James Fetzer: Difference between revisions

James Fetzer
James Fetzer
	Fetzer in 2004
Born	James Henry Fetzer; December 6, 1940 (age 83); Pasadena, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Years active	1970–present

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James Henry Fetzer (born December 6, 1940) is a professor emeritus of the philosophy of science at the University of Minnesota Duluth, who has worked on assessing and clarifying the forms and foundations of scientific explanation, probability in science, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of cognitive science, especially artificial intelligence and computer science.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Early life

Fetzer was born in Pasadena, California, on December 6, 1940, to a father who worked as an accountant in a welfare office in Los Angeles County,^[7] and grew up in a neighboring city, Altadena.^[8]

After his parents' divorce, Fetzer moved to La Habra Heights, California, with his brother, mother, and stepfather.^[8] His mother took her own life when he was 11, and he went to live with his father and stepmother.^[8]^[9]

Following Fetzer's graduation from South Pasadena High School, he studied philosophy at Princeton University and graduated magna cum laude in 1962^[10] where his undergraduate thesis, under the supervision of Carl G Hempel, won The Dickinson Prize.^[1] He then joined the United States Marine Corps, and was second lieutenant in an artillery unit.^[10] In the early 1960s, he was stationed at Okinawa, Japan.^[7]^[9] During military service in the 1960s, Fetzer married, and divorced four years later, after having a son.^[9] He remarried in the 1970s.^[9]

In 1966, soon after promotion to captain, he resigned to enter graduate school.^[10] Having attained a master's degree from Indiana University, he studied at Columbia University for a year, then returned to Indiana University and in 1970 gained a PhD in history of science and philosophy of science.^[10]^[7]^[9]

Career

James Fetzer became an assistant professor at the University of Kentucky in 1970, and received the University of Kentucky Student Government's first Distinguished Teaching Award in 1973.^[10] He was denied tenure at Kentucky in 1977, and spent the next ten years in visiting positions at the University of Virginia, University of Cincinnati, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and University of South Florida.^[11]^[12] After ten years without a tenure-track position, in 1987 he was hired as a full professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth.^[12] In 1996, Fetzer received a Distinguished McKnight University Professorship from the University of Minnesota,^[13] a title that recipients retain until they retire from the University,^[14] which he did in 2006, becoming a professor emeritus.^[15]

In the late 1970s, Fetzer received a National Science Foundation fellowship,^[16] and contributed a chapter to a book on Hans Reichenbach.^[17] In 1990, Fetzer received the Medal of the University of Helsinki.^[1] He assisted theorists in computer science,^[18]^[19] and joined the debate over proper types of inference in computing.^[5] In the late 1990s, Fetzer was called to organize a symposium on philosophy of mind,^[20] and authored textbooks on cognitive science and artificial intelligence.^[3]^[4] He is an expert on philosopher Carl G. Hempel.^[1]^[21]

Fetzer published over 100 articles and 20 books on philosophy of science and philosophy of cognitive science, especially of artificial intelligence and computer science.^[6]^[22] In 2002, Fetzer edited Consciousness Evolving, a collection of studies on the past, the present, and the future of consciousness.^[23] He founded the international journal Minds and Machines, which he edited for 11 years, and founded the academic library Studies in Cognitive Systems,^[10] of which he was series editor.^[1] He founded the Society for Machines & Mentality. Near and after retirement, Fetzer remained a contributor to as well as cited or republished in philosophy of science and cognitive science volumes and encyclopedias.^[2]^[21]^[24]^[25]^[26]

Controversies

In the early 1990s, Fetzer began to promote John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, later 9/11 conspiracy theories, Holocaust denial, conspiracy theories regarding the 2002 death of Senator Paul Wellstone, and Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories.^[27] He cofounded Scholars for 9/11 Truth in 2005,^[10] and claims that elements in the United States government, United States intelligence community, and Israeli Mossad were responsible for the September 11th attacks. Fetzer asserts that no commercial planes or hijackers were involved at any of the attack locations, that Flight 93 did not exist, and that guided missiles and/or explosives were instead used to destroy the buildings and create the appearance of a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Fetzer's allegations and speculations have drawn strong criticism.^[10]^[28]^[29]^[12]^[30] In October 2019, a Wisconsin court ordered Fetzer to pay the father of a Sandy Hook victim $450,000 in a defamation case.^[11]^[31]^[32]^[33]

J.F. Kennedy assassination

Fetzer alleges government conspiracies include an involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy. He believes Kennedy's assassination was "a government hit job" and "the Zapruder film is a fake".^[8] With Don "Four Arrows" Jacobs, Fetzer claimed that the 2002 airplane crash that killed US Senator Paul Wellstone was an assassination "by an out-of-control Republican cabal under the direction of" Karl Rove.^[34] He also claimed that Paul McCartney died in 1966.^[11]^[35]

9/11

Fetzer has alleged the 9/11 attacks were treasonable, and called for the military overthrow of President George W. Bush.^[10] He has asserted that the World Trade Center buildings collapsed by controlled demolitions or by high-tech weaponry, gaining further critical attention.^[10] In 2005, with Steven E. Jones, Fetzer co-founded Scholars for 9/11 Truth.^[10] Within a year, Jones wrote to other members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth declaring he and others wished to sever their connections with the organization, because Fetzer's backing of theories about a direct energy weapon had left them open to severe mockery.^[36] Jovan Byford criticized Fetzer's speculations that Jews or Israel were involved in a conspiracy to commit the 9/11 attacks as "a contemporary variant of the old, antisemitic conspiracist canard about the disloyalty of Jews and their usurpation of power in the name of communal interests and the accumulation of wealth."^[37] Fetzer has asserted that elements in the US Department of Defense, US intelligence and the Israeli Mossad were involved in the attacks.

Sandy Hook

An article by Fetzer published by Iranian state-run Press TV and conspiracy theory and fake news website Veterans Today titled (by the latter) "Did Mossad death squads slaughter American children at Sandy Hook?" was described in January 2013 by Oliver Kamm in The Jewish Chronicle as "monstrous, calumnious, demented bilge" that "violates all bounds of decency".^[38] Fetzer was a member of the Advisory Board of Veterans Today in 2013.^[39] In 2015, Fetzer published a book titled Nobody Died at Sandy Hook: It Was a FEMA Drill to Promote Gun Control.^[40] The book's publisher, Moon Rock Books, later apologized to the Pozners and agreed to take the book out of circulation.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Other

Fetzer has also promoted theories that the Boston Marathon bombing, Parkland and Pulse nightclub shootings, and the Charlottesville car attack were hoaxes, classified training-exercises in the vein of Sandy Hook, and believes the Apollo moon landings were faked.^[11]

Fetzer contributed the foreword for a book entitled Breaking The Spell (2014) by Nicholas Kollerstrom, a work of Holocaust denial.^[41] Fetzer himself has said of the Holocaust: "My research on the Holocaust narrative suggests that it is not only untrue but provably false and not remotely scientifically sustainable."^[30]^[27]

Fetzer has backed claims the 2020 United States presidential election was "stolen" from Donald Trump.^[42]

Legal problems

Leonard Pozner, father of Sandy Hook victim Noah Pozner, sued Fetzer and his co-author, Mike Palacek, for defamation in a Dane County, Wisconsin court for statements contained in Nobody Died at Sandy Hook. Pozner’s son Noah, 6, was the youngest person killed during the mass shooting that left 26 people dead, including 20 children around Noah’s age. In June 2019, circuit judge Frank Remington found that Fetzer and Palacek had defamed the Pozners, with damages to be awarded at an October 2019 trial. On October 16, 2019, a jury in Wisconsin awarded Leonard Pozner $450,000 for defamation. Fetzer's appeals were denied by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals^[43] and the Wisconsin Supreme Court.^[44] Fetzer's petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court was denied on October 3, 2022.^[45]

University reaction

In 2013, officials of the University of Minnesota said that "Fetzer has the right to express his views, but he also has the responsibility to make clear he's not speaking for the university."^[13] He is retired and no longer employed by the university.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e James H Fetzer, ed, Science, Explanation, and Rationality: Aspects of the Philosophy of Carl G Hempel (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p xi.
^ ^a ^b Ellery Eells & James H Fetzer, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Volume 284: The Place of Probability in Science: In Honor of Ellery Eells (1953–2006) (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, 2010), pp ix–x, 321.
^ ^a ^b Jan Woleński, "Books received: Philosophy, Mind and Cognitive Inquiry by David J Cole, James H Fetzer, Terry L Rankin; Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits by James H Fetzer", Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, 1992; 51(2): 341–43, p 341: "I start with Fetzer's monograph because it provides a general paranorama of AI and its foundational problems. ... The book touches many foundational problems of AI belonging to epistemology, psychology, philosophy of language, philosophy of science and computer science. Fetzer's discussions vary from very elementary...to quite advanced...".
^ ^a ^b Justin Leiber, "James H Fetzer, Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Second Edition: Revised and Expanded, Paragon Issues in Philosophy", Minds and Machines, 1999 Aug;9(3):435–37, p 435: "It is a delight to see this revised edition of what is possibly the best short introduction to 'philosophy and cognitive science' around today, one fully accessible to undergraduates".
John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2004), ch 1 "Introduction", subch 1.5 "A look ahead", § "Suggested reading", p 14, recommends Fetzer's Philosophy and Cognitive Science.
^ ^a ^b Donald Angus MacKenzie, Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2001), pp 18, 205, 244 & 323 discusses Fetzer's contributions, and on pp 388 & 421 identifies citations of Fetzer.
Donald MacKenzie, "A view from Sonnelbichl: On the historical sociology of software and system dependability", in Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, Arthur L Norberg & Heinz Nixdorf, eds, History of Computing: Software Issues (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002), p 112: "Conversely, the claims of the formalizers have been fiercely contested by computer scientists Richard DeMillo, Richard Lipton and Alan Perlis, as well as by philosopher James H Fetzer".
^ ^a ^b James H Fetzer, ed, Consciousness Evolving (Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2002), p ix.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sarah Lederer (February 2009). "James Fetzer's home page". James H Fetzer at University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. 2nd edn, Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. pp 181–83.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crawford, Amanda J. (February 5, 2020). "The Professor of Denial". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 66, no. 21. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mike Mosedale (June 28, 2006). "The man who thought he knew too much". City Pages. Minneapolis. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Hollingsworth, Jana (January 5, 2013). "Retired UMD professor theorizes that government behind Newtown massacre". St. Paul Pioneer Press/Duluth News Tribune. Twincities.Com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ "McKnight Awards". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ "James H. Fetzer". University of Minnesota Duluth. March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ James H Fetzer, The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals with Minds? (Peru IL: Open Court Publishing, 2005), back cover.
^ James H Fetzer, "Reichenbach, reference cases, and single case 'probabilities' ", in Wesley C Salmon, ed, Synthese Library, Volume 132: Hans Reichenbach: Logical Empiricist (Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing, 1979).
^ Subrata Dasgupta, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 15: Design Theory and Computer Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), "Acknowledgements", p xix: "Quite apart from the many hundreds of authors cited in the text, I owe a massive debt of gratitude to many individuals and organizations who, in one way or another, have influenced the final shape of this work. In particular, I thank the following: ... Bimal Matilal (Oxford University) and James Fetzer (University of Minnesota)—two philosophers—for discussions or correspondences regarding matters philosophical.
^ Allen Kent & James G Williams, eds, Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, Volume 14: Productivity and Software (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994), p v.
^ Selmer Bringsjord & Michael John Zenzen, Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp xx–xxi: "In connection with Chapter 1, we're grateful to Michael Costa for inviting Jim Fetzer to organize a symposium on whether minds are computational systems for the annual meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, in Nashville, Tennessee, April 4–7, 1996".
^ ^a ^b Erich H Reck, ch 15 "Hempel, Carnap, and the covering law model" pp 311–24, in Nikolay Milkov & Volker Peckhaus, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 273: The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2013), pp 312 & 323.
^
Philosophy of Science:
- James H. Fetzer (December 31, 1981). Scientific Knowledge: Causation, Explanation, and Corroboration. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1335-3.
- Principles of Philosophical Reasoning. Rowman & Littlefield. June 1984. ISBN 978-0-8476-7341-4.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 1985). Sociobiology and Epistemology. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-2005-4.
- Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives. 1991. ASIN B000IBICGK.
- James H. Fetzer (October 1992). Philosophy of Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-481-0.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (January 1993). Foundations of Philosophy of Science: Recent Developments (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-480-3.
- Charles E. M. Dunlop; James H. Fetzer (March 1993). Glossary of Cognitive Science (A Paragon House Glossary for Research, Reading, and Writing). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-567-1.
- James H. Fetzer (January 1997). Philosophy and Cognitive Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-739-2.
- Minds and Machines: Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 4. Kluwer. November 1997. ASIN B000KEV460.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (December 2000). Science, Explanation, and Rationality: The Philosophy of Carl G. Hempel. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-512137-7.
- James H. Fetzer (January 2001). Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-0548-4.
- Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are Not Machines. Springer. January 8, 2002. ISBN 978-1-4020-0243-4.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (May 2002). Consciousness Evolving (Advances in Consciousness Research). John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-58811-108-1.
- James H. Fetzer (2005). The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals With Minds?. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9459-8.
- James H. Fetzer (December 28, 2006). Render Unto Darwin: Philosophical Aspects of the Christian Right's Crusade Against Science. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9605-9.
Conspiracy Theories:
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (October 1997). Assassination Science: Experts Speak Out on the Death of JFK. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9366-9.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 2000). Murder in Dealey Plaza: What We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9422-2.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (September 2003). The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Catfeet Press. ISBN 978-0-8126-9547-2.
- Four Arrows (aka Don Trent Jacobs); James H. Fetzer (November 2004). American Assassination: The Strange Death Of Senator Paul Wellstone. Vox Pop. ISBN 978-0-9752763-0-3.
- James H. Fetzer, ed. (March 28, 2007). The 9/11 Conspiracy. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9612-7.
^ John Benjamins: Book details for Consciousness Evolving [AiCR 34]
^ James H Fetzer, "Corroboration" pp 178–79, in Sahotra Sarkar & Jessica Pfeifer, eds, The Philosophy of Science, Volume One: A–M (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006).
^ James Fetzer, "Carl Hempel", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013).
^ James H Fetzer, ed, Epistemology and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990 / New York: Springer-Verlag, 2012).
^ ^a ^b Hananoki, Eric (April 12, 2018). "Roger Stone Heavily Praised Author Who Claims Holocaust, Sandy Hook, And 9/11 Were Faked". Media Matters for America. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ Jaya Narain (February 16, 2007). "We're all conspiracy theorists at heart". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^ Justin Pope (August 7, 2006). "Scholars join ranks of Sept 11 conspiracy theorists". Bangor Daily News. Bangor ME. Associated Press. p. A3. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Tevlin, Jon. "Tevlin: Northfield pub puts free speech limits to the test". Star Tribune. Minneapolis Star Tribune. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Svrluga, Susan (October 16, 2019). "Jury awards $450,000 to father of Sandy Hook victim in defamation case". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Otterman, Sharon (June 18, 2019). "Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theorist Loses to Father of 6-Year-Old Victim Over Hoax". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b "Sandy Hook shooting: Parent awarded $450,000 for defamation". BBC News. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 4.
^ "Why Ringo's Confession, "We replaced Paul!", appears to be authentic". May 11, 2015.
^ Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). "The truth is out there". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
^ Byford, Dr Jovan (2011). Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 110ff. ISBN 978-0-230-35637-5.
^ Kamm, Oliver (January 4, 2013). "From Nonsense to Indecency". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
^ Schlatter, Evelyn (January 10, 2013). "Veterans Today Editor Blames Newtown Tragedy on Israel". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ James Fetzer. "Nobody Died at Sandy Hook". James Fetzer. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
^ Kamm, Oliver (December 11, 2014). "'Respectable' revisionists". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ Williamson, Elizabeth (January 27, 2021). "Rioters Followed a Long Conspiratorial Road to the Capitol". The New York Times.
^ "Leonard-Pozner-v-James-Fetzer-Appeal-Decision.pdf" (PDF). March 18, 2021.
^ "Defending The 1st and 2nd Amendments". February 17, 2021.
^ "Supreme Court 21-7916". October 7, 2022.

External links

James H. Fetzer at University of Minnesota Duluth
- Curriculum Vitae for JFK Research

[Fetzer-OUP-pxi-1] James H Fetzer, ed, Science, Explanation, and Rationality: Aspects of the Philosophy of Carl G Hempel (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p xi.

[Ells-Fetzer-2] Ellery Eells & James H Fetzer, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Volume 284: The Place of Probability in Science: In Honor of Ellery Eells (1953–2006) (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, 2010), pp ix–x, 321.

[Wolenski-3] Jan Woleński, "Books received: Philosophy, Mind and Cognitive Inquiry by David J Cole, James H Fetzer, Terry L Rankin; Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits by James H Fetzer", Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, 1992; 51(2): 341–43, p 341: "I start with Fetzer's monograph because it provides a general paranorama of AI and its foundational problems. ... The book touches many foundational problems of AI belonging to epistemology, psychology, philosophy of language, philosophy of science and computer science. Fetzer's discussions vary from very elementary...to quite advanced...".

[Leiber-4] Justin Leiber, "James H Fetzer, Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Second Edition: Revised and Expanded, Paragon Issues in Philosophy", Minds and Machines, 1999 Aug;9(3):435–37, p 435: "It is a delight to see this revised edition of what is possibly the best short introduction to 'philosophy and cognitive science' around today, one fully accessible to undergraduates".
John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2004), ch 1 "Introduction", subch 1.5 "A look ahead", § "Suggested reading", p 14, recommends Fetzer's Philosophy and Cognitive Science.

[MacKenzie-5] Donald Angus MacKenzie, Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2001), pp 18, 205, 244 & 323 discusses Fetzer's contributions, and on pp 388 & 421 identifies citations of Fetzer.
Donald MacKenzie, "A view from Sonnelbichl: On the historical sociology of software and system dependability", in Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, Arthur L Norberg & Heinz Nixdorf, eds, History of Computing: Software Issues (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002), p 112: "Conversely, the claims of the formalizers have been fiercely contested by computer scientists Richard DeMillo, Richard Lipton and Alan Perlis, as well as by philosopher James H Fetzer".

[ConsciousnessEvolving-6] James H Fetzer, ed, Consciousness Evolving (Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2002), p ix.

[umn-7] Sarah Lederer (February 2009). "James Fetzer's home page". James H Fetzer at University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved February 2, 2009.

[FOOTNOTEMike_Mosedale20062-8] Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEMike_Mosedale20063-9] Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 3.

[Atkins-bio-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. 2nd edn, Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. pp 181–83.

[Chron20200205-11] Crawford, Amanda J. (February 5, 2020). "The Professor of Denial". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 66, no. 21. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved January 24, 2021.

[Mosedale-12] Mike Mosedale (June 28, 2006). "The man who thought he knew too much". City Pages. Minneapolis. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2012.

[twincities-13] Hollingsworth, Jana (January 5, 2013). "Retired UMD professor theorizes that government behind Newtown massacre". St. Paul Pioneer Press/Duluth News Tribune. Twincities.Com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.

[14] "McKnight Awards". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.

[15] "James H. Fetzer". University of Minnesota Duluth. March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[16] James H Fetzer, The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals with Minds? (Peru IL: Open Court Publishing, 2005), back cover.

[17] James H Fetzer, "Reichenbach, reference cases, and single case 'probabilities' ", in Wesley C Salmon, ed, Synthese Library, Volume 132: Hans Reichenbach: Logical Empiricist (Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing, 1979).

[counsel-18] Subrata Dasgupta, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 15: Design Theory and Computer Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), "Acknowledgements", p xix: "Quite apart from the many hundreds of authors cited in the text, I owe a massive debt of gratitude to many individuals and organizations who, in one way or another, have influenced the final shape of this work. In particular, I thank the following: ... Bimal Matilal (Oxford University) and James Fetzer (University of Minnesota)—two philosophers—for discussions or correspondences regarding matters philosophical.

[19] Allen Kent & James G Williams, eds, Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, Volume 14: Productivity and Software (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994), p v.

[20] Selmer Bringsjord & Michael John Zenzen, Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp xx–xxi: "In connection with Chapter 1, we're grateful to Michael Costa for inviting Jim Fetzer to organize a symposium on whether minds are computational systems for the annual meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, in Nashville, Tennessee, April 4–7, 1996".

[Reck-21] Erich H Reck, ch 15 "Hempel, Carnap, and the covering law model" pp 311–24, in Nikolay Milkov & Volker Peckhaus, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 273: The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2013), pp 312 & 323.

[22] Philosophy of Science:
James H. Fetzer (December 31, 1981). Scientific Knowledge: Causation, Explanation, and Corroboration. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1335-3.

Principles of Philosophical Reasoning. Rowman & Littlefield. June 1984. ISBN 978-0-8476-7341-4.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 1985). Sociobiology and Epistemology. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-2005-4.

Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives. 1991. ASIN B000IBICGK.

James H. Fetzer (October 1992). Philosophy of Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-481-0.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (January 1993). Foundations of Philosophy of Science: Recent Developments (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-480-3.

Charles E. M. Dunlop; James H. Fetzer (March 1993). Glossary of Cognitive Science (A Paragon House Glossary for Research, Reading, and Writing). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-567-1.

James H. Fetzer (January 1997). Philosophy and Cognitive Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-739-2.

Minds and Machines: Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 4. Kluwer. November 1997. ASIN B000KEV460.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (December 2000). Science, Explanation, and Rationality: The Philosophy of Carl G. Hempel. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-512137-7.

James H. Fetzer (January 2001). Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-0548-4.

Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are Not Machines. Springer. January 8, 2002. ISBN 978-1-4020-0243-4.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (May 2002). Consciousness Evolving (Advances in Consciousness Research). John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-58811-108-1.

James H. Fetzer (2005). The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals With Minds?. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9459-8.

James H. Fetzer (December 28, 2006). Render Unto Darwin: Philosophical Aspects of the Christian Right's Crusade Against Science. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9605-9.
Conspiracy Theories:
James H. Fetzer, ed. (October 1997). Assassination Science: Experts Speak Out on the Death of JFK. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9366-9.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 2000). Murder in Dealey Plaza: What We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9422-2.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (September 2003). The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Catfeet Press. ISBN 978-0-8126-9547-2.

Four Arrows (aka Don Trent Jacobs); James H. Fetzer (November 2004). American Assassination: The Strange Death Of Senator Paul Wellstone. Vox Pop. ISBN 978-0-9752763-0-3.

James H. Fetzer, ed. (March 28, 2007). The 9/11 Conspiracy. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9612-7.

[23] James H. Fetzer (December 31, 1981). Scientific Knowledge: Causation, Explanation, and Corroboration. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1335-3.

[24] Principles of Philosophical Reasoning. Rowman & Littlefield. June 1984. ISBN 978-0-8476-7341-4.

[25] James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 1985). Sociobiology and Epistemology. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-2005-4.

[26] Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives. 1991. ASIN B000IBICGK.

[27] James H. Fetzer (October 1992). Philosophy of Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-481-0.

[28] James H. Fetzer, ed. (January 1993). Foundations of Philosophy of Science: Recent Developments (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-480-3.

[29] Charles E. M. Dunlop; James H. Fetzer (March 1993). Glossary of Cognitive Science (A Paragon House Glossary for Research, Reading, and Writing). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-567-1.

[30] James H. Fetzer (January 1997). Philosophy and Cognitive Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 978-1-55778-739-2.

[31] Minds and Machines: Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 4. Kluwer. November 1997. ASIN B000KEV460.

[32] James H. Fetzer, ed. (December 2000). Science, Explanation, and Rationality: The Philosophy of Carl G. Hempel. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-512137-7.

[33] James H. Fetzer (January 2001). Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-0548-4.

[34] Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are Not Machines. Springer. January 8, 2002. ISBN 978-1-4020-0243-4.

[35] James H. Fetzer, ed. (May 2002). Consciousness Evolving (Advances in Consciousness Research). John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-58811-108-1.

[36] James H. Fetzer (2005). The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals With Minds?. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9459-8.

[37] James H. Fetzer (December 28, 2006). Render Unto Darwin: Philosophical Aspects of the Christian Right's Crusade Against Science. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9605-9.

[38] James H. Fetzer, ed. (October 1997). Assassination Science: Experts Speak Out on the Death of JFK. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9366-9.

[39] James H. Fetzer, ed. (August 2000). Murder in Dealey Plaza: What We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9422-2.

[40] James H. Fetzer, ed. (September 2003). The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Catfeet Press. ISBN 978-0-8126-9547-2.

[41] Four Arrows (aka Don Trent Jacobs); James H. Fetzer (November 2004). American Assassination: The Strange Death Of Senator Paul Wellstone. Vox Pop. ISBN 978-0-9752763-0-3.

[42] James H. Fetzer, ed. (March 28, 2007). The 9/11 Conspiracy. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9612-7.

[23] John Benjamins: Book details for Consciousness Evolving [AiCR 34]

[24] James H Fetzer, "Corroboration" pp 178–79, in Sahotra Sarkar & Jessica Pfeifer, eds, The Philosophy of Science, Volume One: A–M (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006).

[SEP-25] James Fetzer, "Carl Hempel", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013).

[26] James H Fetzer, ed, Epistemology and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990 / New York: Springer-Verlag, 2012).

[MMA20180412-27] Hananoki, Eric (April 12, 2018). "Roger Stone Heavily Praised Author Who Claims Holocaust, Sandy Hook, And 9/11 Were Faked". Media Matters for America. Retrieved January 24, 2021.

[28] Jaya Narain (February 16, 2007). "We're all conspiracy theorists at heart". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[Pope-29] Justin Pope (August 7, 2006). "Scholars join ranks of Sept 11 conspiracy theorists". Bangor Daily News. Bangor ME. Associated Press. p. A3. Retrieved July 16, 2012.

[StarTribune-30] Tevlin, Jon. "Tevlin: Northfield pub puts free speech limits to the test". Star Tribune. Minneapolis Star Tribune. Retrieved August 12, 2015.

[Svrluga-31] Svrluga, Susan (October 16, 2019). "Jury awards $450,000 to father of Sandy Hook victim in defamation case". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2020.

[Otterman-32] Otterman, Sharon (June 18, 2019). "Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theorist Loses to Father of 6-Year-Old Victim Over Hoax". The New York Times.

[BBC20191016-33] "Sandy Hook shooting: Parent awarded $450,000 for defamation". BBC News. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.

[FOOTNOTEMike_Mosedale20064-34] Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 4.

[35] "Why Ringo's Confession, "We replaced Paul!", appears to be authentic". May 11, 2015.

[36] Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). "The truth is out there". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2021.

[Byford2011-37] Byford, Dr Jovan (2011). Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 110ff. ISBN 978-0-230-35637-5.

[Kamm2013-38] Kamm, Oliver (January 4, 2013). "From Nonsense to Indecency". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved September 8, 2016.

[39] Schlatter, Evelyn (January 10, 2013). "Veterans Today Editor Blames Newtown Tragedy on Israel". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 19, 2019.

[40] James Fetzer. "Nobody Died at Sandy Hook". James Fetzer. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.

[Kamm2014-41] Kamm, Oliver (December 11, 2014). "'Respectable' revisionists". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved August 12, 2019.

[42] Williamson, Elizabeth (January 27, 2021). "Rioters Followed a Long Conspiratorial Road to the Capitol". The New York Times.

[43] "Leonard-Pozner-v-James-Fetzer-Appeal-Decision.pdf" (PDF). March 18, 2021.

[44] "Defending The 1st and 2nd Amendments". February 17, 2021.

[45] "Supreme Court 21-7916". October 7, 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|American academic, conspiracy theorist, and Holocaust denier}}
+{{Short description|American academic James Henry Fetzer}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
 {{Infobox person
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 | footnotes                 =
 }}
-'''James Henry Fetzer''' (born December 6, 1940) is a [[conspiracy theorist]], [[Holocaust denier]], and professor emeritus of the [[philosophy of science]] at the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]]. Fetzer has worked on assessing and clarifying the forms and foundations of [[scientific explanation]], [[probability]] in science, [[philosophy of mind]], and philosophy of [[cognitive science]], especially [[artificial intelligence]] and [[computer science]].<ref name=Fetzer-OUP-pxi/><ref name=Ells-Fetzer/><ref name=Wolenski/><ref name=Leiber/><ref name=MacKenzie/><ref name=ConsciousnessEvolving/>
+'''James Henry Fetzer''' (born December 6, 1940) is a [[professor emeritus]] of the [[philosophy of science]] at the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]], who has worked on assessing and clarifying the forms and foundations of [[scientific explanation]], [[probability]] in science, [[philosophy of mind]], and philosophy of [[cognitive science]], especially [[artificial intelligence]] and [[computer science]].<ref name=Fetzer-OUP-pxi/><ref name=Ells-Fetzer/><ref name=Wolenski/><ref name=Leiber/><ref name=MacKenzie/><ref name=ConsciousnessEvolving/>
-In the early 1990s, Fetzer began to promote [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories]], later [[9/11 conspiracy theories]], [[Holocaust denial]], conspiracy theories regarding the 2002 death of [[Senator Paul Wellstone]], and [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories]].<ref name="MMA20180412">{{cite news|last=Hananoki|first=Eric|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/roger-stone/roger-stone-heavily-praised-author-who-claims-holocaust-sandy-hook-and-911-were-faked|title=Roger Stone Heavily Praised Author Who Claims Holocaust, Sandy Hook, And 9/11 Were Faked|work=Media Matters for America|date=April 12, 2018|access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref> He cofounded [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]] in 2005,<ref name=Atkins-bio>Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c06pxjS6z3AC&pg=PA181&dq=group ''The 9/11 Encyclopedia'']. 2nd edn, Santa Barbara CA: [[ABC-CLIO]]. pp 181–83.</ref> and claims that elements in the United States government, [[United States intelligence community]], and Israeli [[Mossad]] were responsible for the [[September 11th attacks]]. Fetzer asserts that no commercial planes or hijackers were involved at any of the attack locations, that [[Flight 93]] did not exist, and that guided missiles and/or explosives were instead used to destroy the buildings and create the appearance of a plane crash in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]. Fetzer's allegations and speculations have drawn strong criticism.<ref name=Atkins-bio/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6368341.stm | work=BBC News | title=We're all conspiracy theorists at heart |author=Jaya Narain | date=February 16, 2007 | access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Pope">{{cite news |title=Scholars join ranks of Sept 11 conspiracy theorists |author=Justin Pope |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qvs0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3851%2C1721553 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Bangor Daily News |location=Bangor ME |date=August 7, 2006 |page=A3 |access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Mosedale>{{cite news|title=The man who thought he knew too much |author=Mike Mosedale |url=http://www.citypages.com/2006-06-28/news/the-man-who-thought-he-knew-too-much |newspaper=City Pages |location=Minneapolis |date=June 28, 2006 |page=1 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311232106/http://www.citypages.com/2006-06-28/news/the-man-who-thought-he-knew-too-much/ |archive-date=March 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=StarTribune>{{cite web|last1=Tevlin|first1=Jon|title=Tevlin: Northfield pub puts free speech limits to the test|url=http://www.startribune.com/tevlin-northfield-pub-puts-free-speech-limits-to-the-test/289227381/|website=Star Tribune|publisher=Minneapolis Star Tribune|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> In October 2019, a Wisconsin court ordered Fetzer to pay the father of a Sandy Hook victim $450,000 in a defamation case.<ref name="Chron20200205">{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Amanda J.|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Professor-of-Denial/247975|title=The Professor of Denial|date=February 5, 2020|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|volume=66|issue=21|access-date=January 24, 2021|issn=0009-5982}}</ref><ref name="Svrluga">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/10/16/jury-awards-father-sandy-hook-victim-defamation-case/|title=Jury awards $450,000 to father of Sandy Hook victim in defamation case|last=Svrluga|first=Susan|date=16 October 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref><ref name="Otterman">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/nyregion/sandy-hook-victim-court-ruling.html|title=Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theorist Loses to Father of 6-Year-Old Victim Over Hoax|last=Otterman|first=Sharon |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBC20191016">{{cite news |title=Sandy Hook shooting: Parent awarded $450,000 for defamation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50074652 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |work=BBC News |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
@@ Line 42: / Line 40: @@
 ==Career==
-He became an assistant professor at the [[University of Kentucky]] in 1970, and received the University of Kentucky Student Government's first Distinguished Teaching Award in 1973.<ref name=Atkins-bio/>  He was denied tenure at Kentucky in 1977, and spent the next ten years in visiting positions at the [[University of Virginia]], [[University of Cincinnati]], [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], and [[University of South Florida]].<ref name="Chron20200205" /><ref name=Mosedale />  After ten years without a tenure-track position, in 1987 he was hired as a [[full professor]] at the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]].<ref name=Mosedale /> In 1996, Fetzer received a Distinguished McKnight University Professorship from the University of Minnesota,<ref name = "twincities">{{cite news|last1=Hollingsworth|first1=Jana|title=Retired UMD professor theorizes that government behind Newtown massacre|url=http://www.twincities.com/ci_22313176/retired-umd-professor-theorizes-that-government-behind-newtown|access-date=November 23, 2015|agency=Twincities.Com|publisher=St. Paul Pioneer Press/Duluth News Tribune|date=January 5, 2013}}</ref> a title that recipients retain until they retire from the University,<ref>{{cite web |title=McKnight Awards |url=http://www.scholarswalk.umn.edu/awards/mcknight/index.html |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=May 11, 2017 |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511180338/http://www.scholarswalk.umn.edu/awards/mcknight/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> which he did in 2006, becoming a professor emeritus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2009|title=James H. Fetzer|url=https://www.d.umn.edu/~jfetzer/|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2021|website=University of Minnesota Duluth}}</ref>
+James Fetzer became an assistant professor at the [[University of Kentucky]] in 1970, and received the University of Kentucky Student Government's first Distinguished Teaching Award in 1973.<ref name=Atkins-bio/>  He was denied tenure at Kentucky in 1977, and spent the next ten years in visiting positions at the [[University of Virginia]], [[University of Cincinnati]], [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], and [[University of South Florida]].<ref name="Chron20200205" /><ref name=Mosedale />  After ten years without a tenure-track position, in 1987 he was hired as a [[full professor]] at the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]].<ref name=Mosedale /> In 1996, Fetzer received a Distinguished McKnight University Professorship from the University of Minnesota,<ref name = "twincities">{{cite news|last1=Hollingsworth|first1=Jana|title=Retired UMD professor theorizes that government behind Newtown massacre|url=http://www.twincities.com/ci_22313176/retired-umd-professor-theorizes-that-government-behind-newtown|access-date=November 23, 2015|agency=Twincities.Com|publisher=St. Paul Pioneer Press/Duluth News Tribune|date=January 5, 2013}}</ref> a title that recipients retain until they retire from the University,<ref>{{cite web |title=McKnight Awards |url=http://www.scholarswalk.umn.edu/awards/mcknight/index.html |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=May 11, 2017 |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511180338/http://www.scholarswalk.umn.edu/awards/mcknight/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> which he did in 2006, becoming a professor emeritus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2009|title=James H. Fetzer|url=https://www.d.umn.edu/~jfetzer/|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2021|website=University of Minnesota Duluth}}</ref>
 In the late 1970s, Fetzer received a [[National Science Foundation]] fellowship,<ref>James H Fetzer, ''The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals with Minds?'' (Peru IL: Open Court Publishing, 2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fOqOef1T-osC&pg=PA278&dq=fellowship+National+Science+Foundation back cover].</ref> and contributed a chapter to a book on [[Hans Reichenbach]].<ref>James H Fetzer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CxQ5uHEKUwsC&pg=PA187&dq=Fetzer "Reichenbach, reference cases, and single case 'probabilities' "], in [[Wesley C. Salmon|Wesley C Salmon]], ed, ''Synthese Library, Volume 132: Hans Reichenbach: Logical Empiricist'' ([[Dordrecht]]: [[D. Reidel|D Reidel Publishing]], 1979).</ref>  In 1990, Fetzer received the Medal of the [[University of Helsinki]].<ref name=Fetzer-OUP-pxi/>  He assisted theorists in computer science,<ref name=counsel>Subrata Dasgupta, ''Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 15: Design Theory and Computer Science'' (New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1991), "Acknowledgements", [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma5FPFojAGUC&pg=PR19&dq=Acknowledgements+James+Fetzer p xix]: "Quite apart from the many hundreds of authors cited in the text, I owe a massive debt of gratitude to many individuals and organizations who, in one way or another, have influenced the final shape of this work.  In particular, I thank the following: ... Bimal Matilal (Oxford University) and James Fetzer (University of Minnesota)—two philosophers—for discussions or correspondences regarding matters philosophical.</ref><ref>[[Allen Kent]] & James G Williams, eds, ''Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, Volume 14: Productivity and Software'' (New York: [[Marcel Dekker]], 1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JrHnf5d_R8AC&pg=PR5&dq=Contributors+Fetzer p v].</ref> and joined the debate over proper types of inference in computing.<ref name=MacKenzie>[[Donald Angus MacKenzie]], ''Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust'' (Cambridge MA: [[MIT Press]], 2001), pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA18&dq=Fetzer 18], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA205&dq=Fetzer 205], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA244&dq=Fetzer 244] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA323&dq=Fetzer 323] discusses Fetzer's contributions, and on pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA388&dq=Fetzer 388] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMS8t4V_0cC&pg=PA421&dq=Fetzer 421] identifies citations of Fetzer.<br />Donald MacKenzie, "A view from Sonnelbichl: On the historical sociology of software and system dependability", in Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, Arthur L Norberg & [[Heinz Nixdorf]], eds, ''History of Computing: Software Issues'' (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: [[Springer (publisher)|Springer-Verlag]], 2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ilzuDvBiL0C&pg=PA112&dq=Fetzer p 112]: "Conversely, the claims of the formalizers have been fiercely contested by computer scientists [[Richard DeMillo]], [[Richard Lipton]] and [[Alan Perlis]], as well as by philosopher James H Fetzer".</ref> In the late 1990s, Fetzer was called to organize a symposium on [[philosophy of mind]],<ref>Selmer Bringsjord & Michael John Zenzen, ''Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More'' (Dordrecht: [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]], 2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5fZcSJBOoJ8C&pg=PR20&dq=Fetzer pp xx–xxi]: "In connection with Chapter 1, we're grateful to Michael Costa for inviting Jim Fetzer to organize a symposium on whether minds are computational systems for the annual meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, in Nashville, Tennessee, April 4–7, 1996".</ref> and authored textbooks on cognitive science and artificial intelligence.<ref name=Wolenski>[[Jan Woleński]], "Books received: ''Philosophy, Mind and Cognitive Inquiry'' by David J Cole, James H Fetzer, Terry L Rankin; ''Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits'' by James H Fetzer", ''[[Studia Logica]]: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic'', 1992; '''51'''(2): 341–43, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20015633 p 341]: "I start with Fetzer's monograph because it provides a general paranorama of [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] and its foundational problems. ... The book touches many foundational problems of AI belonging to [[epistemology]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy of language]], [[philosophy of science]] and [[computer science]].  Fetzer's discussions vary from very elementary...to quite advanced...".</ref><ref name=Leiber>[[Justin Leiber]], [https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008329206906 "James H Fetzer, ''Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Second Edition: Revised and Expanded'', Paragon Issues in Philosophy"], ''Minds and Machines'', 1999 Aug;'''9'''(3):435–37, p 435: "It is a delight to see this revised edition of what is possibly the best short introduction to 'philosophy and cognitive science' around today, one fully accessible to undergraduates".<br />John Heil, ''Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction'', 2nd edn (New York: [[Routledge]], 2004), ch 1 "Introduction", subch 1.5 "A look ahead", § "Suggested reading", [https://books.google.com/books?id=T_xH_FqQnx4C&pg=PA14&dq=Fetzer p 14], recommends Fetzer's ''Philosophy and Cognitive Science''.</ref>  He is an expert on philosopher [[Carl G. Hempel]].<ref name=Fetzer-OUP-pxi/><ref name=Reck/>
@@ Line 72: / Line 70: @@
 *{{Cite book | title =  The 9/11 Conspiracy  | publisher = Open Court | date = March 28, 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8126-9612-7 | editor = James H. Fetzer }}</ref>  In 2002, Fetzer edited '''Consciousness Evolving''', a collection of studies on the past, the present, and the future of [[consciousness]].<ref>[http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=AiCR%2034 John Benjamins: Book details for Consciousness Evolving [AiCR 34&#93;<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He founded the international journal ''[[Minds and Machines]]'', which he edited for 11 years, and founded the academic library ''Studies in Cognitive Systems'',<ref name=Atkins-bio/> of which he was series editor.<ref name=Fetzer-OUP-pxi/> He founded the Society for Machines & Mentality. Near and after retirement, Fetzer remained a contributor to as well as cited or republished in philosophy of science and cognitive science volumes and encyclopedias.<ref name=Ells-Fetzer>Ellery Eells & James H Fetzer, eds, [https://www.springer.com/philosophy/epistemology+and+philosophy+of+science/book/978-90-481-3614-8 ''Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Volume 284: The Place of Probability in Science: In Honor of Ellery Eells (1953–2006)''] (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]], 2010), pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2oJfY0Zf8C&pg=PR10&dq=Fetzer ix–x], [https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2oJfY0Zf8C&pg=PA321&dq=Fetzer+Emeritus 321].</ref><ref name=Reck>Erich H Reck, ch 15 "Hempel, Carnap, and the covering law model" pp 311–24, in Nikolay Milkov & Volker Peckhaus, eds, ''Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 273: The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism'' (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2013), pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=Fetzer 312] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA323&dq=Jim+Fetzer 323].</ref><ref>James H Fetzer, "Corroboration" [https://books.google.com/books?id=UchIDBrAQEMC&pg=PA178&dq=Corroboratin+Fetzer pp 178–79], in [[Sahotra Sarkar]] & Jessica Pfeifer, eds, ''The Philosophy of Science, Volume One: A–M'' (New York: [[Taylor & Francis Group]], 2006).</ref><ref name=SEP>James Fetzer, [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/hempel "Carl Hempel"], in [[Edward N. Zalta|Edward N Zalta]], ed, ''[[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (Spring 2013).</ref><ref>James H Fetzer, ed, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dnkskgEACAAJ ''Epistemology and Cognition''] (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990 / New York: Springer-Verlag, 2012).</ref>
+==Controversies==
-==Promotion of conspiracy theories==
+In the early 1990s, Fetzer began to promote [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories]], later [[9/11 conspiracy theories]], [[Holocaust denial]], conspiracy theories regarding the 2002 death of [[Senator Paul Wellstone]], and [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories]].<ref name="MMA20180412">{{cite news|last=Hananoki|first=Eric|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/roger-stone/roger-stone-heavily-praised-author-who-claims-holocaust-sandy-hook-and-911-were-faked|title=Roger Stone Heavily Praised Author Who Claims Holocaust, Sandy Hook, And 9/11 Were Faked|work=Media Matters for America|date=April 12, 2018|access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref> He cofounded [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]] in 2005,<ref name=Atkins-bio>Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c06pxjS6z3AC&pg=PA181&dq=group ''The 9/11 Encyclopedia'']. 2nd edn, Santa Barbara CA: [[ABC-CLIO]]. pp 181–83.</ref> and claims that elements in the United States government, [[United States intelligence community]], and Israeli [[Mossad]] were responsible for the [[September 11th attacks]]. Fetzer asserts that no commercial planes or hijackers were involved at any of the attack locations, that [[Flight 93]] did not exist, and that guided missiles and/or explosives were instead used to destroy the buildings and create the appearance of a plane crash in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]. Fetzer's allegations and speculations have drawn strong criticism.<ref name=Atkins-bio/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6368341.stm | work=BBC News | title=We're all conspiracy theorists at heart |author=Jaya Narain | date=February 16, 2007 | access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Pope">{{cite news |title=Scholars join ranks of Sept 11 conspiracy theorists |author=Justin Pope |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qvs0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3851%2C1721553 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Bangor Daily News |location=Bangor ME |date=August 7, 2006 |page=A3 |access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Mosedale>{{cite news|title=The man who thought he knew too much |author=Mike Mosedale |url=http://www.citypages.com/2006-06-28/news/the-man-who-thought-he-knew-too-much |newspaper=City Pages |location=Minneapolis |date=June 28, 2006 |page=1 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311232106/http://www.citypages.com/2006-06-28/news/the-man-who-thought-he-knew-too-much/ |archive-date=March 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=StarTribune>{{cite web|last1=Tevlin|first1=Jon|title=Tevlin: Northfield pub puts free speech limits to the test|url=http://www.startribune.com/tevlin-northfield-pub-puts-free-speech-limits-to-the-test/289227381/|website=Star Tribune|publisher=Minneapolis Star Tribune|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> In October 2019, a Wisconsin court ordered Fetzer to pay the father of a Sandy Hook victim $450,000 in a defamation case.<ref name="Chron20200205">{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Amanda J.|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Professor-of-Denial/247975|title=The Professor of Denial|date=February 5, 2020|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|volume=66|issue=21|access-date=January 24, 2021|issn=0009-5982}}</ref><ref name="Svrluga">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/10/16/jury-awards-father-sandy-hook-victim-defamation-case/|title=Jury awards $450,000 to father of Sandy Hook victim in defamation case|last=Svrluga|first=Susan|date=16 October 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref><ref name="Otterman">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/nyregion/sandy-hook-victim-court-ruling.html|title=Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theorist Loses to Father of 6-Year-Old Victim Over Hoax|last=Otterman|first=Sharon |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBC20191016">{{cite news |title=Sandy Hook shooting: Parent awarded $450,000 for defamation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50074652 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |work=BBC News |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
+===J.F. Kennedy assassination===
 Fetzer alleges government conspiracies include an involvement in the [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories#Alleged inconsistencies|assassination of President Kennedy]]. He believes Kennedy's assassination was "a government hit job" and "the [[Zapruder film]] is a fake".{{sfn|Mike Mosedale|2006|p=2}} With [[Four Arrows|Don "Four Arrows" Jacobs]], Fetzer claimed that the 2002 airplane crash that killed US Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] was an assassination "by an out-of-control Republican cabal under the direction of" [[Karl Rove]].{{sfn|Mike Mosedale|2006|p=4}} He also claimed that [[Paul McCartney]] [[Paul is dead|died in 1966]].<ref name="Chron20200205" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamesfetzer.org/2015/05/why-ringos-confession-we-replaced-paul-appears-to-be-authentic/|title = Why Ringo's Confession, "We replaced Paul!", appears to be authentic|date = May 11, 2015}}</ref>
+===9/11===
 Fetzer has alleged the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] were treasonable, and called for the military overthrow of President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name=Atkins-bio/> He has asserted that the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] buildings collapsed by controlled demolitions or by high-tech weaponry, gaining further critical attention.<ref name=Atkins-bio/> In 2005, with [[Steven E. Jones]], Fetzer co-founded [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]].<ref name=Atkins-bio/> Within a year, Jones wrote to other members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth declaring he and others wished to sever their connections with the organization, because Fetzer's backing of theories about a direct energy weapon had left them open to severe mockery.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barber|first=Peter|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The truth is out there|work=Financial Times|date=June 7, 2008|access-date=May 29, 2021}}</ref> [[Jovan Byford]] criticized Fetzer's speculations that [[Jews]] or [[Israel]] were involved in a conspiracy to commit the 9/11 attacks as "a contemporary variant of the old, antisemitic conspiracist canard about the disloyalty of Jews and their usurpation of power in the name of communal interests and the accumulation of wealth."<ref name="Byford2011">{{cite book |first=Dr Jovan |last=Byford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ilsF4VcTQC&pg=PA110 |title=Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-35637-5 |pages=110ff }}</ref> Fetzer has asserted that elements in the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]], [[United States Intelligence Community|US intelligence]] and the Israeli [[Mossad]] were involved in the attacks.
+===Sandy Hook===
 An article by Fetzer published by Iranian state-run [[Press TV]] and conspiracy theory and fake news website ''[[Veterans Today]]'' titled (by the latter) "Did Mossad death squads slaughter American children at [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|Sandy Hook]]?" was described in January 2013 by [[Oliver Kamm]] in ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' as "monstrous, calumnious, demented bilge" that "violates all bounds of decency".<ref name="Kamm2013">{{cite web|last=Kamm|first=Oliver|title=From Nonsense to Indecency|work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]|url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/columnists/96340/from-nonsense-indecency|date=4 January 2013|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Fetzer was a member of the Advisory Board of ''Veterans Today'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schlatter|first=Evelyn|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2013/01/10/veterans-today-editor-blames-newtown-tragedy-israel|title=Veterans Today Editor Blames Newtown Tragedy on Israel|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=January 10, 2013|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> In 2015, Fetzer published a book titled ''Nobody Died at Sandy Hook: It Was a FEMA Drill to Promote Gun Control''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jamesfetzer.blogspot.com/2015/10/nobody-died-at-sandy-hook-it-was-fema.html|title= Nobody Died at Sandy Hook|author= James Fetzer|website= James Fetzer|access-date= November 24, 2015|archive-date= November 25, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151125033722/http://jamesfetzer.blogspot.com/2015/10/nobody-died-at-sandy-hook-it-was-fema.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The book's publisher, Moon Rock Books, later apologized to the Pozners and agreed to take the book out of circulation.<ref name="Svrluga" /><ref name="Otterman" /><ref name="BBC20191016" />
+===Other===
 Fetzer has also promoted theories that the [[Boston Marathon bombing]], [[Parkland school shooting|Parkland]] and [[Orlando nightclub shooting|Pulse nightclub]] shootings, and the [[Charlottesville car attack]] were [[hoax]]es, classified training-exercises in the vein of Sandy Hook, and believes the [[Apollo program|Apollo moon landings]] were faked.<ref name="Chron20200205" />
 Fetzer contributed the foreword for a book entitled ''Breaking The Spell'' (2014) by [[Nicholas Kollerstrom]], a work of [[Holocaust denial]].<ref name="Kamm2014">{{cite news|last=Kamm|first=Oliver|url=https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/respectable-revisionists-1.63523|title='Respectable' revisionists|work=The Jewish Chronicle|date=11 December 2014|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> Fetzer himself has said of the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]: "My research on the Holocaust narrative suggests that it is not only untrue but provably false and not remotely scientifically sustainable."<ref name=StarTribune /><ref name="MMA20180412" />
-In 2013, officials of the [[University of Minnesota]] said that "Fetzer has the right to express his views, but he also has the responsibility to make clear he's not speaking for the university."<ref name = "twincities"/> He is retired and no longer employed by the university.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
 Fetzer has backed claims the [[2020 United States presidential election]] was "[[Big lie#Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election|stolen]]" from [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/us/politics/capitol-riot-conspiracies.html | title=Rioters Followed a Long Conspiratorial Road to the Capitol | newspaper=The New York Times | date=January 27, 2021 | last1=Williamson | first1=Elizabeth }}</ref>
-==Legal problems==
+===Legal problems===
 [[Leonard Pozner]], father of Sandy Hook victim Noah Pozner, sued Fetzer and his co-author, Mike Palacek, for defamation in a [[Dane County, Wisconsin]] court for statements contained in ''Nobody Died at Sandy Hook''. Pozner’s son Noah, 6, was the youngest person killed during the mass shooting that left 26 people dead, including 20 children around Noah’s age. In June 2019, circuit judge Frank Remington found that Fetzer and Palacek had defamed the Pozners, with damages to be awarded at an October 2019 trial. On October 16, 2019, a jury in [[Wisconsin]] awarded Leonard Pozner $450,000 for defamation. Fetzer's appeals were denied by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poznervfetzer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Leonard-Pozner-v-James-Fetzer-Appeal-Decision.pdf|title = Leonard-Pozner-v-James-Fetzer-Appeal-Decision.pdf|date = Mar 18, 2021}}</ref> and the Wisconsin Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamesfetzer.org/2022/02/defending-the-1st-and-2nd-amendments/|title = Defending The 1st and 2nd Amendments|date = Feb 17, 2021}}</ref> Fetzer's petition for [[certiorari]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]] was denied on October 3, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-7916.html|title=Supreme Court 21-7916 | date = October 7, 2022}}</ref>
+===University reaction===
+In 2013, officials of the [[University of Minnesota]] said that "Fetzer has the right to express his views, but he also has the responsibility to make clear he's not speaking for the university."<ref name = "twincities"/> He is retired and no longer employed by the university.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 96: / Line 101: @@
 * [https://www.d.umn.edu/~jfetzer/ James H. Fetzer] at [[University of Minnesota Duluth]]
 ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153159/https://www.d.umn.edu/~jfetzer/jfkresearch.html Curriculum Vitae for JFK Research]
-{{911ct|type=BLP|cat=yes}}
-{{Historical revisionism}}
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