711 A.D. At that time the Indus washed the city of [[Battle of Aror]], but it was diverted from it by an earthquake about 962 A.D., at which the river entered its present channel.}}</ref> quote=The Arora or Rora is a community of traders of the south-western part of the Punjab. Their origin according to the Bhavishya Purana, can be traced back to the time of Parshuram, who in anger started killing the Kshatriyas. In this process, Parshuram met a Kshatriya who refused to oppose the Brahmans, and winning Parshuram's respect, was asked to go to Sindh to setde there. Later, the place came to be known as Arutkot or Arorkot. His progeny are called Aroras.}}</ref> Aror once served as the capital of Sindh.<ref name="Malhotra2002">{{cite book|last=Malhotra|first=Anshu|title=Gender, Caste, and Religious Identities: Restructuring Class in Colonial Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ykqAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195656480|quote=The Aroras were also said to be the Khatris of Arorkot, or Aror, the ancient capital of Sindh.}}</ref><ref name="Firm1883">{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Punjab, Western Rajputana, Kashmir, and Upper Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2014|year=1883|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IMMzAAAAMAAJ/page/n308 293]|quote=''Aror''.--While at Rorhi, a visit may be paid to the very ancient town of Aor, which is only 5 m. distant to the E. This was the capital of the Hindu Rajas of Sindh and was taken from them by the Muslims, under Muhammad Kasim, about 711 A.D. At that time the Indus washed the city of [[Battle of Aror]], but it was diverted from it by an earthquake about 962 A.D., at which the river entered its present channel.}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 09:24, 22 June 2023

Aror
The old Alamgir Mosque at Aror
Aror
Aror
Shown within Sindh
Aror
Aror
Aror (Pakistan)
LocationSukkur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Coordinates27°39′00″N 68°59′00″E / 27.65°N 68.9833°E / 27.65; 68.9833
TypeSettlement
History
Abandoned9th century AD

Aror (Sindhi: اروهڙ) or Alor or Arorkot (Sindhi: اروهڙ ڪوٽ) is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan).[1] Aror or Alor or Arorkot is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan). Aror once served as the capital of Sindh. Al-rur was the capital of the Ror Dynasty .[2][3] quote=The Arora or Rora is a community of traders of the south-western part of the Punjab. Their origin according to the Bhavishya Purana, can be traced back to the time of Parshuram, who in anger started killing the Kshatriyas. In this process, Parshuram met a Kshatriya who refused to oppose the Brahmans, and winning Parshuram's respect, was asked to go to Sindh to setde there. Later, the place came to be known as Arutkot or Arorkot. His progeny are called Aroras.}}</ref> Aror once served as the capital of Sindh.[4][3]

History

As Roruka, capital of the Sauvira Kingdom, it is mentioned as an important trading center in early Buddhist literature.[5] Little is known about the city's history prior to the Arab invasion in the 8th century CE.[6] Sauvīra was an ancient kingdom of the lower Indus Valley.[7] Aror was the capital of the Arorh Dynasty,[8] which was followed by Rai Dynasty and then the Brahman Dynasty that once ruled northern Sindh.[9]

Aror is the ancestral town of the Arora Community.[10][4] In 711, Aror was captured by the army of Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim. Arab historians recorded the city's name as Al-rur, Al-ruhr and Al Ror.[11]

In 962 it was hit by a massive earthquake that changed the course of the Indus River and ruined the town's mud brick building,[12] thereby setting into play the city's decline, and eventual re-settlement at Rohri,[13] along the modern-day shores of the Indus.[14]

Ruins

Most of Aror's ruins have been lost, though some arches of a mosque built shortly after the 8th century Arab invasion remain standing.[14] The Kalka Cave Temple, a Hindu temple dedicated to Kalkaan Devi, still exists near the ruins, and is still used.[14] The Chattan Shah ji Takri shrine is built atop a high rock outside the city, and is traditionally believed to be a companion of Ali, cousin of the Prophet Muhammad.[14]

See also

Ottomano C. and Biagi P. 1997 - Palaeopedological observations and radiocarbon dating of an archaeological secyion at Aror (Sindh-Pakistan). Ancient Sindh, 4: 73-80

References

  1. ^ Singh, Kumar Suresh; Ghosh, Tapash Kumar; Nath, Surendra (1996). People of India: Delhi. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 9788173040962. Retrieved 8 October 2014. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  2. ^ Errorless 16 Year-wise MPPSC General Studies Prelims Solved Paper 1 (2003 - 21) 2nd Edition. Disha Publications. 2021. p. [1] Aror or Alor or Arorkot is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan). Aror once served as the capital of Sindh. Al-rur was the capital of the Ror Dynasty.
  3. ^ a b Handbook of the Punjab, Western Rajputana, Kashmir, and Upper Sindh. John Murray. 1883. p. 293. Retrieved 8 October 2014. Aror.--While at Rorhi, a visit may be paid to the very ancient town of Aor, which is only 5 m. distant to the E. This was the capital of the Hindu Rajas of Sindh and was taken from them by the Muslims, under Muhammad Kasim, about 711 A.D. At that time the Indus washed the city of Battle of Aror, but it was diverted from it by an earthquake about 962 A.D., at which the river entered its present channel.
  4. ^ a b Malhotra, Anshu (2002). Gender, Caste, and Religious Identities: Restructuring Class in Colonial Punjab. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195656480. Retrieved 8 October 2014. The Aroras were also said to be the Khatris of Arorkot, or Aror, the ancient capital of Sindh.
  5. ^ Derryl N. MacLean (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, p.63
  6. ^ Hughes, Albert William (1876). A Gazetteer of the Province of Sind. G. Bell and Sons. p. 677. Retrieved 19 December 2017. aror .
  7. ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section 44". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  8. ^ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-373-3. When Muhammad-bin-Qasim plundered the place Arora in 712 and defeated Raja Dahar, who belonged to the Arora Dynasty, the Arora people left Sind and settled in Punjab cities, situated on the banks of the rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi.
  9. ^ MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 9004085513.
  10. ^ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-373-3. When Muhammad-bin-Qasim plundered the place Arora in 712 and defeated Raja Dahar, who belonged to the Arora Dynasty, the Arora people left Sind and settled in Punjab cities, situated on the banks of the rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi.
  11. ^ "Alor or Aror of the Muslims is really Al Ror which is the same as Roruka or Roruva, the name of the ancient Sauvira capital", Page 45, History of the Punjab, Volume 1 by Fauja Singh, Published by the Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, 1977
  12. ^ Rose, H. A (1911). A Glossary of The Tribes & Castes of The Punjab & North West Frontier Province. Vol. II. Lahore: Samuel T. Weston. p. 17. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  13. ^ Bowden, Rob (2004). Settlements of the Indus River. Heinemann-Raintree Library. ISBN 1403457182. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d "Where the city of Aror once stood in glory". Dawn. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
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