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Revision as of 01:34, 8 January 2023

2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election
← 2021 January 3–7, 2023
Needed to win: Majority of votes cast
First ballot: 434 votes cast, 218 needed for a majority
Fifteenth ballot: 428 votes cast, 215 needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Candidate Kevin McCarthy Hakeem Jeffries
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat California 20th New York 8th
First ballot 203 (46.8%) 212 (48.8%)
Fifteenth ballot 216 (50.5%) 212 (49.5%)
 
Candidate Others
First ballot 19 (4.4%)
Fifteenth ballot —
Speaker before election

Nancy Pelosi
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Kevin McCarthy
Republican

Beginning on January 3, 2023, the first day of the 118th United States Congress and two months after the 2022 U.S. House elections, the incoming members of the U.S. House of Representatives held an election for speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. It was the 128th U.S. speaker election since the office was created in 1789.[1][2] The election concluded in the early morning hours of January 7 with Kevin McCarthy winning a majority of votes cast and becoming speaker.[3] To do so, McCarthy had to make concessions to Republican Party hardliners,[4][5] who had refused to support him for not being sufficiently conservative.[6][7]

Republicans won a narrow majority of House seats over the Democratic Party in the 2022 U.S. elections. McCarthy, the Republican conference leader, won the nomination within the Republican conference but faced public opposition from far-right House Republicans,[8][9] mainly members of the Freedom Caucus,[10] prior to the vote.[11] With 20 Republicans voting for candidates other than McCarthy on the first ballot, no candidate achieved the necessary majority and the election proceeded to additional ballots for the first time since the 1923 U.S. speaker election.[12] In the first round of voting, Democratic caucus leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York received 212 votes, McCarthy of California received 203 votes, and Andy Biggs of Arizona received 10 votes; other candidates who were not formally nominated received nine votes.[13]

On the second through the fourteenth votes, McCarthy again failed to receive a majority of votes cast.[14][15] Jeffries received the support of all Democrats present at the time of the elections.[16] Although he nominated and voted for McCarthy, Jim Jordan of Ohio received all votes of Republicans opposed to McCarthy on the second and third rounds.[17] Following three unsuccessful votes on January 3, the House adjourned until noon on January 4.[18] During the fourth vote, Chip Roy of Texas nominated Byron Donalds of Florida, who replaced Jordan as the Republican alternative to McCarthy.[19] In the fourth ballot until the eleventh ballot, one member (Victoria Spartz of Indiana) voted present (abstention), lowering the necessary threshold to 217 votes.[20]

Following three more unsuccessful ballots on January 4, the House again adjourned until 8 pm the same day, then voted to adjourn again until noon on January 5.[21] The House reconvened on January 5, and from the seventh to the eleventh ballots no candidate achieved a majority of the vote,[22] making this the longest speaker election since that of December 1859 – February 1860.[23] After initially voting to adjourn the proceedings until the following Monday, seconds before the fourteenth ballot closed, McCarthy and his allies reversed their votes to adjourn and moved for a fifteenth ballot.[24] On this fifteenth and final ballot, McCarthy received 50.5% of the votes cast for a candidate by name as all four members-elect who previously voted for a third-candidate voted present instead. McCarthy was elected speaker, and the early morning of January 7 marked the end to one of the longest series of speaker-elect ballots in U.S. history.[3]

Process and conventions

As the clerk of the House, Cheryl Johnson oversaw the 2023 election of a speaker as the acting presiding officer.

The speaker is the presiding officer of the U.S. House of Representatives. The House elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after Election Day) or when a speaker dies, resigns, or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll call vote.[25] Following a congressional election, there being no speaker, the outgoing House clerk summons, convenes, and calls the House to order. After prayer offered by the House chaplain, the clerk leads the representatives in the Pledge of Allegiance before ordering a roll call conducted by the reading clerk. The clerk and its officers then order and oversee the election of a speaker. During these processes, the clerk must "preserve order and decorum and decide all questions of order", which is subject to appeal.[26]

Traditionally, each of the party caucuses and conferences in the U.S. Congress selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the roll call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party but generally do, as the outcome of the election effectively determines which one is the majority party and consequently will organize the House.[27] Without a speaker, members-elect of the House cannot be sworn in.[a] The House is unable to conduct any business other than electing the speaker.[28][29] Because the rules of the House are adopted for each new Congress, the House will not have rules until the election is complete allowing the members to be sworn in and the House to adopt rules.[30]

Representatives that choose to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate usually vote for another member within the party or vote present, which entails abstention. Moreover, as the U.S. Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.[31] Nevertheless, every person elected speaker has been a member.[27] Upon winning election, the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the U.S. House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.[32][33] The new speaker then administers the oath en masse to the rest of the members of the House.[34]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes cast, as opposed to an absolute majority of the full membership of the House—at the time 218 votes, in a House of 434 members, due to one vacancy caused by the death of Donald McEachin of Virginia.[35] There have only been a few instances during the past century where a person received a majority of the votes cast and thus won the election while failing to obtain a majority of the full membership. It happened most recently in 2021 when Nancy Pelosi was elected with 216 votes (as opposed to 218). Such a variation in the number of votes necessary to win a given election might arise due to vacancies, absentees, or members being present but not voting. If no candidate wins a majority of the votes cast for a person by name, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.[27] Prior to this election, multiple roll calls have been necessary only 14 times; it last occurred in December 1923, when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.[36][37]

Democratic nomination

Main article: 2022 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election
Nancy Pelosi, the outgoing speaker, retired from the position and announced her support for Hakeem Jeffries of New York.

During the 2019 U.S. speaker election, Nancy Pelosi struck a deal with certain members in the Democratic caucus that she would retire from the position of speaker after the 2022 U.S. House elections to ensure a majority voted for her.[38] On November 17, 2022, Pelosi confirmed during a speech on the floor of the House that she would not run again for a leadership position.[39]

Candidates

Nominee

Declined

Result

On November 30, Hakeem Jeffries was selected by acclamation.[44]

Republican nomination

In the October 2015 U.S. speaker election, after John Boehner resigned under pressure from the more conservative wing of his caucus,[11] Kevin McCarthy ran for the Republican nomination and was initially judged as the favorite.[45] As the House Freedom Caucus refused to vote for McCarthy in the full House, he did not have a majority of the House.[46][47] McCarthy withdrew from the race, and Paul Ryan was elected speaker.[48][49]

Candidates

Nominee

Lost nomination

Results

The House Republican Conference vote was held on November 15, 2022, and despite a challenge from Biggs, McCarthy won the majority of votes, becoming the Republican nominee for speaker of the House. As McCarthy did not win at least 218 votes, a majority of the seats in the House, it caused media speculation of McCarthy's ability to be voted in as Speaker.[52][53][54]

Candidate Votes Percent
Kevin McCarthy Green tickY 188 85.8%
Andy Biggs 31 14.2%

Election of the speaker

All times in this article are Eastern Standard Time (EST) (UTC–5).

The election for speaker began on January 3, 2023, at the start of the 118th Congress. At the time of the proceedings, there was one vacant seat, Virginia's 4th congressional district.[35][55]

Andy Biggs of Arizona was nominated on the first ballot as part of the right-wing opposition to Kevin McCarthy.

In anticipation of right-wing opposition to McCarthy's election as speaker, Don Bacon of Nebraska threatened to form a coalition of moderate Republicans who would work with the Democrats to successfully install a speaker.[56] Several names were floated as a potential compromise candidate, the most prominent of which was Fred Upton, a moderate Republican who had been the representative for Michigan's 6th congressional district up to his retirement in the 2022 election cycle.[57] McCarthy and his supporters spent December and the first days of January negotiating with right-wing opponents of McCarthy to persuade them to support him on the floor. At a closed-door meeting shortly before the speaker vote on January 3, Mike Rogers of Alabama threatened dissident Republicans with removal from House committees.[58]

Prior to the vote, Politico reported that at least five Republican representatives had refused to support McCarthy, while another nine had not publicly commented on whether they would. As the Republican Party won a slim majority (222–212), McCarthy could only sustain as many as four Republican members voting for other candidates or nine Republican members either voting present or abstaining, for McCarthy to be elected as speaker (assuming Democratic members do not vote for McCarthy).[59][60] It was reported that these representatives demanded that McCarthy make concessions before these representatives would support him, such as lowering the barriers for caucus members to force a vote to remove a sitting speaker and other procedural matters.[61] House Freedom Caucus member Bob Good said that McCarthy "has not done anything to earn my vote", explaining that "[t]here's many times where we ... asked him to fight on various opportunities and various issues, and I have not seen the demonstrated fight that we're looking for."[62] The Club for Growth, a conservative political advocacy group, openly called for House Republicans to oppose his nomination.[63]

Day one (January 3)

On the first ballot, Elise Stefanik of New York gave a nominating speech for McCarthy, Pete Aguilar of California nominated Jeffries, and Paul Gosar of Arizona nominated Andy Biggs.[18][64] In total, 19 Republicans voted for candidates other than McCarthy, while Jeffries received the most votes of any candidate with all Democrats present voting in his favor.[65] Since no nominee received an outright majority of the vote, a second ballot took place for the first time since the December 1923 U.S. speaker election.[35][66]

Jim Jordan of Ohio was nominated on the second and third ballots as anti-McCarthy Republicans coalesced their votes around him. He not vote for himself.

On the second ballot, Jordan nominated McCarthy, Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Matt Gaetz of Florida nominated Jordan. The same 19 Republicans voted against McCarthy, this time coalescing their votes around Jordan. No candidate received an outright majority of the vote.[17][67][68]

On the third ballot, Steve Scalise of Louisiana nominated McCarthy. Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Chip Roy of Texas nominated Jordan. Jordan again voted for McCarthy, not for himself.[18] Byron Donalds of Florida, who had voted for McCarthy on the first two ballots, instead voted for Jordan, increasing Jordan's vote total to 20.[69] Donalds wrote on Twitter about his decision to change his vote, stating that "the reality is Rep. Kevin McCarthy doesn't have the votes."[17][70]

2023 election for speaker (1st through 3rd ballots)
Party Candidate 1st ballot 2nd ballot 3rd ballot
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Democratic Hakeem Jeffries (NY 8) 212 48.8% 212 48.8% 212 48.8%
Republican Kevin McCarthy (CA 20) 203 46.8% 203 46.8% 202 46.5%
Republican Jim Jordan (OH 4) 6 1.4% 19 4.4% 20 4.6%
Republican Andy Biggs (AZ 5) 10 2.3% 0 0% 0 0%
Republican Jim Banks (IN 3) 1 0.2% 0 0% 0 0%
Republican Byron Donalds (FL 19) 1 0.2% 0 0% 0 0%
Republican Lee Zeldin[b] 1 0.2% 0 0% 0 0%
Total votes 434 100% 434 100% 434 100%
Votes necessary 218 >50% 218 >50% 218 >50%

After the third ballot, Tom Cole of Oklahoma moved to adjourn the meeting until 12:00 p.m. on January 4, and the motion was approved by voice vote.[18][71]

Day two (January 4)

Ahead of the fourth ballot of voting on January 4, former president Donald Trump reaffirmed his support for McCarthy to be speaker of the House and urged all House Republicans to vote for him.[72] Kat Cammack of Florida described those who did not vote for McCarthy as "the radical 2 percent".[73][74] Ralph Norman of South Carolina, one of the Republicans opposed to McCarthy, stated that McCarthy would win over additional votes from the Republican holdouts by committing to shutting down the U.S. government over raising the United States debt ceiling.[75]

Victoria Spartz of Indiana voted present on the fourth through eleventh ballot, switching her vote from McCarthy.

After a quorum call, Wisconsin Republican Mike Gallagher nominated McCarthy, Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Roy nominated Byron Donalds.[20] Despite Trump's endorsement,[76] the 20 members who had voted for Jordan in the third ballot again opposed McCarthy, voting in this round for Donalds.[77] Victoria Spartz, who had voted for McCarthy on each previous ballot, voted present.[20] Spartz explained her vote of present as a message that more deliberations are needed.[78]

2023 election for speaker (4th through 6th ballots)
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Hakeem Jeffries (NY 8) 212 49.0%
Republican Kevin McCarthy (CA 20) 201 46.4%
Republican Byron Donalds (FL 19) 20 4.6%
Total votes 433 100%
Voted present 1 –
Votes necessary 217 >50%

On the fifth ballot, Warren Davidson of Ohio nominated McCarthy, Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Lauren Boebert of Colorado nominated Donalds.[21] All members voted for the same candidates on the fifth ballot as they did on the fourth.[79]

On the sixth ballot, Kat Cammack of Florida nominated McCarthy, Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Scott Perry of Pennsylvania nominated Donalds.[21] Prior to the ballot, Ken Buck of Colorado suggested to CNN that McCarthy should withdraw from consideration for Speaker if he could not reach a majority; he nonetheless voted again for McCarthy.[80] All members voted for the same candidates on the sixth ballot as they did on the fourth and fifth.[21]

Following the sixth ballot, Steve Scalise of Louisiana was seen as a possible alternative to McCarthy.

The House agreed to adjourn until 8:00 p.m. the same day by voice vote.[21] After reconvening at 8:00, the House agreed to adjourn again until 12:00 p.m. the next day, January 5,[81] by a vote of 216–214.[82] Of those who voted against adjournment, 210 were Democrats and four were Republicans: Biggs, Boebert, Gaetz, and Eli Crane of Arizona.[83] Following the sixth ballot, Politico reported that Donalds was unlikely to be the final choice of the anti-McCarthy Republicans, with the chair of the Republican Study Committee, Kevin Hern of Oklahoma, being floated as a potential candidate.[84] Pete Sessions of Texas also suggested that Republicans should begin to consider other speaker candidates,[85] with Scalise, the House Majority Leader-elect, being specifically named.[86]

Ahead of a seventh vote on the speakership, McCarthy offered several concessions, including allowing a single party member to motion for a vote to remove the speaker, appointing additional Freedom Caucus members to the House Rules Committee, and holding votes on bills concerning congressional term limits in the United States and border security.[87] At the same time, the Congressional Leadership Fund, a super PAC aligned with McCarthy, reached an agreement with the Club for Growth not to spend money in the primary election of Republicans in open districts that are considered safe seats for the party.[88]

Day three (January 5)

On the seventh ballot, John James of Michigan nominated McCarthy, Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, and Dan Bishop of North Carolina nominated Donalds. Gaetz, who had voted for Donalds on the fourth, fifth, and sixth ballots, instead voted for Trump. All other members voted for the same candidates as they did on the fourth, fifth, and sixth ballots.[89]

On the eighth ballot, Brian Mast of Florida nominated McCarthy, Katherine Clark of Massachusetts nominated Jeffries, and Biggs nominated Donalds. Boebert, as well as Josh Brecheen of Oklahoma, who had both previously supported Donalds, cast their votes for Hern, who was not formally nominated. All other members voted for the same candidates as they did on the seventh ballot.[90]

On the ninth ballot, Troy Nehls of Texas nominated McCarthy, Ted Lieu of California nominated Jeffries, Matt Rosendale of Montana nominated Donalds, and Boebert nominated Hern.[91] All members voted for the same candidates as they did on the eighth ballot, except Gaetz, who voted for Hern instead of Trump.[92] Buck, who had been a McCarthy supporter, was absent from the vote and subsequent votes due to travel for a planned non-emergency medical procedure in Colorado.[93]

On the tenth ballot, Juan Ciscomani of Arizona nominated McCarthy,[94] Aguilar again nominated Jeffries, Anna Paulina Luna of Florida nominated Donalds,[95] and Boebert again nominated Hern.[96]

Byron Donalds of Florida was nominated on the first ballot and from the fourth to eleventh ballots.

Donalds continued as the main Republican opposition to McCarthy,[97] while Hern was nominated for the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ballots, receiving as many as seven votes.[96]

On the eleventh ballot, French Hill of Arkansas nominated McCarthy,[98] Joe Neguse of Colorado nominated Jeffries, Gaetz nominated Trump,[99] and Good nominated Hern.[100]

2023 election for speaker (7th through 11th ballots)
Party Candidate 7th ballot 8th ballot 9th ballot 10th ballot 11th ballot
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Democratic Hakeem Jeffries (NY 8) 212 49.0% 212 49.0% 212 49.1% 212 49.1% 212 49.1%
Republican Kevin McCarthy (CA 20) 201 46.4% 201 46.4% 200 46.3% 200 46.3% 200 46.3%
Republican Byron Donalds (FL 19) 19 4.4% 17 3.9% 17 3.9% 13 3.0% 12 2.8%
Republican Kevin Hern (OK 1) 0 0% 2 0.5% 3 0.7% 7 1.6% 7 1.6%
Republican Donald Trump 1 0.2% 1 0.2% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0.2%
Total votes 433 100% 433 100% 432 100% 432 100% 432 100%
Voted present 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 –
Not voting 0 – 0 – 1 – 1 – 1 –
Votes necessary 217 >50% 217 >50% 217 >50% 217 >50% 217 >50%

After the ballot, the House voted 219−213 to adjourn until 12:00 p.m. on January 6.[101] Tim Burchett of Tennessee joined all Democrats in voting against adjournment.[102] McCarthy continued to negotiate with the Republican hardliners with further concessions, including seats on influential committees, such as the rules committee that sets the terms for debate on legislation in the chamber, and lower the threshold to a single House member for triggering a vote on whether to unseat the speaker.[6]

Day four (January 6)

When the House reconvened on January 6, Mike Garcia of California nominated McCarthy for the twelfth ballot. Jim Clyburn of South Carolina nominated Jeffries, Gaetz nominated Jordan, and Boebert again nominated Hern. On the twelfth ballot, 14 Republican members who had not voted for McCarthy in some or all previous rounds switched their votes to McCarthy, while Jordan and Hern combined for seven votes. Buck, David Trone of Maryland,[103] and Wesley Hunt of Texas were absent. Buck and Trone were absent due to scheduled medical procedures; Hunt returned to Texas because his wife was in hospital following the premature birth of their son.[104] This ballot marked the first time McCarthy won a plurality of the votes, after receiving votes from 14 Republicans who had previously opposed his nomination; he nonetheless fell short of a majority.[105]

On the thirteenth ballot, James Comer of Kentucky nominated McCarthy and Veronica Escobar of Texas nominated Jeffries. For the first time, there were no other nominations. Andy Harris of Maryland voted for McCarthy for the first time on this ballot. This left only six Republicans who did not vote for McCarthy. Trone, who was absent on the previous ballot due to undergoing shoulder surgery that morning, returned to the House to continue voting for Jeffries.[106][107] The House then voted 220–212 on a party-line vote to adjourn until 10:00 p.m., allowing time for the two absent Republicans to return to Congress. Scalise proposed the motion.[108]

When the House reconvened at 10 p.m., Patrick McHenry of North Carolina nominated McCarthy and Aguilar again nominated Jeffries on the fourteenth ballot. Boebert and Gaetz voted present, Buck and Hunt returned to vote for McCarthy, and four Republicans voted against McCarthy, with two votes for Biggs and two votes for Jordan. McCarthy, who was one vote short of becoming speaker, approached Boebert and Gaetz on the floor and attempted unsuccessfully to convince them to vote for him. Mike Rogers of Alabama was physically restrained as he argued with Gaetz.[109] According to The New York Times, Gaetz was seeking a subcommittee chairmanship in the House Armed Services Committee, of which Rogers is in line to become chairman.[110]

The House then proceeded to vote on a motion to adjourn until 12 p.m. on January 9; McHenry proposed the motion. As voting time expired, Gaetz persuaded the four members who had voted for Biggs and Jordan to switch their vote to present, reducing the total number of votes needed by McCarthy to win.[111] As a result, many Republicans, including McCarthy, scrambled to change their vote supporting adjournment to oppose it in hopes of a successful fifteenth ballot. As the vote drew to a close, many members began to chant "One more time!"[112] Due to the Republicans' switch, the motion failed 155−279, and the House remained in session.[113]

On the fifteenth ballot, Bruce Westerman of Arkansas nominated McCarthy and Dean Phillips of Minnesota nominated Jeffries. The final vote began at 11:50 p.m.,[114] and the threshold of 215 members present and voting needed for a majority (excluding those present and not voting) was reached at 12:29 a.m.[115] With a majority of votes cast, McCarthy was elected speaker at 12:37 a.m. after the results were read by the clerk.[116][117]

2023 election for speaker (12th through 15th ballots)
Party Candidate 12th ballot 13th ballot 14th ballot 15th ballot
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Republican Kevin McCarthy (CA 20) 213 49.4% 214 49.5% 216 50.0% 216 50.5%
Democratic Hakeem Jeffries (NY 8) 211 49.0% 212 49.1% 212 49.1% 212 49.5%
Republican Jim Jordan (OH 4) 4 0.9% 6 1.4% 2 0.45% 0 0%
Republican Kevin Hern (OK 1) 3 0.7% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Republican Andy Biggs (AZ 5) 0 0% 0 0% 2 0.45% 0 0%
Total votes 431 100% 432 100% 432 100% 428 100%
Not voting 3 – 2 – 2 – 6 –
Votes necessary 216 >50% 217 >50% 217 >50% 215 >50%

Following the election, Hal Rogers of Kentucky, the dean of the U.S. House of Representatives, administered the oath of office to McCarthy as speaker, and McCarthy swore in all members of the House. The House then agreed at 1:52 a.m. to adjourn until 5:00 p.m. on January 9 by voice vote, without any audible opposition.[116][118]

Votes cast by members

All House members of the 118th Congress voted for their party's nominee in every ballot except as noted here.[119]

Member Party District Ballot vote cast
January 3 January 4 January 5 January 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15[c]
Andy Biggs Republican AZ 5 Biggs Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan present
Dan Bishop Republican NC 8 Biggs Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Lauren Boebert Republican CO 3 Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan present
Josh Brecheen Republican OK 2 Banks Jordan Donalds Hern McCarthy
Ken Buck Republican CO 4 McCarthy absent[d] McCarthy
Michael Cloud Republican TX 27 Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Andrew Clyde Republican GA 9 Biggs Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Eli Crane Republican AZ 2 Biggs Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan Biggs present
Byron Donalds Republican FL 19 McCarthy Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Matt Gaetz Republican FL 1 Biggs Jordan Donalds Trump Hern Trump Jordan present
Bob Good Republican VA 5 Biggs Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan present
Paul Gosar Republican AZ 9 Biggs Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Andy Harris Republican MD 1 Zeldin Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan McCarthy
Wesley Hunt Republican TX 38 McCarthy absent[e] McCarthy
Anna Paulina Luna Republican FL 13 Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Mary Miller Republican IL 15 Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Ralph Norman Republican SC 5 Biggs Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Andy Ogles Republican TN 5 Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Scott Perry Republican PA 10 Biggs Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Matt Rosendale Republican MT 2 Biggs Jordan Donalds Hern Jordan Biggs present
Chip Roy Republican TX 21 Donalds Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Keith Self Republican TX 3 Jordan Donalds McCarthy
Victoria Spartz Republican IN 5 McCarthy present McCarthy
David Trone Democratic MD 6 Jeffries absent[d] Jeffries

Summary of the votes

  Democratic nominee who won the internal caucus vote[f]
  Republican nominee who won the internal conference vote[f]
  Other Republican nominees
  Persons receiving one or more votes without being formally nominated
Speaker ballot
Date January 3 January 4 January 5 January 6
Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th[c]
Kevin McCarthy 203 202 201 200 213 214 216 216
Hakeem Jeffries 212 211 212
Andy Biggs 10 2
Jim Jordan 6 19 20 4 6 2
Byron Donalds 1 20 19 17 13 12
Kevin Hern 2 3 7 3
Donald Trump 1 1
Jim Banks 1
Lee Zeldin 1
Total 434 433 432 431 432 428
Present 1 2 6
Not voting 1[d] 3[d][e] 2[d]
Majority 218 217 216 217 215

Impact

13 of the 14 prior U.S. speaker elections that took more than one ballot occurred before the American Civil War. The 68th Congress in 1923 was the last time it took more than one ballot to elect a speaker, and the 36th Congress in 1859 was the last time it took more than nine ballots to elect a speaker.[2] The record number is 133 ballots during the 34th Congress in 1855, with this election having the fifth-highest number of ballots.[120] In 2023, the election results and its length causing instability were widely reported by media around the world, including in Australia,[121] France,[122][123] Germany,[124][125] Italy,[126][127] Japan,[128] and Spain.[129]

Consequences while there was no speaker

While the House was without a speaker, Congress could not pass bills or adopt resolutions. Incoming members could not set up their constituent services and are barred from accessing their security clearances. The speaker's place in the U.S. presidential line of succession was skipped, and the president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate (in 2023, Patty Murray of Washington) had become second in line to the presidency after the vice president (Kamala Harris of California).[130][131]

Moreover, the government of the District of Columbia was unable to enact any laws. Because the District of Columbia Home Rule Act specifies that laws passed by the district are subject to a congressional review period before becoming law, the district must hand deliver physical copies of the laws to both the Senate's president pro tempore and the House's speaker. Therefore, with no speaker to receive the copies, the congressional review period could not begin.[132]

C-SPAN popularity

C-SPAN, an American non-governmental cable and satellite television network that televises proceedings of the House, was approved before the speaker election to operate its cameras with its own staff, free of the restrictions by government employees who usually provide its feed. This deviation from its typical broadcast style captured members huddled and reaction shots that viewers do not normally see.[133] C-SPAN aired unlikely conversations between unaligned members, such as Gosar and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York,[134] and focused on George Santos of New York, a newly elected Republican member accused of lying about much of his biography.[135] The network saw increased popularity as it broadcast the election, and plans to make a case for more independence in the future.[134]

Notes

  1. ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that all members' terms begin at noon on January 3. Until officially sworn-in, members are referred to as "members-elect".
  2. ^ Zeldin, whose term as a House member had ended with the close of the 117th and previous Congress, was no longer an incumbent representative. He received one or more votes on this ballot without being formally nominated.
  3. ^ a b Although the vote took place after midnight local time, it is still counted as having taken place on January 6 because the session that began January 6 had not adjourned.
  4. ^ a b c d e Buck and Trone missed vote due to previously scheduled medical procedures.
  5. ^ a b Hunt missed votes to visit his newborn child.
  6. ^ a b Democrats in the House call their membership a "caucus", whereas Republicans in the House call their membership a "conference".

References

  1. ^ Tomasky, Michael (January 3, 2023). "Get Ready for the Most Chaotic, Do-Nothingest Congress in Modern History". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 7, 2023. Today [January 3, 2023] marks the opening of the new session of the Congress of the United States of America, a ritual convening that goes all the way back to March 4, 1789, when the 26 senators and the 65 members of the House of Representatives who made up that first legislative session began our great democratic tradition, those 234 years ago.
  2. ^ a b Linton, Caroline (January 5, 2023). "Only 8 House speaker votes in history have taken more ballots than this one". CBS News. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Morgan, David; Warburton, Moira; Sullivan, Andy (January 7, 2023). "Kevin McCarthy elected U.S. House speaker, but at a cost". Reuters. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  4. ^ Wolf, Zachary B. (January 4, 2023). "What do these hardliners want? Here's what they've said". CNN. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  5. ^ Sotomayor, Marianna; Alemany, Jacqueline; Wang, Amy B.; Kane, Paul (January 5, 2023). "McCarthy makes fresh concessions to try to woo hard-right Republicans in speaker bid". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Matza, Max (January 5, 2023). "Three days. Eleven votes. Still no US House speaker". BBC News. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  7. ^ Zurcher, Anthony (January 7, 2023). "What has Kevin McCarthy given up, and at what price?". BBC News. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  8. ^ Ivory, Danielle; Smart, Charlie; Yourish, Karen (January 4, 2023). "How Far Right Are the 20 Republicans Who Voted Against McCarthy?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  9. ^ Shephard, Alex (January 5, 2023). "The Anti-McCarthy Right Has No End Goal Other Than Humiliating Him". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
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