Chŏng Mong-ju: Difference between revisions

Chŏng Mong-ju
Korean name
Hangul	정몽주
Hanja	鄭夢周
Revised Romanization	Jeong Mong-ju
McCune–Reischauer	Chŏng Mong-ju
Art name
Hangul	포은
Hanja	圃隱
Revised Romanization	Poeun
McCune–Reischauer	P'oŭn

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Sonjuk Bridge in Kaesong where Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated

Jeong Mong-ju (Korean: 정몽주, January 13, 1338 – April 26, 1392^[1]), also known by his art name Poeun (포은), was a Korean calligrapher, diplomat, philosopher, poet, and reformist. He was a major figure of opposition to the transition from the Goryeo (918–1392) dynasty to the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897).

He was the last great figure of Goryeo in the late Goryeo period, and was exceptional in all aspects of academics, diplomacy, economics, military, and politics. He tried to reform Goryeo while maintaining the declining kingdom. He was opposed to Yi Seong-gye (the 1st king of Joseon) who was a radical revolutionary. He was assassinated by the men of Yi Bang-won (the third king of Joseon), the son of Yi Seong-gye.

Biography

Jeong Mong-ju was born in Yeongcheon, Gyeongsang province to a family from the Yeonil Jeong clan. At the age of 23, he took three different civil service literary examinations (Gwageo) and received the highest marks possible on each of them.^[2] In 1367, he became an instructor of Neo-Confucianism at the Gukjagam, then called Songgyungwan, whilst simultaneously holding a government position, and was a faithful public servant to King U. The king had great confidence in his wide knowledge and good judgment, and so he participated in various national projects and his scholarly works earned him great respect in the Goryeo court.

In 1372, Jeong Mong-ju was sent as a diplomatic envoy to the Ming Dynasty. Around this time, because Waegu (왜구; 倭寇) (Japanese pirate) invasions to the Korean Peninsula were extreme, Jeong Mong-ju was dispatched as a delegate to Kyūshū in Japan, in 1377.^[2]^[3] His negotiations led to promises of Japanese aid in defeating the pirates. At this time, the tandai of Kyūshū, Imagawa Sadayo, made several repressions against the Waegu, probably as a direct result of Jeong Mong-ju's diplomacy. There is reason to believe that Sadayo and Jeong Mong-ju negotiated directly as later Sadayo lost his position due to unlawful negotiations with Korea.^[4] Jeong Mong-ju traveled to the Ming Dynasty's capital city in 1384^[5] and the negotiations with the Chinese led to peace with the Ming Dynasty in 1385. He also founded an institute devoted to the theories of Confucianism.

Jeong had originally been a moderate supporter of Yi Seong-gye and supported his take-over of the court after the Wihwado Retreat. Although initially supporting some of Yi's moderate reforms, Jeong soon realized Yi and some of his more radical supporters, such as Jeong Do-jeon and Cho Chun, were planning to establish a new dynasty. Due to Jeong Mong-ju's strong Neo-Confucian beliefs, he was a staunch Goryeo loyalist and opposed any attempts to end the Goryeo dynasty and found a new one, calling it an immoral act to do so.^[6]^[7] On April 9, 1392, Yi Seong-gye was seriously injured in a horse-back riding accident. Jeong planned to use this opportunity to destroy Yi's faction. When Yi Bang-won (later Taejong of Joseon), the fifth son of Yi Seong-gye, managed to bring back his father to the capital from site of the accident, Jeong became unsure of the true extent of Yi Seong-gye's injuries. On April 26, Jeong went to Yi's residence to assess the extent of his injuries. During a banquet held for him, Jeong and Yi Bang-won exchanged poems. Yi Bang-won recited a poem (Hayeoga, 하여가 / 何如歌) to dissuade Jeong Mong-ju from remaining loyal to the Goryeo dynasty, but Jeong Mong-ju answered with another poem (Dansimga, 단심가 / 丹心歌) that affirmed his loyalty. On his way home, Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated by five of Yi Bang-won's subordinates on the Sonjuk Bridge in Gaeseong.^[8]^[9] Yi Seong-gye is said to have lamented Jeong Mong-ju's death and rebuked his son because Jeong Mong-ju was a highly regarded politician by the common people. The bridge where Jeong Mong-ju was murdered, nowadays in North Korea, has now become a national monument of that country. A brown spot on one of the stones is said to be Jeong Mong-ju's bloodstain and is said to become red whenever it rains. Currently, his direct surviving descendants are his 28th – 36th generation, who reside all over the world.^{[like whom?]}

The 474-year-old Goryeo Dynasty symbolically ended with Jeong Mong-ju's death and was followed by the Joseon Dynasty for 505 years (1392-1897). Jeong Mong-ju's noble death symbolizes his faithful allegiance to the king, and he was later venerated even by Joseon monarchs. Jeong Mong-ju's killer, Yi Bang-won (later Taejong of Joseon), inscribed the words "Defender of Goryeo" on his tombstone to praise his loyalty.^[10] In 1517, 125 years after his death, he was canonized into Sungkyunkwan (the National Academy) alongside other Korean sages such as Yi Hwang (Toegye, 1501-1570) and Yi I (Yulgok, 1536-1584).^[11] His grave is in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, and he was buried with his wife.^[12]

The 11th pattern of ITF Taekwondo is named after Poeun. The pattern is performed as part of the testing syllabus for the level of second-degree black belt. The diagram ( - ) represents Jeong Mong-ju's unwavering loyalty to his king and his country towards the end of the Goryeo Dynasty.

The poems

이런들 어떠하리 저런들 어떠하리 此亦何如彼亦何如。 (차역하여피역하여)

만수산 드렁칡이 얽어진들 어떠하리 城隍堂後垣頹落亦何如。 (성황당후원퇴락역하여)

우리도 이같이 얽어져 백년까지 누리리라 我輩若此爲不死亦何如。 (아배약차위불사역하여)

(Based on the Hanja)

What shall it be: this or that?

The walls behind the temple of the city's deity* has fallen - shall it be this?

Or if we survive together nonetheless - shall it be that?

(* Yi Bang-won is declaring the death of the era - the Goryeo Dynasty.)

Jeong Mong-ju's sijo (poem) - Dansimga (단심가; 丹心歌)

이몸이 죽고 죽어 일백 번 고쳐 죽어 此身死了死了一百番更死了。 (차신사료사료일백번갱사료)

백골이 진토되어 넋이라도 있고 없고 白骨爲塵土魂魄有也無。 (백골위진토혼백유무야)

임 향한 일편 단심이야 가실 줄이 있으랴 向主一片丹心寧有改理也歟。 (향주일편단심유개리여)

Though I die and die again a hundred times,

That my bones turn to dust, whether my soul remains or not,

Ever loyal to my Lord, how can this red heart ever fade away?

Books

Poeun Jip (포은집; 圃隱集)
Poeun Sigo (포은시고; 圃隱詩藁)

Family

Father
- Jeong Woon-gwan (정운관; 鄭云瓘; ? – 1355)
Mother
- Grand Princess Consort Byeon of the Yeongcheon Lee clan (변한국대부인 영천 이씨)
Siblings
- Younger brother - Jeong Gwa (정과; 鄭過; ? – 1392)
- Younger brother - Jeong Hu (정후; 鄭厚)
- Younger brother - Jeong Do (정도; 鄭蹈)
Wife and children
- Princess Gyeongsun of the Gyeongju Yi clan (경순택주 경주 이씨; 敬順宅主慶州李氏; ? – 12 December 1392)
  - Son - Jeong Jong-seong (정종성; 鄭宗誠; 1374–1442)
  - Son - Jeong Jong-bun (정종본; 鄭宗本; 1377–1443)
Unnamed concubine
- Son - Jeong Jong-hwa (정종화)

In popular culture

Portrayed by Hong Gye-il in the 1983 MBC TV series The King of Chudong Palace.
Portrayed by Park Joon-hyuk in the 2012–2013 SBS TV series The Great Seer.
Portrayed by Im Ho in the 2014 KBS1 TV series Jeong Do-jeon.
Portrayed by Kim Eui-sung in the 2015 SBS TV series Six Flying Dragons.
Portrayed by Choi Jong-hwan in the 2021–2022 KBS1 TV series The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won.

Notes

^ In lunar calendar, Jeong was born on 22 December 1337 and died on 4 April 1392
^ ^a ^b 정몽주 鄭夢周 Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean) Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
^ Titsingh, (1834). p. 313.
^ Ōta, Kōki, Wakō: nihon afure katsudōshi (Bungeisha, 2004), p. 98 (太田弘毅『倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史』.) (in Japanese)
^ Kang, p. 159.
^ Chung, Edward Y. J. (1 January 1995). The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok: A Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation. SUNY Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-7914-2275-5.
^ Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization. iUniverse. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4620-5559-3.
^ Committee, Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project; Goodrich, Luther Carrington (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1594. ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.
^ Tennant, Roger (12 November 2012). A History Of Korea. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-136-16705-8.
^ Peterson, Mark (April 2023). "Lessons from Jeong Mong-ju". Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ Deuchler, Martina (2015). Under the ancestors' eyes: kinship, status, and locality in premodern Korea. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Asia Center. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-674-50430-1.
^ "정몽주 선생 묘". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-06-08.

References

Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (translator). (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. ISBN 978-1-931-90737-8; OCLC 60931394
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 84067437

[1] In lunar calendar, Jeong was born on 22 December 1337 and died on 4 April 1392

[EncyKorea-2] 정몽주 鄭夢周 Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean) Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

[3] Titsingh, (1834). p. 313.

[4] Ōta, Kōki, Wakō: nihon afure katsudōshi (Bungeisha, 2004), p. 98 (太田弘毅『倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史』.) (in Japanese)

[5] Kang, p. 159.

[Chung-6] Chung, Edward Y. J. (1 January 1995). The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok: A Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation. SUNY Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-7914-2275-5.

[7] Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization. iUniverse. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4620-5559-3.

[8] Committee, Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project; Goodrich, Luther Carrington (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1594. ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.

[roger-9] Tennant, Roger (12 November 2012). A History Of Korea. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-136-16705-8.

[10] Peterson, Mark (April 2023). "Lessons from Jeong Mong-ju". Retrieved 27 August 2023.

[deuchler-11] Deuchler, Martina (2015). Under the ancestors' eyes: kinship, status, and locality in premodern Korea. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Asia Center. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-674-50430-1.

[12] "정몽주 선생 묘". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-06-08.

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 {{Short description|Korean scholar-official (1337–1392)}}
+<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Chŏng Mong-ju|2=Talk:Jeong Mong-ju#Requested move 4 July 2024}}
+</noinclude>{{Cleanup|reason=Grammar, encyclopedic style|date=October 2023}}
 {{family name hatnote|[[Jeong (Korean name)|Jeong]]||lang=Korean}}
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@@ Line 13: / Line 15: @@
 }}
-{{Cleanup|reason=Grammar, encyclopedic style|date=October 2023}}
 [[File:Seonjukgyo_Bridge.jpg|thumb|Sonjuk Bridge in [[Kaesong]] where Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated]]
-'''Jeong Mong-ju''' ({{Korean|hangul=정몽주}},  January 13, 1338 – April 26, 1392<ref>In lunar calendar, Jeong was born on 22 December 1337 and died on 4 April 1392</ref>), also known by his [[art name]] '''Poeun''' (포은), was a Korean calligrapher, diplomat, philosopher, poet, and revolutionary. He was a major figure of opposition to the transition from the [[Goryeo]] (918-1392) dynasty to the [[Joseon]] dynasty (1392-1897).
+'''Jeong Mong-ju''' ({{Korean|hangul=정몽주|鄭夢周}},  January 13, 1338 – April 26, 1392<ref>In lunar calendar, Jeong  was born on 22 December 1337 and died on 4 April 1392</ref>), also known by his [[art name]] '''Poeun''' (포은), was a Korean calligrapher, diplomat, philosopher, poet, and reformist. He was a major figure of opposition to the transition from the [[Goryeo]] (918–1392) dynasty to the [[Joseon]] dynasty (1392–1897).
 He was the last great figure of [[Goryeo]] in the late [[Goryeo]] period, and was exceptional in all aspects of academics, diplomacy, economics, military, and politics.
 He tried to reform [[Goryeo]] while maintaining the declining kingdom.
 He was opposed to [[Yi Seong-gye]] (the 1st king of [[Joseon]]) who was a radical revolutionary.
-He was assassinated by the men of [[Yi Bang-won]] (the 3rd king of [[Joseon]]), the son of [[Yi Seong-gye]].
+He was assassinated by the men of [[Yi Bang-won]] (the third king of [[Joseon]]), the son of [[Yi Seong-gye]].
 ==Biography==
-Jeong Mong-ju was born in [[Yeongcheon]], [[Gyeongsang]] province to a family from the Yeonil Jeong clan. At the age of 23, he took three different civil service literary examinations ([[Gwageo]]) and received the highest marks possible on each of them.<ref name="EncyKorea">[http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=242963&v=44 정몽주 鄭夢周] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610070332/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=242963&v=44 |date=2011-06-10 }} (in Korean) [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] / [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]</ref> In 1367, he became an instructor in [[Neo-Confucianism]] at the [[Gukjagam]], then called [[Songgyungwan]], whilst simultaneously holding a government position, and was a faithful public servant to [[King U of Goryeo|King U]]. The king had great confidence in his wide knowledge and good judgment, and so he participated in various national projects and his scholarly works earned him great respect in the Goryeo court.
+Jeong Mong-ju was born in [[Yeongcheon]], [[Gyeongsang]] province to a family from the Yeonil Jeong clan. At the age of 23, he took three different civil service literary examinations ([[Gwageo]]) and received the highest marks possible on each of them.<ref name="EncyKorea">[http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=242963&v=44 정몽주 鄭夢周] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610070332/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=242963&v=44 |date=2011-06-10 }} (in Korean) [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] / [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]</ref> In 1367, he became an instructor of [[Neo-Confucianism]] at the [[Gukjagam]], then called [[Songgyungwan]], whilst simultaneously holding a government position, and was a faithful public servant to [[King U of Goryeo|King U]]. The king had great confidence in his wide knowledge and good judgment, and so he participated in various national projects and his scholarly works earned him great respect in the Goryeo court.
-In 1372, Jeong Mong-ju was sent as a diplomatic envoy to the [[Ming Dynasty]]. Around this time, because ''[[Waegu]]'' (왜구/ 倭寇) (Japanese pirate) invasions to the Korean Peninsula were extreme, Jeong Mong-ju was dispatched as a delegate to [[Kyūshū]] in Japan, in 1377.<ref name="EncyKorea" /><ref>Titsingh, (1834). p. 313.</ref> His negotiations led to promises of Japanese aid in defeating the pirates. At this time, the [[tandai]] of [[Kyūshū]], [[Imagawa Sadayo]], made several repressions against the Waegu, probably as a direct result of Jeong Mong-ju's diplomacy. There is reason to believe that Sadayo and Jeong Mong-ju negotiated directly as later Sadayo lost his position due to [[Conversion (law)|unlawful negotiations]] with Korea.<ref>Ōta, Kōki, Wakō: nihon afure katsudōshi (Bungeisha, 2004), p. 98 (太田弘毅『倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史』.) (in Japanese)</ref> Jeong Mong-ju traveled to the Ming Dynasty's capital city in 1384<ref>Kang, p. 159.</ref> and the negotiations with the Chinese led to peace with the Ming Dynasty in 1385. He also founded an institute devoted to the theories of [[Confucianism]].
+In 1372, Jeong Mong-ju was sent as a diplomatic envoy to the [[Ming Dynasty]]. Around this time, because ''[[Waegu]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=왜구|hanja=倭寇|labels=no}}) (Japanese pirate) invasions to the Korean Peninsula were extreme, Jeong Mong-ju was dispatched as a delegate to [[Kyūshū]] in Japan, in 1377.<ref name="EncyKorea" /><ref>Titsingh, (1834). p. 313.</ref> His negotiations led to promises of Japanese aid in defeating the pirates. At this time, the [[tandai]] of [[Kyūshū]], [[Imagawa Sadayo]], made several repressions against the Waegu, probably as a direct result of Jeong Mong-ju's diplomacy. There is reason to believe that Sadayo and Jeong Mong-ju negotiated directly as later Sadayo lost his position due to [[Conversion (law)|unlawful negotiations]] with Korea.<ref>Ōta, Kōki, Wakō: nihon afure katsudōshi (Bungeisha, 2004), p. 98 (太田弘毅『倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史』.) (in Japanese)</ref> Jeong Mong-ju traveled to the Ming Dynasty's capital city in 1384<ref>Kang, p. 159.</ref> and the negotiations with the Chinese led to peace with the Ming Dynasty in 1385. He also founded an institute devoted to the theories of [[Confucianism]].
+[[File:WUL-ro09 01076 三綱行実図 2 (夢周隕命).jpg|thumb|Assassination of Jeong Mong-ju]]
-After a banquet held for him, Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated in 1392 by five men on the [[Sonjuk Bridge]] in [[Kaesong|Gaeseong]]. Politically motivated, the murder was ordered by [[Yi Bang-won]] (later [[Taejong of Joseon]]), the fifth son of [[Yi Seong-gye]], who overthrew the Goryeo Dynasty in order to establish the Joseon Dynasty. Jeong Mong-ju was murdered because as he was a Goryeo Dynasty loyalist, and Yi Bang-won sought to eliminate his political opponents. Yi Bang-won recited a poem (''Hayeoga'', 하여가 / 何如歌) to dissuade Jeong Mong-ju from remaining loyal to the Goryeo court, but Jeong Mong-ju answered with another poem (''Dansimga'', 단심가 / 丹心歌) that affirmed his loyalty. Yi Seong-gye is said to have lamented Jeong Mong-ju's death and rebuked his son because Jeong Mong-ju was a highly regarded politician by the common people. The bridge where Jeong Mong-ju was murdered, nowadays in [[North Korea]], has now become a national monument of that country. A brown spot on one of the stones is said to be Jeong Mong-ju's bloodstain and is said to become red whenever it rains. Currently, his direct surviving descendants are his 28th - 36th generation, who reside all over the world.
+Jeong had originally been a moderate supporter of Yi Seong-gye and supported his take-over of the court after the [[Wihwado Retreat]]. Although initially supporting some of Yi's moderate reforms, Jeong soon realized Yi and some of his more radical supporters, such as [[Jeong Do-jeon]] and Cho Chun, were planning to establish a new dynasty. Due to Jeong Mong-ju's strong [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] beliefs, he was a staunch Goryeo loyalist and opposed any attempts to end the Goryeo dynasty and found a new one, calling it an immoral act to do so.<ref name="Chung">{{cite book |last1=Chung |first1=Edward Y. J. |title=The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok: A Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2275-5 |pages=9-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yu |first1=Chai-Shin |title=The New History of Korean Civilization |date=2012 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5559-3 |page=126 |language=en}}</ref> On April 9, 1392, Yi Seong-gye was seriously injured in a horse-back riding accident. Jeong planned to use this opportunity to destroy Yi's faction. When [[Yi Bang-won]] (later [[Taejong of Joseon]]), the fifth son of [[Yi Seong-gye]], managed to bring back his father to the capital from site of the accident, Jeong became unsure of the true extent of Yi Seong-gye's injuries. On April 26, Jeong went to Yi's residence to assess the extent of his injuries. During a banquet held for him, Jeong and Yi Bang-won exchanged poems. Yi Bang-won recited a poem (''Hayeoga'', 하여가 / 何如歌) to dissuade Jeong Mong-ju from remaining loyal to the Goryeo dynasty, but Jeong Mong-ju answered with another poem (''Dansimga'', 단심가 / 丹心歌) that affirmed his loyalty. On his way home, Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated by five of Yi Bang-won's subordinates on the [[Sonjuk Bridge]] in [[Kaesong|Gaeseong]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Committee |first1=Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project |last2=Goodrich |first2=Luther Carrington |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-03833-1 |page=1594 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="roger">{{cite book |last1=Tennant |first1=Roger |title=A History Of Korea |date=12 November 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16705-8 |page=129 |language=en}}</ref>  Yi Seong-gye is said to have lamented Jeong Mong-ju's death and rebuked his son because Jeong Mong-ju was a highly regarded politician by the common people. The bridge where Jeong Mong-ju was murdered, nowadays in [[North Korea]], has now become a national monument of that country. A brown spot on one of the stones is said to be Jeong Mong-ju's bloodstain and is said to become red whenever it rains. Currently, his direct surviving descendants are his 28th – 36th generation, who reside all over the world.{{Like whom|date=July 2024}}
-The 474-year-old Goryeo Dynasty symbolically ended with Jeong Mong-ju's death and was followed by the [[Joseon Dynasty]] for 505 years (1392-1897). Jeong Mong-ju's noble death symbolizes his faithful allegiance to the king, and he was later venerated even by Joseon monarchs. Jeong Mong-ju's killer, [[Yi Bang-won]] (later [[Taejong of Joseon]]), inscribed the words "Defender of Goryeo" on his tombstone to praise his loyalty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Mark |title=Lessons from Jeong Mong-ju |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/04/638_348262.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |date=April 2023}}</ref> In 1517, 125 years after his death, he was canonized into [[Sungkyunkwan]] (the National Academy) alongside other Korean sages such as [[Yi Hwang]] (Toegye, 1501-1570) and [[Yi I]] (Yulgok, 1536-1584). His grave is in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, and he was buried with his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|title=정몽주 선생 묘|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1192927&categoryId=33658|access-date=2021-06-08|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko}}</ref>
+The 474-year-old Goryeo Dynasty symbolically ended with Jeong Mong-ju's death and was followed by the [[Joseon Dynasty]] for 505 years (1392-1897). Jeong Mong-ju's noble death symbolizes his faithful allegiance to the king, and he was later venerated even by Joseon monarchs. Jeong Mong-ju's killer, Yi Bang-won (later [[Taejong of Joseon]]), inscribed the words "Defender of Goryeo" on his tombstone to praise his loyalty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Mark |title=Lessons from Jeong Mong-ju |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/04/638_348262.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |date=April 2023}}</ref> In 1517, 125 years after his death, he was canonized into [[Sungkyunkwan]] (the National Academy) alongside other Korean sages such as [[Yi Hwang]] (Toegye, 1501-1570) and [[Yi I]] (Yulgok, 1536-1584).<ref name="deuchler">{{cite book |last1=Deuchler |first1=Martina |title=Under the ancestors' eyes: kinship, status, and locality in premodern Korea |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |location=Cambridge (Massachusetts) |isbn=978-0-674-50430-1 |page=76}}</ref> His grave is in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, and he was buried with his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|title=정몽주 선생 묘|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1192927&categoryId=33658|access-date=2021-06-08|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko}}</ref>
-The 11th pattern of ITF [[Taekwondo]] is named after Poeun. The pattern is performed as part of the testing syllabus for the level of 2nd-degree black belt. The diagram ( - ) represents Jeong Mong-ju's unerring loyalty to his king and his country towards the end of the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty.
+The 11th pattern of ITF [[Taekwondo]] is named after Poeun. The pattern is performed as part of the testing syllabus for the level of second-degree black belt. The diagram ( - ) represents Jeong Mong-ju's unwavering loyalty to his king and his country towards the end of the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty.
-== Family ==
-* Great-Grandfather
-** Jeong In-su (정인수, 鄭仁壽)
-* Grandfather
-** Jeong Yu (정유, 鄭裕)
-* Father
-** Jeong Woon-gwan (정운관, 鄭云瓘) (? - 1355)
-* Mother
-** Grand Princess Consort Byeon of the Yeongcheon Lee clan (변한국대부인 영천 이씨)
-* Siblings
-** Younger brother - Jeong Gwa (정과, 鄭過) (? - 1392)
-** Younger brother - Jeong Hu (정후, 鄭厚)
-** Younger brother - Jeong Do (정도, 鄭蹈)
-* Wife and children
-** Princess Gyeongsun of the Gyeongju Yi clan (경순택주 경주 이씨, 敬順宅主 慶州 李氏) (? - 12 December 1392)<ref>Through one of their sons, their great-great-granddaughter eventually became the paternal grandmother of [[Queen Munjeong]].</ref>
-*** Son - Jeong Jong-seong (정종성, 鄭宗誠) (1374 - 1442)
-**** Grandson - Jeong Bo (정보, 鄭保)
-***** Granddaughter-in-law - Lady Park of the Juksan Park clan (정부인 죽산 박씨); daughter of Park Jung-yong (박중용)
-****** Great-Granddaughter - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (연일 정씨)
-******* Great Grandson-in-law -  Yi Seok-hyeong (이석형, 李石亨) of the [[Yeonan Yi clan]] (1415 - 1477)
-******** Great-Great-Grandson - Yi Hun (이혼, 李渾) (1445 - ?)
-****** Great-Granddaughter - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (연일 정씨)
-******* Great Grandson-in-law - Yi Gye-son (이계손, 李繼孫) of the Yeoheung Yi clan (1423 - 1484)
-****** Great-Granddaughter - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (연일 정씨)
-******* Great Grandson-in-law - Lee Ji (이지, 李墀) of the Goseong Lee clan (1420 - ?)
-******** Great-Great-Grandson - Yi Ryuk (이륙, 李陸) (1438 - 1498)
-******** Great-Great-Grandson - Yi Maek (이맥, 李陌) (1455 - 1528)
-***** Granddaughter-in-law - Lady Park of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨); daughter of Park Deung (박등, 朴登)
-****** Great-Grandson - Jeong Yun-hwa (정윤화, 鄭允和) or Jeong Won-hwa (정원화, 鄭元和) (1453 - ?)
-**** Granddaughter - Princess Consort Ohcheon of the Yeonil Jeong clan (오천군부인 연일 정씨); Prince Seonseong’s first wife
-***** Grandson-in-law - Yi Mu-saeng, Prince Seonseong (선성군 이무생) (1392 - 1460)<ref>He is the son of [[Jeongjong of Joseon|King Jeongjong]] and Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Chungju Ji clan</ref>
-****** Great-Granddaughter - Lady Yi of the [[Jeonju Yi clan]] (전주 이씨, 全州 李氏)
-******* Great Grandson-in-law - Jo Chung-ro (조충로, 趙忠老) of the Pyeongyang Jo clan<ref>Eventually became the 5th great-grandfather of [[Deposed Queen Yu|Queen Hyejang]] through his daughter</ref>
-**** Half-Granddaughter - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (연일 정씨); became a concubine
-***** Half grandson-in-law - [[Han Myeong-hoe]] (한명회, 韓明澮) (26 November 1415 - 28 November 1487)
-*** Son - Jeong Jong-bun (정종본, 鄭宗本) (1377 - 1443)
-* Unnamed concubine
-** Son - Jeong Jong-hwa (정종화)
-*** Granddaughter - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (정경부인 정씨, 貞敬夫人 鄭氏); became a concubine
-**** Grandson-in-law - [[Han Myeong-hoe]] (한명회, 韓明澮) (26 November 1415 - 28 November 1487)
-***** Great-Grandson - Han Bok (한복, 韓福)
-****** Great Granddaughter-in-law - Lady Jin of the Heungdeok Jin clan (흥덕 장씨)
-***** Great-Grandson - Han Im (한임, 韓林)
-****** Great Granddaughter-in-law - Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨); daughter of Yi Han-gi (이한기, 李漢奇)
-******* Great-great Grandson - Han Su (한수, 韓壽)
-******** Great-great Granddaughter-in-law - Lady Kwon of the Andong Kwon clan (안동 권씨)
 ==The poems==
-[[File:Goryeo-Portrait of Jeong Mongju-01.jpg|thumb|180px|right|portrait of Jeong Mong-ju]]
+{{No sources|section|date=March 2024}}[[File:Goryeo-Portrait of Jeong Mongju-01.jpg|thumb|180px|right|portrait of Jeong Mong-ju]]
-===Yi Bang-won's ''sijo'' (poem) - ''Hayeoga'' '''(하여가, 何如歌)'''===
 {{Spaces|10}}이런들 어떠하리 저런들 어떠하리{{Spaces|19}}此亦何如彼亦何如。{{Spaces|20}}(차역하여피역하여)
@@ Line 89: / Line 43: @@
 {{Spaces|10}}우리도 이같이 얽어져 백년까지 누리리라{{Spaces|7}}我輩若此爲不死亦何如。{{Spaces|14}}(아배약차위불사역하여)
 {{Spaces|5}}(Based on the [[Hanja]])
@@ Line 100: / Line 55: @@
 {{Spaces|5}}('''*''' Yi Bang-won is declaring ''the death'' of the era - the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty.)
-===Jeong Mong-ju's ''sijo'' (poem) - ''Dansimga'' '''(단심가, 丹心歌)'''===
+===Jeong Mong-ju's ''sijo'' (poem) - ''Dansimga''  ({{Korean|hangul=단심가|hanja=丹心歌|labels=no}})===
 {{Spaces|10}}이몸이 죽고 죽어 일백 번 고쳐 죽어{{Spaces|16}}此身死了死了一百番更死了。{{Spaces|6}}(차신사료사료일백번갱사료)
@@ Line 107: / Line 62: @@
 {{Spaces|10}}임 향한 일편 단심이야 가실 줄이 있으랴{{Spaces|9}}向主一片丹心寧有改理也歟。{{Spaces|6}}(향주일편단심유개리여)
 {{Spaces|10}}''Though I die and die again a hundred times,''
@@ Line 116: / Line 70: @@
 ==Books==
-*Poeun Jip (포은집, 圃隱集)
+*Poeun Jip ({{Korean|hangul=포은집|hanja=圃隱集|labels=no}})
-*Poeun Sigo (포은시고, 圃隱詩藁)
+*Poeun Sigo ({{Korean|hangul=포은시고|hanja=圃隱詩藁|labels=no}})
+== Family ==
+* Father
+** Jeong Woon-gwan ({{Korean|hangul=정운관|hanja=鄭云瓘|labels=no}}; ? – 1355)
+* Mother
+** Grand Princess Consort Byeon of the Yeongcheon Lee clan ({{Korean|hangul=변한국대부인 영천 이씨|labels=no}})
+* Siblings
+** Younger brother - Jeong Gwa ({{Korean|hangul=정과|hanja=鄭過|labels=no}}; ? – 1392)
+** Younger brother - Jeong Hu ({{Korean|hangul=정후|hanja=鄭厚|labels=no}})
+** Younger brother - Jeong Do ({{Korean|hangul=정도|hanja=鄭蹈|labels=no}})
+* Wife and children
+** Princess Gyeongsun of the Gyeongju Yi clan ({{Korean|hangul=경순택주 경주 이씨|hanja=敬順宅主 慶州 李氏|labels=no}}; ? – 12 December 1392)
+*** Son - Jeong Jong-seong ({{Korean|hangul=정종성|hanja=鄭宗誠|labels=no}}; 1374–1442)
+*** Son - Jeong Jong-bun ({{Korean|hangul=정종본|hanja=鄭宗本|labels=no}}; 1377–1443)
+* Unnamed concubine
+** Son - Jeong Jong-hwa ({{Korean|hangul=정종화|labels=no}})
 ==In popular culture==
 * Portrayed by Hong Gye-il in the 1983 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[The King of Chudong Palace]]''.
-* Portrayed by Park Joon-hyuk in the 2012-2013 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[The Great Seer]]''.
+* Portrayed by Park Joon-hyuk in the 2012–2013 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[The Great Seer]]''.
 * Portrayed by [[Im Ho]] in the 2014 [[KBS1]] TV  series ''[[Jeong Do-jeon (TV series)|Jeong Do-jeon]]''.
 * Portrayed by [[Kim Eui-sung]] in the 2015 SBS TV series ''[[Six Flying Dragons]]''.
-* Portrayed by [[Choi Jong-hwan]] in the 2021 [[KBS1]] TV series ''[[Taejong Yi Bang-won (TV series)|Taejong Yi Bang-won]]''.
+* Portrayed by [[Choi Jong-hwan]] in the 2021–2022 [[KBS1]] TV series ''[[The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won]]''.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 139: / Line 109: @@
 *[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''] (''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]'').  Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84067437?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC  84067437]
-{{commons category|Jeong Mongju}}
+{{commons category|Jeong Mong-ju}}
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeong, Mong-ju}}
 [[Category:1338 births]]
 [[Category:1392 deaths]]
@@ Line 152: / Line 121: @@
 [[Category:Korean diplomats]]
 [[Category:Korean educators]]
-[[Category:Korean Confucianists]]
+[[Category:Goryeo Confucianists]]
 [[Category:Korean male poets]]
 [[Category:Korean revolutionaries]]
@@ Line 158: / Line 127: @@
 [[Category:People from Yeongcheon]]
 [[Category:People murdered in Korea]]
+[[Category:Korean counts]]

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