Kordofanian languages: Difference between revisions

Kordofanian
Kordofanian
Geographic; distribution	Kordofan
Linguistic classification	Niger–Congo Kordofanian;
Subdivisions	Kadu (perhaps in Nilo-Saharan); Katla–Rashad (outer Niger–Congo); Talodi–Heiban (in Atlantic–Congo);
ISO 639-5	kdo

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The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of three to five language families spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Kordofan Province, Sudan. In 1963 Joseph Greenberg added them to the Niger–Congo family, creating his Niger-Kordofanian proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, nor have they been shown to constitute a valid group. Today the Kadu family is excluded, and the other four usually included in Niger–Congo proper.

Talodi–Heiban

The Heiban languages, also called Koalib or Koalib-Moro, and the Talodi languages, also called Talodi-Masakin, are closely related.^[1]

Rashad

The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali-Tagoi, varies among different descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ms). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic Congo languages—apparently borrowed,—while Tegali does not.

Katla languages

Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban languages have the noun-class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo, but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of Mande.

Kadu languages

Since Schadeberg 1981c, the "Tumtum" or Kadu branch is now widely seen as Nilo-Saharan. However, the evidence is slight, and a conservative classification would treat it as an independent family.

Bibliography

Herman Bell. 1995. The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?. Being a study of the published results from a major project of the Institute of African and Asian Studies: the Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains.
Roger Blench. Unpublished. Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: an evaluation of the evidence.
P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "The languages of the Nuba Mountains." Sudan Notes and Records 14: 149-162.
Carl Meinhof. 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981a. A survey of Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". Die Sprachen Afrikas. Band 1: Niger-Kordofanisch, ed. by Bernt Heine, T. C. Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, pp. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981c. "The classification of the Kadugli language group". Nilo-Saharan, ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. Lionel Bender, pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Note on the language of the Nubas of Southern Kordofan." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang." Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan. 1956. The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) Oxford University Press: London.
A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan. 1966. Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press: London.
Lorenz Tutschek. 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nrs. 91-93; Spalten 729-52. (=Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nrs. 29-31.)
Lorenz Tutschek. 1848-50. "On the Tumali language". Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1846-47 and 1847-48. Vol 3:239-54. Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1848-49 and 1849-50. Vol. 4:138-9.

References

^ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.

External links

Katcha-English Dictionary (one of the Kadu languages)
The Nuba Mountains Homepage

Template:Niger-Congo-speaking nations

[1] Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.

[1]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
   |region=[[Kordofan]]
   |familycolor=Niger-Congo
-  |fam1=[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]
+  |fam1=[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
   |child1=[[Kadu languages|Kadu]] (perhaps in [[Nilo-Saharan]])
-  |child2=[[Katla languages|Katla]]–[[Rashad languages|Rashad]] (outer [[Niger-Congo]])
+  |child2=[[Katla languages|Katla]]–[[Rashad languages|Rashad]] (outer [[Niger–Congo]])
-  |child3=[[Talodi-Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban]] (in [[Atlantic-Congo]])
+  |child3=[[Talodi–Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban]] (in [[Atlantic–Congo]])
   |iso5=kdo
 }}
-The '''Kordofanian languages''' are a '''geographic''' grouping of three to five [[language families]] spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Kordofan]] Province, [[Sudan]]. In 1963 [[Joseph Greenberg]] added them to the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo family]], creating his [[Niger-Kordofanian languages|Niger-Kordofanian]] proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger-Congo, however, nor have they been shown to constitute a valid group. Today the Kadu family is excluded, and the other four usually included in Niger-Congo proper.
+The '''Kordofanian languages''' are a '''geographic''' grouping of three to five [[language families]] spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Kordofan]] Province, [[Sudan]]. In 1963 [[Joseph Greenberg]] added them to the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo family]], creating his [[Niger-Kordofanian languages|Niger-Kordofanian]] proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, nor have they been shown to constitute a valid group. Today the Kadu family is excluded, and the other four usually included in Niger–Congo proper.
-== Talodi-Heiban ==
+== Talodi–Heiban ==
-{{main|Talodi-Heiban languages}}
+{{main|Talodi–Heiban languages}}
 The [[Heiban languages]], also called Koalib or Koalib-Moro, and the [[Talodi languages]], also called Talodi-Masakin, are closely related.<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref>
 == Rashad ==
 {{main|Rashad languages}}
 The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali-Tagoi, varies among different descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ''ms''). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic Congo languages—apparently borrowed,—while Tegali does not.
 == Katla languages ==
 {{main|Katla languages}}
-[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban languages have the [[noun class|noun-class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic-Congo languages|Atlantic-Congo]] core of Niger-Congo, but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a [[Sprachbund]] rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger-Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]].
+[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban languages have the [[noun class|noun-class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] core of Niger–Congo, but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a [[Sprachbund]] rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]].
 == Kadu languages ==
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 == Bibliography ==
 * Herman Bell. 1995. [http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/sa/tan/Nuba.html The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?].  Being a study of the published results from a major project of the [[Institute of African and Asian Studies]]: the ''Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains''.
-* Roger Blench.  Unpublished. [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Niger-Congo%20reconstruction/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf  Kordofanian and Niger-Congo: an evaluation of the evidence].
+* Roger Blench.  Unpublished. [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Niger-Congo%20reconstruction/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf  Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: an evaluation of the evidence].
 * P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid.  1931.  "The languages of the [[Nuba Mountains]]."  ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 14: 149-162.
 * [[Carl Meinhof]]. 1915-1919.  "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan".  ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9.  "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161.  "2. Tumale". 6:182-205.  "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
 * [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981a.  ''A survey of Kordofanian.''  SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
-* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981b.  "Das Kordofanische".  ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.''  Band 1: ''Niger-Kordofanisch'', ed. by [[Bernt Heine]], T. C. Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], pp. 117-28  SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
+* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981b.  "Das Kordofanische".  ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.''  Band 1: ''Niger-Kordofanisch'', ed. by [[Bernt Heine]], T. C. Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], pp.&nbsp;117–28  SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
-* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981c.  "The classification of the Kadugli language group".  ''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Lionel Bender]], pp. 291-305.  Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
+* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981c.  "The classification of the Kadugli language group".  ''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Lionel Bender]], pp.&nbsp;291–305.  Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
 * Brenda Z. Seligmann.  1910-11.  "Note on the language of the [[Nuba]]s of Southern [[Kordofan]]." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188.
 * Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57.  "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang."  ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.