Jump to content

Assumption University (Worcester): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 42°17′26″N 71°49′46″W / 42.2905°N 71.8295°W / 42.2905; -71.8295
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
→‎Notable alumni: fixing link
 
(9 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|College in Worcester, Massachusetts}}
{{Short description|Catholic university in Massachusetts, US}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
Line 15: Line 15:
| academic_affiliations = [[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]], [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]], [[International Federation of Catholic Universities|IFCU]], [[Higher Education Consortium of Central Massachusetts|HECCMA]]
| academic_affiliations = [[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]], [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]], [[International Federation of Catholic Universities|IFCU]], [[Higher Education Consortium of Central Massachusetts|HECCMA]]
| endowment = $93.9 million (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change* in Endowment Market Value from FY2015 to FY2016|date=February 2017|website=NACUBO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215040947/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016%2DEndowment%2DMarket%2DValues.pdf|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref>
| endowment = $93.9 million (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change* in Endowment Market Value from FY2015 to FY2016|date=February 2017|website=NACUBO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215040947/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016%2DEndowment%2DMarket%2DValues.pdf|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref>
| president = Gregory S. Weiner<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.assumption.edu/news-and-events/news/assumption-university-names-interim-president-greg-weiner-phd-17th-president |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226162649/https://www.assumption.edu/news-and-events/news/assumption-university-names-interim-president-greg-weiner-phd-17th-president |url-status=live }}</ref>
| president = Gregory S. Weiner<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.assumption.edu/news-and-events/news/assumption-university-names-interim-president-greg-weiner-phd-17th-president |title=Assumption University Names Interim President Greg Weiner, Ph.D., as 17th President &#124; Assumption University |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226162649/https://www.assumption.edu/news-and-events/news/assumption-university-names-interim-president-greg-weiner-phd-17th-president |url-status=live }}</ref>
| faculty = 139 Full-time
| faculty = 139 Full-time
| students = 2349
| students = 2349
Line 27: Line 27:
| colors = Blue {{colour box|blue|border=silver}} and {{colour box|white|border=silver}} White<ref>{{cite web|title=Assumption College Publication Standards-Assumption College|url=http://www.assumption.edu/news/publication-standards|publisher=Assumption College|access-date=September 26, 2014|archive-date=September 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918104103/http://www.assumption.edu/news/publication-standards|url-status=live}}</ref>
| colors = Blue {{colour box|blue|border=silver}} and {{colour box|white|border=silver}} White<ref>{{cite web|title=Assumption College Publication Standards-Assumption College|url=http://www.assumption.edu/news/publication-standards|publisher=Assumption College|access-date=September 26, 2014|archive-date=September 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918104103/http://www.assumption.edu/news/publication-standards|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sports_nickname = [[Assumption Greyhounds|Greyhounds]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assumptiongreyhounds.com/landing/index|title=Assumption University Greyhounds Athletics News|website=Assumption|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024754/https://www.assumptiongreyhounds.com/landing/index|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sports_nickname = [[Assumption Greyhounds|Greyhounds]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assumptiongreyhounds.com/landing/index|title=Assumption University Greyhounds Athletics News|website=Assumption|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024754/https://www.assumptiongreyhounds.com/landing/index|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division II]] – [[Northeast Ten Conference|Northeast-10 Conference]]
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division II]] – [[Northeast-10 Conference]]
| mascot = Pierre the Greyhound
| mascot = Pierre the Greyhound
| athletics =
| athletics =
Line 41: Line 41:
==History==
==History==
===Undergraduate day college===
===Undergraduate day college===
Assumption was founded in 1904 by the [[Augustinians of the Assumption]], a Catholic order under the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] Rule dedicated to service through teaching and the hastening of the Kingdom of God, as reflected in their motto "Until Christ be Formed in You." The original campus was in the Greendale section of Worcester, on a tract of hillside land. In these early years, enrollment was exclusively male, primarily of [[French-Canadian]] heritage. Most courses were taught in [[French language|French]], with only a small number taught in English. On March 24, 1923, an arson fire destroyed the Greendale building that held both the college classrooms and the student dormitories. <ref>"College Burns Down, Incendiary Suspected— Students of Catholic Institution in Greendale, Mass., Escape in Their Night Clothes, ''The New York Times'', March 25, 1923, p. 1</ref>
Assumption was founded in 1904 by the [[Augustinians of the Assumption]], a Catholic order under the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] Rule dedicated to service through teaching and the hastening of the Kingdom of God, as reflected in their motto "Until Christ be Formed in You." The original campus was in the Greendale section of Worcester, on a tract of hillside land. In these early years, enrollment was exclusively male, primarily of [[French-Canadian]] heritage. Most courses were taught in [[French language|French]], with only a small number taught in English. On March 24, 1923, an arson fire destroyed the Greendale building that held both the college classrooms and the student dormitories.<ref>"College Burns Down, Incendiary Suspected— Students of Catholic Institution in Greendale, Mass., Escape in Their Night Clothes, ''The New York Times'', March 25, 1923, p. 1</ref>


[[File:Worcester tornado damage.jpg|thumb|left|Tornado damage]]
[[File:Worcester tornado damage.jpg|thumb|left|Tornado damage]]


In June 1953, [[1953 Worcester Tornado|a tornado]] cut a path of destruction through several western and central [[Massachusetts]] communities, including the city of Worcester. Several campus buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Although the previously co-located [[Assumption Preparatory School]] stayed on the rebuilt campus until 1970, the then-College relocated to a new campus off Salisbury Street, on the west side of the city, officially opening in 1956. The old Assumption campus complex was sold to the state after the prep school closed and is today the home of [[Quinsigamond Community College]].
In June 1953, [[1953 Worcester Tornado|a tornado]] cut a path of destruction through several western and central [[Massachusetts]] communities, including the city of Worcester. Several campus buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Although the previously co-located [[Assumption Preparatory School]] stayed on the rebuilt campus until 1970, the then-College relocated to a new campus off Salisbury Street, on the west side of the city, officially opening in 1956. The old Assumption campus complex was sold to the state after the prep school closed and is today the home of [[Quinsigamond Community College]].

In 1969, Assumption became a coeducational institution, allowing both laymen and women into the faculty, and female students into its programs of study.

Centennial festivities began in January 2004, celebrating Assumption's 100th year.

On February 15, 2007, the Assumption Board of Trustees announced that Dr. [[Francesco Cesareo|Francesco C. Cesareo]], an author and historian, would succeed President [[Thomas R. Plough]] on July 1, 2007. Dr. Cesareo served as president from 2007 until his retirement in 2022. As the 16th president of the institution, Plough oversaw an aggressive eight-year Centennial Campaign that raised over $33 million for campus renovations and construction.

Since Dr. Cesareo's appointment, Assumption has experienced a period of growth in its academic programs and facilities. In addition to raising funds for the Tinsley Camus Ministry Center, Dr. Cesareo also raised funds for the state-of-the-art Tsotsis Family Academic Center and Richard J. and Sophia Catrambone Health & Sciences Building, which houses the nursing and physicians assistant programs. Dr. Cesareo also established Assumption's first international campus in Rome, Italy, now celebrating its 10 year of operation.


On October 17, 2022, then Interim President Greg Weiner, Ph.D. was appointed as the 17th president of Assumption University. President Weiner was formally installed as president at his inauguration held on March 23, 2023.
On October 17, 2022, then Interim President Greg Weiner, Ph.D. was appointed as the 17th president of Assumption University. President Weiner was formally installed as president at his inauguration held on March 23, 2023.

===Continuing education===
Assumption's first effort at continuing education began in 1954 with the founding of the Evening College, later known as the St. Augustine Institute. Non-credit courses were offered two years later with the founding of the Adult Education Center. These facilities were coeducational and open to the public. Assumption phased out both facilities in the late 1960s.

In 1979, Assumption launched a second effort at continuing [[adult education]] with the Center for Continuing and Professional Education, renamed in 2007 the Center for Continuing and Career Education. This new facility combined the credited courses of the old Evening College and the non-credit work of the Adult Education Center into one office. The Center celebrated its 25th anniversary in the same year as the undergraduate studies' centennial.

In 2020, after extensive analysis, Assumption University decided to sunset the Continuing and Career Education division. The decision reflected market realities exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and opportunities that point in new directions for adult learners at the university, namely in the area of graduate studies.

====College institutes====
The '''French Institute (Institut Français)''', founded in 1979, serves as a specialized research center for students studying French history, culture, and language.

The institute was founded by Father Wilfrid J. Dufault, A.A., the late chancellor emeritus of Assumption, and Dr. Claire Quintal, founding director emerita, to preserve the French heritage of Assumption and of the [[New England]] region. The institute is both an academic research facility and a center for French cultural activities. Although its main goals are to foster the preservation and study of the records of the history and cultural traditions of French ethnicity on this continent, the name "French Institute" ("Institut français") was chosen to encompass the entire Francophone world. The institute is the leading place to study material relating to the more than 1.5 million French Canadians who immigrated to New England in the 19th and 20th centuries.
[[File:Assumption College Pond Maison.jpg|right|thumb|View of the entry to Assumption University and of the Blessed Virgin from the La Maison building]]

As a research center, the French Institute acquires books, documents, and artifacts pertinent to its primary focus: the French presence in North America, with particular emphasis on New England. All aspects of this presence are of interest to the Institute: social, political, cultural, religious, literary, etc. The personal collection of Dr. Quintal formed the early nucleus of the holdings. The donation of their fine library by the [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]] [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] greatly enhanced the institute's book collection, which had begun to grow with gifts of duplicate books by ACA Assurance (formerly the Association Canado-Américaine) and later the Union St. Jean-Baptiste. From 2003 to 2005, book donations by Dr. Armand Chartier, Arthur L. Eno, Dr. Gerard Brault, and others expanded the library significantly. Documents and artifacts include rich private archives donated by the Jobin-Thibodeau family and by former advisory board president, the late Wilfrid J. Michaud, Jr. In 2004, the institute's collection was complemented by the arrival on campus of the Mallet Library of the Union St. Jean-Baptiste, a notable collection of Franco-Americana compiled by a successful [[French American|Franco-American]] immigrant, Major Edmond Mallet, in the late 19th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Campus life ==
=== Residence halls ===
'''First-year student housing''': Desautels and Alumni halls are double-style residence halls located in the heart of campus. Worcester and Salisbury Halls also house first-year students and sophomores. Worcester and Salisbury are composed of triple rooms with some singles. Hanrahan Hall is the Honors Housing option for first-year students. Nault is a substance-free residence hall, housing students of all four class years. Nault Hall offers singles, doubles, and triples.

'''Upperclass housing''': All upperclassmen can live in the above residence halls, as well as other residence halls on campus. Young Hall is on "The Hill" with Hanrahan, Nault, and the Aubuchon and Bissonnette townhouses. Young Hall houses mostly sophomores and some juniors in singles, doubles, and triples. The Aubuchon townhouses are six-person apartments, and the Bissonnette townhouses are four-person apartments. Aubuchon and Bissonnette have living rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, and double bedrooms. The apartments are collectively called "The Ts," and students typically refer to them by number: T-1, T-2 etc.

Wachusett Hall and Moquin Hall are five-person apartments. Wachusett is composed mostly of juniors and features living rooms, kitchens, private bathrooms, and two bedrooms (one double and one triple). Moquin is in an area of campus known as the "Valley," which is a primarily senior area. Moquin offers living rooms, kitchens, private bathrooms, and three bedrooms (two doubles and one single). Moquin is typically referred to as the “5’s.” Also in the Valley is Dion Hall, which has the same set-up as the Bissonnette townhouses ("4’s"). Authier and Dufault halls round out the Valley housing options. They are six-person apartments and are often referred to as “6’s”. Authier and Dufault offer living rooms, kitchens, private bathrooms, and three double bedrooms.

Built in 2001, Plough Hall (formerly known as North Hall) and South Hall are six-person apartments in the upper part of campus. Plough and South Halls feature four bedrooms (two doubles and two singles), kitchens, two private bathrooms, and living rooms. Finally, West Hall is made up of four-person suites (sometimes five-person suites) with two bedrooms and a bathroom but no kitchens.

'''Living/Learning Center''': Built in 1998, The Living/Learning Center (or LLC) is an exception to the other residence halls because students must apply to live in this building. Every other residence hall must be selected during room selection in the spring. A group of faculty and staff evaluate LLC applications and select the residents based on certain criteria. The residence hall accommodates four students, split up into two double bedrooms. It features a kitchen, living room, and a private bathroom. Before fall 2006, students needed to perform individual projects all centered on a topic the group decided on in the selection period. Starting in the 2006-2007 year, each student who lives in the LLC must attend Interest Circles with various professors on a large amount of diverse topics. These topics include music, politics, psychology, the environment, etc. The students change their interest circles each semester.

===Student publications===
* ''Le Provocateur'' (student newspaper): This student-edited publication is published bimonthly and distributed to all members of the Assumption community. ''Le Provocateur''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leprovoc.com/|title=Le Provocateur|website=Le Provocateur|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626230533/http://www.leprovoc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> also called "The Provoc," has a staff of student editors and contributing writers, a faculty advisor from the English Department, and an advisor from the Office of Student Activities.
* ''Heights'' (yearbook)
* ''Thoreau's Rooster'' (creative nonfiction journal)


==Athletics==
==Athletics==
{{main|Assumption Greyhounds}}
{{main|Assumption Greyhounds}}
Assumption University teams participate as a member of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s [[NCAA Division II|Division II]]. The Greyhounds are a member of the [[Northeast-10 Conference]] (NE10). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball.
Assumption University teams participate as a member of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s [[NCAA Division II|Division II]]. The Greyhounds are a member of the [[Northeast-10 Conference]] (NE10). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball.

Assumption University is home to the 2015, 2017, and 2022 Northeast-10 Football Champions.

===Athletic facilities===

'''Brian Kelly '83''': With more than $21 million raised toward the $30 million goal for the Centennial Campaign (celebrating Assumption's 100-year history), Assumption announced plans to construct a $3.2 million multi-sport stadium, which opened in September 2005. The stadium is the key capital project of the second phase of the Centennial Campaign.

The stadium was constructed on the previous site of Assumption's football/lacrosse field. The new facility supports six athletic teams (football, men's and women's lacrosse, men's and women's soccer, and field hockey) and an outdoor intramural sports program on an infilled, synthetic turf field. It includes lights, elevated grandstand seating for approximately 1,200 spectators, a press box and a president's box. The stadium includes a dedicated practice area north of the competition field.


'''Laska Gymnasium''': Laska Gymnasium is the home to the men’s and women’s basketball and women’s volleyball programs at Assumption University. The gym also houses the athletic department main offices, along with the coaches offices, locker rooms, athletic training room and equipment room.

Opened in 1962, Laska Gymnasium is named after Director of Athletics Emeritus Andrew Laska, who was also the longtime men’s basketball coach at the University. Refurbished and re-dedicated on September 26, 2009, Laska Gym is one of the top playing facilities in the Northeast-10 Conference. With a newly renovated playing surface, bleachers and lobby area, Laska Gym is regularly regarded as one of the top home-court advantages in the league. The lobby features an extensive trophy case and is also home to the Assumption University Athletics Hall of Fame.


==Notable alumni==
==Notable alumni==
Line 120: Line 67:
* [[Brian Kelly (American football coach)|Brian Kelly]] (1983), [[college football]] coach
* [[Brian Kelly (American football coach)|Brian Kelly]] (1983), [[college football]] coach
* [[Dan McKee]] (1973), 76th [[Governor of Rhode Island]]
* [[Dan McKee]] (1973), 76th [[Governor of Rhode Island]]
* [[Nitza Morán]], member of the [[Senate of Puerto Rico]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Senado de Puerto Rico |url=https://senado.pr.gov/senators/hon-nitza-mor%C3%A1n-trinidad |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=senado.pr.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
* [[Harold Naughton Jr.]] (1982), [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts State Legislator]]
* [[Harold Naughton Jr.]] (1982), [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts State Legislator]]
* [[Joe O'Brien (basketball)|Joe O'Brien]] (1957), [[college basketball]] coach
* [[Joe O'Brien (basketball)|Joe O'Brien]] (1957), [[college basketball]] coach
Line 146: Line 94:
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Worcester, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Worcester, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1904]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1904]]
[[Category:Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities]]
[[Category:Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Augustinians of the Assumption]]
[[Category:Augustinians of the Assumption]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts]]

Latest revision as of 03:30, 19 December 2023

Assumption University
Former name
Assumption College (1904–2020)
MottoUntil Christ be Formed in You
TypePrivate university
EstablishedOctober 1, 1904; 119 years ago (October 1, 1904)[1]
FounderCongregation of the Augustinians of the Assumption
Religious affiliation
Roman Catholic (Assumptionist)
Academic affiliations
NAICU, ACCU, IFCU, HECCMA
Endowment$93.9 million (2016)[2]
PresidentGregory S. Weiner[3]
Academic staff
139 Full-time
Students2349
Undergraduates1,955[4]
Postgraduates394[4]
Location, ,
United States

42°17′26″N 71°49′46″W / 42.2905°N 71.8295°W / 42.2905; -71.8295
CampusSuburban, 185 acres (74.9 ha)
ColorsBlue   and   White[5]
NicknameGreyhounds[6]
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division IINortheast-10 Conference
MascotPierre the Greyhound
Websitewww.assumption.edu

Assumption University is a private, Roman Catholic university in Worcester, Massachusetts. Assumption was founded in 1904 by the Augustinians of the Assumption. It enrolls about 2,000 undergraduate students[7] and offers 35 majors and 49 minors. The university confers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in its undergraduate program, and Master of Arts and Master of Business Administration degrees as well as graduate study certificates.

With the transition from Assumption College to Assumption University in 2020, Assumption reorganized into five schools: College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Grenon School of Business, Froelich School of Nursing, School of Health Professions, and School of Graduate Studies.

History[edit]

Undergraduate day college[edit]

Assumption was founded in 1904 by the Augustinians of the Assumption, a Catholic order under the Augustinian Rule dedicated to service through teaching and the hastening of the Kingdom of God, as reflected in their motto "Until Christ be Formed in You." The original campus was in the Greendale section of Worcester, on a tract of hillside land. In these early years, enrollment was exclusively male, primarily of French-Canadian heritage. Most courses were taught in French, with only a small number taught in English. On March 24, 1923, an arson fire destroyed the Greendale building that held both the college classrooms and the student dormitories.[8]

Tornado damage

In June 1953, a tornado cut a path of destruction through several western and central Massachusetts communities, including the city of Worcester. Several campus buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Although the previously co-located Assumption Preparatory School stayed on the rebuilt campus until 1970, the then-College relocated to a new campus off Salisbury Street, on the west side of the city, officially opening in 1956. The old Assumption campus complex was sold to the state after the prep school closed and is today the home of Quinsigamond Community College.

On October 17, 2022, then Interim President Greg Weiner, Ph.D. was appointed as the 17th president of Assumption University. President Weiner was formally installed as president at his inauguration held on March 23, 2023.

Athletics[edit]

Assumption University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division II. The Greyhounds are a member of the Northeast-10 Conference (NE10). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball.

Notable alumni[edit]

Assumption Preparatory School graduates are included in this list of notable Assumption University alumni:[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Assumption College: A Centennial History 1904 - 2004, Kenneth J. Moynihan. Pp. 40.
  2. ^ "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change* in Endowment Market Value from FY2015 to FY2016" (PDF). NACUBO. February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  3. ^ "Assumption University Names Interim President Greg Weiner, Ph.D., as 17th President | Assumption University". Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "College Navigator - Assumption College". nces.ed.gov. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  5. ^ "Assumption College Publication Standards-Assumption College". Assumption College. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  6. ^ "Assumption University Greyhounds Athletics News". Assumption. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  7. ^ "Profile: Assumption College" Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. News & World Report, College Rankings
  8. ^ "College Burns Down, Incendiary Suspected— Students of Catholic Institution in Greendale, Mass., Escape in Their Night Clothes, The New York Times, March 25, 1923, p. 1
  9. ^ "History of Assumption Preparatory School". Assumption College. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  10. ^ "Senado de Puerto Rico". senado.pr.gov. Retrieved May 21, 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

External links[edit]