Bulliform cell: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Plant cell type}} |
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'''Bulliform cells''' or '''motor cells''' are large, bubble-shaped [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermal cells]] that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many [[monocot]]s. These cells are present on the upper surface of the leaf. They are generally present near the mid-vein portion of the leaf and are large, empty and colourless. They are proposed, though not confirmed, to be involved in folding and unfolding of leaf tissue in order to control light intensity and reduce overall water loss. |
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==History== |
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'''Bulliform cells''' are large, bubble-shaped [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermal cells]] that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many [[grasses]]. Loss of [[turgor pressure]] in these cells causes leaves to "roll up" during water stress. During [[drought]], the loss of moisture through [[vacuoles]] induces bulliform cells to cause the leaves of many grass species to close as the two edges of the grass blade fold up toward each other. Once adequate water is available, these cells enlarge and the leaves open again. Folded leaves offer less exposure to sunlight, so they are heated less thus reducing evaporation and conserving the remaining water in the plant and occur on the leaves of many monocotyledons but are probably best known in grasses. They are thought to play a role in the unfolding of developing leaves and in the rolling and unrolling of mature leaves in response to alternating wet and dry periods..<ref>Moore, R. et al. (1998) ''Botany.'' 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-697-28623</ref> |
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The first discussion of bulliform cells occurred in 1909 in the revised and expanded version of the ''[[Plantesamfund]]'' (Oecology of Plants) written by botanist [[Eugenius Warming]] for an English audience. One of the features he investigated was the phenomenon of leaf rolling in the [[Poaceae]] and [[Cyperaceae]] families and how he noticed the bulliform cells, which he termed "hinge-cells", were on the epidermal layer of the leaf tissue, but deeper than the epidermal cells themselves and capable of folding distortion along with the leaf.<ref name=Halophytes>{{cite book |last=Grigore |first=Marius-Nicusor |last2=Ivanescu |first2=Lacramioara |last3=Toma |first3=Constantin |date=2014 |title=Halophytes: An Integrative Anatomical Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOEkBAAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |pages=505–507 |isbn=3319057294 |author-link=}}</ref> |
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In the early 1990s, it was suggested by Fahn and Cutler that, at least in grasses, bulliform cells developed as a form of [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] adaptation. This was supported by evidence from decades earlier that showed that bulliform cells had larger development in species that lived in a desert ecosystem with a need to control water and salt levels.<ref name=Halophytes/> |
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==Mechanism== |
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[[File:Angiosperm Morphology the Xerophytic Monocotyledonous Leaf of Ammophila (37123165631).jpg|thumb|cross section of a curled leaf of [[Ammophila (plant)]] (40x magnified); white buliform cells are visible at the base of the grooves]] |
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During drought, the loss of water through [[vacuoles]] induces the reduced bulliform cells to allow the leaves of many grass species to close and the two edges of the grass blade fold toward each other. Once enough water is available, these cells enlarge and the leaves open again.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raven |first=Peter H. |last2=Evert |first2=Ray F. |last3=Eichhorn |first3=Susan E. |date=2005 |title=Biology of Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tz2aB1-jb4C |location= |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |page=567 |isbn=0716710072 |author-link=}}</ref> |
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Folded leaves offer less exposure to sunlight, so they are heated less thus reducing evaporation and conserving the remaining water in the plant. Bulliform cells occur on the leaves of a wide variety of [[monocotyledon]] families but are probably best known in grasses.<ref>Moore, R. et al. (1998) ''Botany.'' 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. {{ISBN|0-697-28623-1}}</ref> |
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It is unclear if this mechanism applies in all monocots, however, or whether other components such as fibers are the pieces controlling the folding and unfolding of the leaf. What is observed is that the [[turgidity]] of the bulliform cells often coincide with the folding activity, though there are cases where folding happens long after the cells have gone turgid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arber |first=Agnes |date=2010 |title=The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo and Grass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DadzgYiI6cC |location= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=300–301 |isbn=1108017312 |author-link=}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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{{Biological tissue}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulliform Cell}} |
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[[Category:Plant anatomy]] |
[[Category:Plant anatomy]] |
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[[Category:Plant cells]] |
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[[Category:Tissues (biology)]] |
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{{grass-stub}} |
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{{botany-stub}} |
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{{Plant-morphology-stub}} |
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[[pt:Célula buliforme]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:31, 23 June 2024
Bulliform cells or motor cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots. These cells are present on the upper surface of the leaf. They are generally present near the mid-vein portion of the leaf and are large, empty and colourless. They are proposed, though not confirmed, to be involved in folding and unfolding of leaf tissue in order to control light intensity and reduce overall water loss.
History[edit]
The first discussion of bulliform cells occurred in 1909 in the revised and expanded version of the Plantesamfund (Oecology of Plants) written by botanist Eugenius Warming for an English audience. One of the features he investigated was the phenomenon of leaf rolling in the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families and how he noticed the bulliform cells, which he termed "hinge-cells", were on the epidermal layer of the leaf tissue, but deeper than the epidermal cells themselves and capable of folding distortion along with the leaf.[1]
In the early 1990s, it was suggested by Fahn and Cutler that, at least in grasses, bulliform cells developed as a form of xerophytic adaptation. This was supported by evidence from decades earlier that showed that bulliform cells had larger development in species that lived in a desert ecosystem with a need to control water and salt levels.[1]
Mechanism[edit]
During drought, the loss of water through vacuoles induces the reduced bulliform cells to allow the leaves of many grass species to close and the two edges of the grass blade fold toward each other. Once enough water is available, these cells enlarge and the leaves open again.[2]
Folded leaves offer less exposure to sunlight, so they are heated less thus reducing evaporation and conserving the remaining water in the plant. Bulliform cells occur on the leaves of a wide variety of monocotyledon families but are probably best known in grasses.[3]
It is unclear if this mechanism applies in all monocots, however, or whether other components such as fibers are the pieces controlling the folding and unfolding of the leaf. What is observed is that the turgidity of the bulliform cells often coincide with the folding activity, though there are cases where folding happens long after the cells have gone turgid.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Grigore, Marius-Nicusor; Ivanescu, Lacramioara; Toma, Constantin (2014). Halophytes: An Integrative Anatomical Study. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 505–507. ISBN 3319057294.
- ^ Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants. Macmillan. p. 567. ISBN 0716710072.
- ^ Moore, R. et al. (1998) Botany. 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-697-28623-1
- ^ Arber, Agnes (2010). The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo and Grass. Cambridge University Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 1108017312.
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