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{{Short description|Type of Brassica plants}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox cultivar
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The acephala group refers to any type of ''[[Brassica]]'' which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of [[cabbage]]. These are included within the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as ''capitata'' or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leafs and flowers.
| image = Collards in container.jpg
| image_alt = Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
| image_caption = Three young plants of non-heading [[Collard (plant)|collard greens]] growing in a small office [[wastebasket]] with a water reservoir at the bottom
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = Acephala Group
| origin = unknown
| subdivision = Many; see text.
}}

⚫
The '''acephala group''' refers to any type of ''[[Brassica]]'' which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of [[cabbage]]. These are included within the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', such as [[kale]] (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''acephala'').<ref>''Random House Webster's College Dictionary'', New York 1992, p. 736 (s.v. kale)</ref> The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as ''capitata'' or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leaves and flowers.


==Groups of cultivars==
==Groups of cultivars==
{{Split portions|section=y|Brassica oleracea#Cultivars|date=March 2023}}
Different sources break down the ''Brassica'' [[genus]] into different grouping as shown below:
Different sources break down the ''Brassica'' [[genus]] into different grouping as shown below:


===Mabberley===
Mabberley (q.v.) has these groups: Napobrassica Group / Pabularia Group / Acephala Group / Alboglabra Group / Botrytis Group / Capitata Group / Gemmifera Group / Gongylodes Group / Italica Group / Tronchuda Group / Chinensis Group / Japonica Group / Pekinensis Group / Perviridis Group / Rapifera Group
Mabberley (q.v.) has these groups: Napobrassica Group / Pabularia Group / Acephala Group / Alboglabra Group / Botrytis Group / Capitata Group / Gemmifera Group / Gongylodes Group / Italica Group / Tronchuda Group / Chinensis Group / Japonica Group / Pekinensis Group / Perviridis Group / Rapifera Group


===Royal Botanic Gardens Kew===
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew<ref>RBG Kew web site > Science & Conservation > Plants and fungi. http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/brassica-oleracea-wild-cabbage</ref> has eight groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai laan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew<ref>{{cite web|title=Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279435-1|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens|website=kew.org}}</ref> has eight cultivar groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai lan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)


== Members ==
The '''Acephala group''' of [[cultivars]] or variety for the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' includes:<ref>RHS Plant Finder. Web. https://www.rhs.org.uk Accessed: 2014-11-25.</ref>
The Acephala group of [[cultivars]] or variety for the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' includes:<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Finder|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants|website=rhs.org.uk|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[kale]], or [[borecole]], or [[colewort]]<ref>''(Quote.)'' "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus ''Brassica'' (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)</ref>
* [[kale]], or [[borecole]], or [[colewort]]<ref>''(Quote.)'' "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus ''Brassica'' (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)</ref>
* [[curly kale]]
* [[curly kale]]
* [[Lacinato kale|Tuscan kale]] (cavolo nero), also known as black kale, Lacinato kale, or palm tree kale
* American English [[collard greens]], or collard
* U.K. English [[spring greens]]
* American English [[Collard (plant)|collard]] greens, or collard
* U.K. English [[Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)]]
* decorative kale,<ref>Henry Homeyer: the Gardening Guy http://www.gardening-guy.com/tag/decorative-kale/</ref> ornamental kale,<ref>Walter Reeves,com The Georgia Gardener http://www.walterreeves.com/landscaping/ornamental-kaleornamental-cabbage/</ref> flowering kale,<ref>Better Homes & Gardens http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/flowering-kale/</ref> flowering cabbage,<ref>Garden Guides.com http://www.gardenguides.com/70082-flowering-cabbage-plants.html</ref> or ornamental cabbage<ref>Gardeners' World.com http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html</ref>
* decorative kale,<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants for the Front Porch |url=http://www.gardening-guy.com/tag/decorative-kale |website=Henry Homeyer: The Gardening Guy |publisher=[[Henry Homeyer]]}}</ref> ornamental kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ornamental Kale/Ornamental Cabbage|url=http://www.walterreeves.com/landscaping/ornamental-kaleornamental-cabbage/|publisher=Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc|website=The Georgia Gardener|date=18 August 2010 }}</ref> flowering kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Flowering kale|url=http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/flowering-kale/|website=Better Homes & Gardens|publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> flowering cabbage,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Flowering Cabbage Plants|url=http://www.gardenguides.com/70082-flowering-cabbage-plants.html|publisher=Demand Media|website=Gardenguides.com}}</ref> or ornamental cabbage<ref>{{cite web|title=The ornamental cabbage|url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html|author=James Alexander-Sinclair|publisher=[[Immediate Media Company Ltd]]|website=Gardenersworld.com|access-date=2014-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711101414/http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html|archive-date=2014-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* giant Jersey cabbage,<ref name="auto">BBC History Domesday http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/CI-554000-5452000/page/7 This page misspells "oleracea".</ref> long jack,<ref name="auto"/> walking-stick cabbage,<ref>Thompson & Morgan http://www.thompson-morgan.com/vegetables/vegetable-seeds/brassica-and-leafy-green-seeds/kale-walking-stick/779TM</ref> cow cabbage,<ref>Jersey Evening Post. (2004) "Giant cabbage" http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/. Online.</ref> Jérriais ''lé grand chour à vaque'' [i.e., big cabbage for cows],<ref>Andrew, A.J. (2014) SFPages : Home Guide : How to grow giant walking stick cabbages. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-giant-walking-stick-cabbage-76144.html. Online. Accessed: 2014-11-26 For spelling of "chour", and "vaque" cf. ''Dictionnaithe Jerriais-Angliais: Jerriais-English dictionary''. Jersey : Société Jersiaise 2005.</ref> Jérriais ''lé chour'' [i.e., cabbage],<ref>FREELANG Jérriais to English dictionary http://www.freelang.net/online/jerriais.php?lg=gb</ref> [[tree cabbage]],<ref>The Cottage Smallholder http://www.cottagesmallholder.com/perennial-vegetables-tree-cabbage-7321/</ref> or Jersey kale,<ref>Chiltern Seeds http://www.chilternseeds.co.uk/item_1360c_jersey_kale_or_walking_stick_cabbage_seeds</ref> or ''Brassica oleracea longata''<ref>Torpey, Jodi (2014) Walking stick kale really works. In "Vegetable Gardener" http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/12690/walking-stick-kale-really-works</ref> The long woody stems are used for walking-sticks and the foliage for cow-fodder.<ref>Mabberley, D. (1997) ''Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses''. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* [[Jersey cabbage]], ''Brassica oleracea longata''. The long woody stems are used for walking sticks and the foliage for cow-fodder.<ref>Mabberley, D. (1997) ''Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses''. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* Scotch kale<ref>Oxford Dictionaries : Language matters http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale</ref>
* Scotch kale<ref>{{cite web|website=Oxford Dictionaries|title=Definition of Scotch kale in English|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728232104/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref>


''Acephala'' means "no head"<ref>{{cite web|website=Merriam-Webster|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acephala|title=Merriam-Webster :Acephala}}{{subscription required|date=August 2016}}</ref> as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of [[Cabbage|white cabbage]], or [[Savoy cabbage]]. Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bio.cmu.edu/|title=Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation".|accessdate=25 November 2014}} {{closed access}}{{Password-protected}}</ref> evolution, ecological niche,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033|volume=17|issue=11|title=Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence|journal=Current Biology|pages=940–946|pmid=17475496 | last1 = Knowles | first1 = LL | last2 = Carstens | first2 = BC | last3 = Keat | first3 = ML|date=2007-06-05|s2cid=13891478|doi-access=free}}</ref> and intentional plant-breeding by humans. Mabberley (1997, p.&nbsp;120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.<ref>Mabberley, q.v.</ref>
The ''Acephala'' means "no head"<ref>Merriam-Webster http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acephala</ref> as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of [[white cabbage]], or [[Savoy cabbage]].


⚫
==References==
Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,<ref>https://www.bio.cmu.edu/. Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation". Web. Accessed: 2014-11-25.</ref> evolution, the ecological niche,<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207012742 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033 | volume=17 | title=Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence | journal=Current Biology | pages=940–946}}</ref> and intentional plant-breeding by man.
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{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
Mabberley (1997, p.&nbsp;120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.<ref>Mabberley, q.v.</ref>


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==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Brassica oleracea var. sabellica}}
{{Brassica oleraca}}
{{Brassica oleraca}}


Latest revision as of 23:11, 11 September 2023

Acephala group
Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
SpeciesBrassica oleracea
Cultivar groupAcephala Group
Originunknown
Cultivar group membersMany; see text.

The acephala group refers to any type of Brassica which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of cabbage. These are included within the species Brassica oleracea, such as kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala).[1] The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as capitata or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leaves and flowers.

Groups of cultivars[edit]

Different sources break down the Brassica genus into different grouping as shown below:

Mabberley[edit]

Mabberley (q.v.) has these groups: Napobrassica Group / Pabularia Group / Acephala Group / Alboglabra Group / Botrytis Group / Capitata Group / Gemmifera Group / Gongylodes Group / Italica Group / Tronchuda Group / Chinensis Group / Japonica Group / Pekinensis Group / Perviridis Group / Rapifera Group

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew[edit]

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew[2] has eight cultivar groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai lan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)

Members[edit]

The Acephala group of cultivars or variety for the species Brassica oleracea includes:[3]

Acephala means "no head"[12] as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of white cabbage, or Savoy cabbage. Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,[13] evolution, ecological niche,[14] and intentional plant-breeding by humans. Mabberley (1997, p. 120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Random House Webster's College Dictionary, New York 1992, p. 736 (s.v. kale)
  2. ^ "Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)". kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens.
  3. ^ "RHS Plant Finder". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  4. ^ (Quote.) "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus Brassica (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)
  5. ^ "Plants for the Front Porch". Henry Homeyer: The Gardening Guy. Henry Homeyer.
  6. ^ "Ornamental Kale/Ornamental Cabbage". The Georgia Gardener. Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc. 18 August 2010.
  7. ^ "Flowering kale". Better Homes & Gardens. Meredith Corporation.
  8. ^ "About Flowering Cabbage Plants". Gardenguides.com. Demand Media.
  9. ^ James Alexander-Sinclair. "The ornamental cabbage". Gardenersworld.com. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Archived from the original on 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  10. ^ Mabberley, D. (1997) Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ "Definition of Scotch kale in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013.
  12. ^ "Merriam-Webster :Acephala". Merriam-Webster.(subscription required)
  13. ^ "Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation"". Retrieved 25 November 2014. Closed access icon(password-protected)
  14. ^ Knowles, LL; Carstens, BC; Keat, ML (2007-06-05). "Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence". Current Biology. 17 (11): 940–946. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033. PMID 17475496. S2CID 13891478.
  15. ^ Mabberley, q.v.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acephala_group&oldid=1174974388"