Jamasp: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
mNo edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit |
||
(40 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran}} |
|||
{{for|the 10th century BC philosopher|Jamasp (sage)}} |
|||
{{Infobox monarch |
{{Infobox monarch |
||
| name = Jamasp |
| name = Jamasp |
||
| title = [[King of |
| title = [[King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran]] |
||
| image = Coin of the Sasanian king Jamasp from Susa.jpg |
| image = Coin of the Sasanian king Jamasp from Susa.jpg |
||
| caption = |
| caption = [[Ancient drachma|Drachma]] of Jamasp, [[Susa]] mint |
||
⚫ | |||
| reign = 496–498/9 |
| reign = 496–498/9 |
||
| predecessor = [[Kavad I]] |
| predecessor = [[Kavad I]] |
||
Line 10: | Line 11: | ||
| royal house = [[House of Sasan]] |
| royal house = [[House of Sasan]] |
||
| father = [[Peroz I]] |
| father = [[Peroz I]] |
||
| birth_date = |
| birth_date = |
||
| birth_place = |
| birth_place = |
||
| death_date = 530/540 |
| death_date = 530/540 |
||
| death_place = |
| death_place = |
||
| religion = [[Zoroastrianism]] |
| religion = [[Zoroastrianism]] |
||
⚫ | |||
| issue = Narsi |
| issue = Narsi |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Jamasp''' (also |
'''Jamasp''' (also spelled '''Zamasp''' or '''Djamasp'''; {{lang-pal|𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯}}; {{lang-fa|جاماسپ}} ''Jāmāsp'') was [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[King of Kings]] of [[Iran]] from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of [[Peroz I]] and younger brother of [[Kavad I]]. Jamasp was installed on the Sasanian throne upon the deposition of the latter by the nobility and clergy. |
||
== |
== Name == |
||
Due to increased Sasanian interest in [[Kayanian dynasty|Kayanian]] history, Jamasp was named after [[Jamasp (sage)|Jamasp]], the mythological minister of the Kayanian monarch [[Vishtaspa]].{{sfn|Boyce|2001|p=127–128}}{{sfn|Choksy|2008|pp=453–454}} The name is transliterated in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ''Zamásphēs''; [[Arabic]] ''Jāmāsb'', ''Zāmāsb'', and ''Zāmāsf''; [[New Persian]] ''Jāmāsp'' and ''Zāmāsp''.{{sfn|Choksy|2008|pp=453–454}} |
|||
== Background == |
|||
Not much is known about Jamasp himself, and his name occurs only in conjunction with his short interregnum. Byzantine accounts of the episode ([[Joshua the Stylite]] and [[Procopius]]) mention that Kavad was deposed because of his determination to spread a new "religion" that preached [[Redistribution of wealth|redistribution of property]]. Following Kavad's deposition and subsequent imprisonment, Jamasp was elected to succeed his brother. |
|||
In 484, [[Peroz I]] ({{reign|459|484}}) was [[Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484|defeated and killed]] by a [[Hephthalite]]{{efn|The Hephthalites were a tribal group that was most prominent of the "[[Iranian Huns]]".{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=145}} In the second half of the 5th-century, they controlled [[Tukharistan]] and also seemingly chunks of southern [[Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Daryaee|Rezakhani|2017|p=163}}}} army near [[Balkh]].{{sfn|McDonough|2011|p=305}}{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} His army was completely destroyed, and his body was never found.{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=287}} Four of his sons and brothers had also died.{{sfn|Potts|2018|p=295}} The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]−[[Nishapur]], [[Herat]] and [[Merv|Marw]] were now under Hephthalite rule.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} [[Sukhra]], a member of the Parthian [[House of Karen]], one of the [[Seven Great Houses of Iran]], quickly raised a new force and stopped the Hephthalites from achieving further success.{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=288}} Peroz' brother, [[Balash]], was elected as shah by the Iranian magnates, most notably Sukhra and the [[House of Mihran|Mihranid]] general [[Shapur Mihran]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} However, Balash proved unpopular among the nobility and clergy who had him deposed after just four years in 488.{{sfn|Chaumont|Schippmann|1988|pp=574–580}} Sukhra, who had played a key role in Balash's deposition,{{sfn|Chaumont|Schippmann|1988|pp=574–580}} appointed [[Kavad I]] as the new shah of Iran.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=78}} |
|||
==Reign== |
|||
Later Islamic sources such as [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] and [[al-Dinawari|Dinawari]] inform us that Jamasp was a good and kind king who reduced taxes in order to relieve the [[peasant]]s and the poor. He was also a proper adherent of the [[Mazdeans|Mazdean]] religion ([[Zoroastrianism]]), diversions from which had cost Kavad his throne and freedom. |
|||
In 496, due to the socioeconomic and religious changes implemented by Kavad I, the nobility and [[Zoroastrian]] clergy had him deposed.{{sfn|Choksy|2008|pp=453–454}} They installed his more impressionable brother Jamasp on the throne.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=27}}{{sfn|Axworthy|2008|p=59}} One of the other reasons behind Kavad's deposal was his execution of Sukhra.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} Meanwhile, chaos was occurring in the country, notably in [[Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Axworthy|2008|p=59}} A council soon took place among the nobility to discuss what to do with Kavad. [[Gushnaspdad]], a member of a prominent family of landowners (the [[Kanarang]]iyan) proposed that Kavad be executed. His suggestion was overruled, however, and Kavad was imprisoned instead in the [[Prison of Oblivion]] in [[Khuzistan (Sasanian province)|Khuzestan]].{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=267}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=27}} However, Kavad managed to escape and flee to the domains of the Hephthalites.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} |
|||
In 498 (or 499), Kavad returned to Iran with a Hephthalite army.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=131}}{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} When he crossed the domains of the Kanarangiyan family in Khorasan, he was met by [[Adergoudounbades]], a member of the family, who agreed to help him.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=267}} Another noble who supported Kavad was [[Zarmihr Karen]], a son of Sukhra.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} Jamasp and the nobility and clergy did not resist as they wanted to prevent another civil war.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=114}} They came to an agreement with Kavad that he would be shah again with the understanding that he would not hurt Jamasp or the elite.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=114}} Jamasp was spared, albeit probably blinded, while Gushnaspdad and other nobles who had plotted against Kavad were executed.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|pp=136–141}} Kavad's reclamation of his throne displays the troubled circumstances of the empire, where in a time of anarchy a small force was able to overwhelm the nobility-clergy alliance.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=27}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
== Descendants == |
== Descendants == |
||
After Jamasp's death in 530/540, his son Narsi, who had a son named Piruz, expanded the domains of his family, which included [[Gilan]]. |
After Jamasp's death in 530/540, his son Narsi, who had a son named Piruz, expanded the domains of his family, which included [[Gilan]].{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=301}} He then married one of the princesses of Gilan, who bore him a son Gilanshah.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=302}} The latter had a son named [[Gil Gavbara]], who later started the [[Dabuyid dynasty]], and had two sons named Dabuya and Paduspan.{{sfn|Madelung|1993|pp=541–544}} His son Dabuya succeeded him as ''[[ispahbadh]]'' of the Dabuyid dynasty, while his other son, Paduspan, founded the [[Paduspanids|Paduspanid dynasty]]. |
||
==Notes== |
|||
{{notelist}} |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Line 35: | Line 43: | ||
==Sources== |
==Sources== |
||
* {{cite book|author= |
* {{cite book | last = Axworthy | first = Michael | author-link = Michael Axworthy | title = A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind | year = 2008 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | pages = 1–368| isbn = 978-0-465-00888-9 }} |
||
*{{cite book| |
* {{cite book | title = Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | year = 2001 | publisher = Psychology Press | last = Boyce | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Boyce | pages = 1–252 | isbn = 9780415239028 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false }} |
||
*{{cite encyclopedia | |
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Balāš, Sasanian king of kings | last1 = Chaumont| first1 = M. L. | first2 = K. | last2 = Schippmann | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balas-proper-name#Sasanianking | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6 | pages = 574–580 | year = 1988 }} |
||
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Jāmāsp i. Reign | last = Choksy | first = Jamsheed K. | author-link = Jamsheed Choksy | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jamasp-i-reign | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 5 | pages = 453–454 | year = 2008 }} |
|||
* {{cite book | title = Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire | year = 2014 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Daryaee| first = Touraj | author-link = Touraj Daryaee | pages = 1–240 | isbn = 978-0857716668 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ }} |
|||
* {{cite book |first1=Touraj |last1=Daryaee|first2=Khodadad|last2=Rezakhani|editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |date=2017 |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |chapter=The Sasanian Empire|pages=1–236|isbn=9780692864401|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ}} |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Dabuyids | last = Madelung | first = Wilferd | author-link = Wilferd Madelung | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dabuyids-the-dynasty-of-espahbads-ruling-tabarestan-until-its-conquest-by-the-muslims-in-144-761 | editor-last = Yarshater | editor-first = Ehsan | editor-link = Ehsan Yarshater | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5 | pages = 541–544 | location = London et al. | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | year = 1993 | isbn = 1-56859-007-5 }} |
|||
* {{cite book |first1=Scott |last1=McDonough|editor1-last=Arnason|editor1-first=Johann P. |editor2-last=Raaflaub|editor2-first=Kurt A.|title=The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |chapter=The Legs of the Throne: Kings, Elites, and Subjects in Sasanian Iran |pages=290–321|isbn=9781444390186|doi=10.1002/9781444390186.ch13}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Payne |first=Richard|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-63388-9 |editor-last=Maas |editor-first=Michael |pages=282–299|chapter=The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns}} |
|||
* {{cite book |first1=Daniel T. |last1=Potts|editor1-last=Mass|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Di Cosmo|editor2-first=Nicola|title=Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier |pages=1–538|isbn=9781316146040|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/empires-and-exchanges-in-eurasian-late-antiquity/4E63CF99C760BDCF906093F021984D34}} |
|||
*{{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ}} |
|||
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false}} |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia|article=Kawād I i. Reign|last=Schindel|first=Nikolaus|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kawad-i-reign|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2|pages=136–141|year=2013}} |
|||
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Shahbazi | first = A. Shapur | title = Sasanian dynasty | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty | year = 2005 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition }} |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
* {{ODLA|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodādād|title=Jamasp (Zamasp)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-5129?rskey=ZJABj6&result=7}} |
|||
{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
||
{{s-hou|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian dynasty]]||||}} |
{{s-hou|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian dynasty]]||||}} |
||
{{s-bef|before=[[Kavad I]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Kavad I]]}} |
||
{{s-ttl|title=[[ |
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of kings of Iran and non-Iran]]|years=496–498/9}} |
||
{{s-aft|after=[[Kavad I]] (restored)}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[Kavad I]] (restored)}} |
||
{{end}} |
{{end}} |
||
Line 49: | Line 71: | ||
[[Category:5th-century Sasanian monarchs]] |
[[Category:5th-century Sasanian monarchs]] |
||
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]] |
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]] |
||
[[Category:6th-century deaths]] |
|||
[[Category:5th-century births]] |
Latest revision as of 23:53, 20 September 2023
Jamasp | |
---|---|
King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran | |
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire | |
Reign | 496–498/9 |
Predecessor | Kavad I |
Successor | Kavad I (restored) |
Died | 530/540 |
Issue | Narsi |
House | House of Sasan |
Father | Peroz I |
Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Jamasp (also spelled Zamasp or Djamasp; Middle Persian: 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯; Persian: جاماسپ Jāmāsp) was Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of Peroz I and younger brother of Kavad I. Jamasp was installed on the Sasanian throne upon the deposition of the latter by the nobility and clergy.
Name[edit]
Due to increased Sasanian interest in Kayanian history, Jamasp was named after Jamasp, the mythological minister of the Kayanian monarch Vishtaspa.[1][2] The name is transliterated in Greek as Zamásphēs; Arabic Jāmāsb, Zāmāsb, and Zāmāsf; New Persian Jāmāsp and Zāmāsp.[2]
Background[edit]
In 484, Peroz I (r. 459–484) was defeated and killed by a Hephthalite[a] army near Balkh.[5][6] His army was completely destroyed, and his body was never found.[7] Four of his sons and brothers had also died.[8] The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of Khorasan−Nishapur, Herat and Marw were now under Hephthalite rule.[6] Sukhra, a member of the Parthian House of Karen, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, quickly raised a new force and stopped the Hephthalites from achieving further success.[9] Peroz' brother, Balash, was elected as shah by the Iranian magnates, most notably Sukhra and the Mihranid general Shapur Mihran.[10] However, Balash proved unpopular among the nobility and clergy who had him deposed after just four years in 488.[11] Sukhra, who had played a key role in Balash's deposition,[11] appointed Kavad I as the new shah of Iran.[12]
Reign[edit]
In 496, due to the socioeconomic and religious changes implemented by Kavad I, the nobility and Zoroastrian clergy had him deposed.[2] They installed his more impressionable brother Jamasp on the throne.[13][14] One of the other reasons behind Kavad's deposal was his execution of Sukhra.[6] Meanwhile, chaos was occurring in the country, notably in Mesopotamia.[14] A council soon took place among the nobility to discuss what to do with Kavad. Gushnaspdad, a member of a prominent family of landowners (the Kanarangiyan) proposed that Kavad be executed. His suggestion was overruled, however, and Kavad was imprisoned instead in the Prison of Oblivion in Khuzestan.[15][13] However, Kavad managed to escape and flee to the domains of the Hephthalites.[6]
In 498 (or 499), Kavad returned to Iran with a Hephthalite army.[16][6] When he crossed the domains of the Kanarangiyan family in Khorasan, he was met by Adergoudounbades, a member of the family, who agreed to help him.[15] Another noble who supported Kavad was Zarmihr Karen, a son of Sukhra.[6] Jamasp and the nobility and clergy did not resist as they wanted to prevent another civil war.[17] They came to an agreement with Kavad that he would be shah again with the understanding that he would not hurt Jamasp or the elite.[17] Jamasp was spared, albeit probably blinded, while Gushnaspdad and other nobles who had plotted against Kavad were executed.[6] Kavad's reclamation of his throne displays the troubled circumstances of the empire, where in a time of anarchy a small force was able to overwhelm the nobility-clergy alliance.[13]
Jamasp then went to Armenia, where he defeated the Khazars, conquered some of their territory, and married a woman from Armenia, who bore him a son named Narsi.[18]
Descendants[edit]
After Jamasp's death in 530/540, his son Narsi, who had a son named Piruz, expanded the domains of his family, which included Gilan.[19] He then married one of the princesses of Gilan, who bore him a son Gilanshah.[20] The latter had a son named Gil Gavbara, who later started the Dabuyid dynasty, and had two sons named Dabuya and Paduspan.[21] His son Dabuya succeeded him as ispahbadh of the Dabuyid dynasty, while his other son, Paduspan, founded the Paduspanid dynasty.
Notes[edit]
- ^ The Hephthalites were a tribal group that was most prominent of the "Iranian Huns".[3] In the second half of the 5th-century, they controlled Tukharistan and also seemingly chunks of southern Transoxiana.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ Boyce 2001, p. 127–128.
- ^ a b c Choksy 2008, pp. 453–454.
- ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 145.
- ^ Daryaee & Rezakhani 2017, p. 163.
- ^ McDonough 2011, p. 305.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schindel 2013, pp. 136–141.
- ^ Payne 2015, p. 287.
- ^ Potts 2018, p. 295.
- ^ Payne 2015, p. 288.
- ^ Shahbazi 2005.
- ^ a b Chaumont & Schippmann 1988, pp. 574–580.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 78.
- ^ a b c Daryaee 2014, p. 27.
- ^ a b Axworthy 2008, p. 59.
- ^ a b Pourshariati 2008, p. 267.
- ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 131.
- ^ a b Pourshariati 2008, p. 114.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 299.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 301.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 302.
- ^ Madelung 1993, pp. 541–544.
Sources[edit]
- Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Books. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9.
- Boyce, Mary (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
- Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš, Sasanian king of kings". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.
- Choksy, Jamsheed K. (2008). "Jāmāsp i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 5. pp. 453–454.
- Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
- Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "The Sasanian Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1993). "Dabuyids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. London et al.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 541–544. ISBN 1-56859-007-5.
- McDonough, Scott (2011). "The Legs of the Throne: Kings, Elites, and Subjects in Sasanian Iran". In Arnason, Johann P.; Raaflaub, Kurt A. (eds.). The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 290–321. doi:10.1002/9781444390186.ch13. ISBN 9781444390186.
- Payne, Richard (2015). "The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–299. ISBN 978-1-107-63388-9.
- Potts, Daniel T. (2018). "Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier". In Mass, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola (eds.). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–538. ISBN 9781316146040.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305.
- Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. pp. 136–141.
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
Further reading[edit]
- Rezakhani, Khodādād (2018). "Jamasp (Zamasp)". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.