Kordofanian languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in parts of Sudan}} |
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{{Infobox Language family |
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{{Infobox language family |
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|name=Kordofanian |
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|name=Kordofanian |
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|region=[[Kordofan]] |
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|speakers= 250,000–500,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kordofanian-languages | title=Kordofanian languages | Kordofanian, Niger-Congo, Chadic | Britannica }}</ref> |
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
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|acceptance=geographic |
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|fam1=[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] |
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|region=[[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Sudan]] |
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|ethnicity = [[Nuba people|Nuba]] |
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|child2=[[Katla languages|Katla]]–[[Rashad languages|Rashad]] (outer [[Niger-Congo]]) |
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
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|child3=[[Talodi-Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban]] (in [[Atlantic-Congo]]) |
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|child1=[[Kadu languages|Kadu]] (in [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]) |
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|iso5=kdo |
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|child2=[[Katla languages|Katla]]–[[Rashad languages|Rashad]] (outer [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]) |
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|child3=[[Talodi–Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban]] |
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|iso5=kdo |
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|glotto=none |
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|map = Kordofan-languages 02.png |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Kordofanian languages''' are a '''geographic''' grouping of three to five [[language families]] spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Kordofan]] Province, [[Sudan]]. In 1963 [[Joseph Greenberg]] added them to the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo family]], creating his [[Niger-Kordofanian languages|Niger-Kordofanian]] proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger-Congo, however, nor have they been shown to constitute a valid group. Today the Kadu family is excluded, and the other four usually included in Niger-Congo proper. |
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The '''Kordofanian languages''' are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of the [[South Kordofan]] region of [[Sudan]]: [[Talodi–Heiban languages]], [[Lafofa languages]], [[Rashad languages]], [[Katla languages]] and [[Kadu languages]]. The first four groups are sometimes regarded as branches of the hypothetical [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family, whereas Kadu is now widely seen as a branch of the proposed [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] family. |
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== Talodi-Heiban == |
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{{main|Talodi-Heiban languages}} |
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The [[Heiban languages]], also called Koalib or Koalib-Moro, and the [[Talodi languages]], also called Talodi-Masakin, are closely related.<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref> |
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== |
== History == |
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In 1963, [[Joseph Greenberg]] added them to the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo family]], creating his Niger–Kordofanian proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, and they have not been shown to constitute a valid group. Today, the [[Kadu languages]] are excluded, and the others are usually included in Niger–Congo proper.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
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[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the [[noun class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] core of Niger–Congo but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system. However, the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a [[Sprachbund]] rather than having inherited them. Blench concludes that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
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[[Heiban languages|Heiban]], [[Katloid languages|Katloid]], and [[Talodi languages|Talodi]] are also grouped together in an automated computational analysis ([[Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013).<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance. |
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[[File:Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains.svg|thumb|right|450x450px|Clickable map of the [[Languages of the Nuba Mountains|language families, subfamilies, and languages spoken in the Nuba Mountains]]. Kordofanian includes [[Kadu languages|Kadu]] and all of the [[Niger–Congo]] branches.]] |
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== Talodi–Heiban languages == |
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{{main|Talodi–Heiban languages}} |
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The Heiban languages, also called Koalib or Koalib–Moro, and the Talodi languages, also called Talodi–Masakin, are part of the [[Talodi–Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban group]].<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref> |
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== Lafofa languages == |
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{{main|Lafofa languages}} |
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Lafofa (Tegem) was for a time classified with Talodi, but appears to be a separate branch of Niger–Congo. |
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== Rashad languages == |
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{{main|Rashad languages}} |
{{main|Rashad languages}} |
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The number of Rashad languages, also called |
The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali–Tagoi, varies among descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ''ms''). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic–Congo languages, which is apparently borrowed, but Tegali does not. |
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== Katla languages == |
== Katla languages == |
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{{main|Katla languages}} |
{{main|Katla languages}} |
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The two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had a Niger–Congo-type noun-class system. |
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[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban languages have the [[noun class|noun-class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic-Congo languages|Atlantic-Congo]] core of Niger-Congo, but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a [[Sprachbund]] rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger-Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]]. |
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== Kadu languages == |
== Kadu languages == |
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{{main|Kadu languages}} |
{{main|Kadu languages}} |
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Since the work of [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]] in 1981, the [[Kadu languages|"Tumtum" or Kadu branch]] is now widely seen as [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]. |
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==Reconstruction== |
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Since [[Thilo C. Schadeberg|Schadeberg]] 1981c, the [[Kadu languages|"Tumtum" or Kadu branch]] is now widely seen as [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]. However, the evidence is slight, and a conservative classification would treat it as an independent family. |
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Quint (2020) suggests that Proto-Kordofanian can be reconstructed from the [[Heiban languages|Heibanian]], [[Talodi languages|Talodian]], [[Rashad languages|Rashadian]], [[Katloid languages|Katloid]], and [[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] languages. His Proto-Kordofanian reconstructions are as follows:<ref name="Quint">Quint, Nicolas (2020). In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages'', 239-268. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Gloss !! Proto-Kordofanian !! [[Talodi languages|Talodian]] !! [[Heiban languages|Heibanian]] !! [[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] !! [[Katloid languages|Katloid]] (''[[Tima language|Tima]]'') !! [[Rashad languages|Rashadian]] |
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|- |
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! bark 1 (n.) |
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| *-mVk- |
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| *t-ə-mək |
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| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl] |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' kìmbàkɔ́l |
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|- |
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! bark 2 (n.) |
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| *k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrE |
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| |
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| |
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| c-iíri |
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| kúúr |
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| *g-ware |
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|- |
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! beat / hit |
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| *-bV- |
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| *-gob- / *kə-bɔ |
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| *-bid̪- |
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| ...biŋ |
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| |
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| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' bí(r) / pù(ró) |
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|- |
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! belly |
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| *-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk |
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| *j-+-arag / *ca-rək |
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| *g-+-aare |
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| t̪-úur-i |
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| kúɽúún |
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| |
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|- |
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! bite / eat |
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| *-CVk |
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| *-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ |
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| *-iy- |
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| ...jiɛ |
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| |
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| *yɛk |
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|- |
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! blood |
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| *(C)iC<sub>P</sub>V |
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| *ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' ija ~ iya |
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| ''[[Rashad language|Rashad]]'' wiya |
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|- |
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! breast |
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| *CVmiC |
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| *j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' kɨ̀míndì |
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| *d-miɲ |
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|- |
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! clothes |
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| *kErEC |
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| *k-ɛrɛt̪ |
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| *g-+-ered̪ |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' kɛr(ɛ́)w |
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|- |
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! dry |
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| *-OndV |
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| *-an d̪o |
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| *-unDo |
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| |
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| |
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| *-uddi |
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|- |
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! ear |
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| *kVnV |
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| *g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu |
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| *g- / n-+-aani |
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| |
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| kɔ́.nɔ̀ |
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| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' finin, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' (a)nuu |
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|- |
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! elephant |
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| *-VŋV(C) |
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| |
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| *d-+-oŋor |
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| yuːŋi |
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| |
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| *(fV)ŋVn |
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|- |
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! eye |
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| *?+-git |
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| *j-+-igg / *c-it |
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| |
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| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' gɨgöt |
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| *y-ngid |
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|- |
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! foot / leg |
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| *-AkA(C) |
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| *ts-+-agag |
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| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' káakà [káagà] |
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| l-ia-ga |
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| |
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| *d-ɛgɛn |
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|- |
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! goat |
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| *Em(b)iT |
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| *w-+-emig / *u-mit |
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| |
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| ɛɛmi |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' címìd̪ |
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| *mbɨt |
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|- |
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! green / wet |
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| *-iklV ~ *ijlV |
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| |
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| *-iigla |
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| b-ʊ́ɒji-lli |
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| |
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| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' -ijilú, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' -rígɛ̂l |
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|- |
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! hair |
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| *kaam ~ *gaam |
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| *d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪ |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' káàm |
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| *g-aam |
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|- |
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! head |
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| *gaC<sub>DP</sub> ~ *C<sub>P</sub>aC<sub>DP</sub> |
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| *j-+-ats, *c-ac |
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| |
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| |
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| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' gas |
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| *g-aj |
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|- |
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! left (side) |
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| *-C<sub>V</sub>ul- ~ *-C<sub>V</sub>ur- |
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| *-gule / *-gulɛ |
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| *-awur |
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| kúlɪ |
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| |
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| *-awwir |
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|- |
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! mud |
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| *-ElO |
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| |
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| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kèlòo |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' k-ʌ́ʌ́lu |
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| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' ŋí̧lɔ́ |
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|- |
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! near |
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| *-Et̪t̪OC |
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| *-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t |
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| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k] |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' mɛ̀t̪ɛ́n |
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| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' gattɔŋ / tɔgɔt |
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|- |
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! one |
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| *attV ~ *addV |
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| |
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| *-aDDe |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' àtíín |
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| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' wàttá |
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|- |
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! rain |
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| *kaw ~ *kal |
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| *k-abɪk |
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| *g-+-aw |
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| k-állɔ́-y |
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| |
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| *(y)au |
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|- |
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! red |
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| *-OrdE |
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| *-oode<ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. ''A Survey of Kordofanian Vol 2: The Talodi Group''. (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika: Beiheft, 2.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske. 175pp.</ref> / *-d̪ɛ |
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| *-UUre |
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| |
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| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' -rdí |
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| *-araw |
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|- |
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! sheep |
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| *kAC<sub>V</sub>AC |
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| *t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪ |
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| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' káaŋàl |
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| βaːŋi |
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| (k)áŋàl |
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| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' kàgóy |
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|- |
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! smoke (n.) |
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| *-uC<sub>LVB</sub>bV |
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| |
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| *g-+-ulu |
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| c-oor-í |
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| kʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́n |
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| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' k(ə)rək, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' tulɛ́ |
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|- |
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! sun |
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| *-VC<sub>N</sub>V |
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| *j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi |
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| Ø-+*-aŋin |
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| |
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| kínèè |
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| *-aane |
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|- |
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! tongue |
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| *-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V) |
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| *d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛ |
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| d̪-+*-ŋela |
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| l-íáŋ-i |
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| kìlíŋíì |
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| *d-aŋil(-ag) |
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|- |
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! vomit |
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| *-UdA ~ *-UwA |
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| -VddV / *uk-dɛ |
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| *-wey- |
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| lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa |
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| -húwʌ̀ |
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| *VdVk |
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|} |
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===Lexical isoglosses=== |
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Starostin (2018) lists the following common lexical isoglosses in the Kordofanian languages. Potential cognates are highlighted in '''bold'''.<ref>Starostin, George. 2018. ''[https://starling.rinet.ru/confer/Starostin-2018.pdf Preliminary lexicostatistical analysis for languages of the Nuba Mountains]''. 13th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics (RSUH, March 22-23, 2018).</ref> |
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:{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Proto-language |
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! eye |
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! bone |
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! egg |
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! tooth |
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! ear |
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! tongue |
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! head |
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! I |
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! thou |
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|- |
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! Proto-Heiban |
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| '''*=ey''' |
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| '''*=uya''' |
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| '''*=ɛɲɔ(ŋ)''' |
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| '''*=iŋa-t̪''' |
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| '''*=ɛːni''' |
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| '''*=ŋɛla''' |
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| *=da |
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| '''*(i)ɲ=i''' |
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| '''*(u)ŋ=a''' |
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|- |
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! Proto-Talodi |
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| '''*=igi''' |
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| ''*=umV'' |
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| '''*=uwi(ŋ)''' |
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| '''*=iɲi-t''' |
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| '''*=ɛːnu''' |
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| '''*=lʊŋɛ''' |
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| '''*=âs''' |
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| '''*ŋ=i''' |
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| '''*(u)ŋ=a''' |
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|- |
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! (Proto-)Lafofa |
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| '''=î''' |
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| ''=uami'' |
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| '''=uwɛ-''' |
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| '''=ɛːŋı''' |
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| |
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| '''liaŋi''' |
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| '''=ay''' |
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| ɲɛ- |
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| ŋɔ- |
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|- |
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! Proto-Katla-Tima |
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| '''*=igi''' |
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| '''*=uga''' |
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| '''*=iwɔɲ''' |
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| |
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| '''*=ɔnɔ''' |
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| '''*=liŋi''' |
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| '''*=as''' |
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| ɲɔŋ |
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| ŋaŋ |
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|- |
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! Proto-Rashad |
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| '''*=i(ŋ)gə''' |
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| '''*=uh''' |
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| *iye (?) |
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| '''*=iɲi-n''' |
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| '''*=əni-n''' |
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| '''*=ŋəla''' |
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| '''*=as''' |
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| '''*ŋ=i''' |
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| '''*ŋ=ɔ''' |
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|- |
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! Proto-Kadu |
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| *=yV |
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| *kuɓa |
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| *sule |
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| '''*=kini''' |
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| *=ɛːsɔ |
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| *ŋaɗɔ |
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| *=at̪u |
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| *aʔa |
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| *oʔo |
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|} |
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==Comparative vocabulary== |
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Sample basic vocabulary of the Heiban, Talodi, [[Rashad languages|Rashad]], and Lafofa branches: |
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''Note'': In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" |
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! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name |
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|- |
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| Proto-[[Heiban languages|Heiban]]<ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</ref> || *ay / g-,j- || *-aani || *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- || *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- || *-ŋela; *-iŋla ? / D-,d- || *-uuɲu || *-win / ŋ- || *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) || *-aaɽe / gu-,j- (WC) || *-aw / ŋ- || *-id̪d̪- || *-iriɲ / j- |
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|- |
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| Proto-[[Talodi languages|Talodi]]<ref>Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.</ref> || *c-it / k- || *k-ɛnu / 0- || *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- || *c-ə-ɲit / k- || *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- || *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- || *ŋ-ɪccʊk || *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- || *p-ɪda / k- || *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ || *ḷə-ɡɔ || *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (or *...n̪) |
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|- |
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| Proto-[[Katloid languages|Katloid]]<ref>Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). [https://www.academia.edu/38151458/Reconstructing_Katloid_and_deconstructing_Kordofanian Reconstructing Katloid and deconstructing Kordofanian]. In: Schneider-Blum et al. (eds.): ''Nuba Mountain Languages Studies'' 3. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.</ref> || *g-ɪgɛd̪ || *-ɔnɔ || || *gɪ-lɛd̪ || *-laŋɛd̪ || || *i-ju(u) || || || || *-ʌ-lV- || |
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|- |
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| [[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]<ref name="Schadeberg2013">Schadeberg, Thilo. 2013. Rashad survey data. In Roger Blench & Thilo Schadeberg (eds), Nuba Mountain Language Studies. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp.325-345.</ref> || yígət / ŋə́gət || fənín / fənédit || yídir / ŋə́dər || tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən || táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt || kajər / hájɛrət || ŋɔ́y || kuh / huh || kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ || ŋay || yɛk || pəŋən / fəŋən |
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|- |
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| Turjok<ref name="Schadeberg2013"/> || íŋgət / ŋ̀gət || fəniín / fəníínət || indər / ŋəndər || M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin || taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt || kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt || ŋɔ́y || kus / sus || kafɔ / safɔ́ || ŋaay || || pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn |
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|- |
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| [[Tegali language|Tagom]]<ref name="Schadeberg2013"/> || ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de || nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun || ndr̀ / ndr̀re || ɲîn / ɲîne || aŋa / aŋún || ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre || óyá / óyo̍n || uru / urûn || lás / lásɛ || ega || yɛk || ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn |
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|- |
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| [[Tegem language|Tegem]]<ref name="Blench2016">Blench, Roger. 2016. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Tegem/Tegem%20Amira%20Blench.pdf Tegem-Amira: a previously unrecognised subgroup of Niger-Congo]''.</ref> || ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì / m- || || kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- || ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- || l-iәŋ(ì) || k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi || ɲɪ̀ || ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì) / m- || kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) || ɲìì || kɪ́rɪ̀k || ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a- |
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|- |
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| [[Amira language|El Amira]]<ref name="Blench2016"/> || lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ || || wimu || t-aɲ / k- || liŋ || kiɲ || ɲi || tuwam || kwa || ɲi || palith || |
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|} |
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===Numerals=== |
|||
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:<ref name="ChanNumeralsNC">{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|last=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" |
|||
! Classification !! Language !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Katla || [[ISO 639:kcr|Katla]] || ʈíʈʌ́k || cík || ʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ || ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀m || ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n || ɟɔ́lʈɪ́n || ɟɔ́lɪ́k || t̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀l || ɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́n || ràk͡pác |
|||
|- |
|||
| Katla || [[ISO 639:tms|Tima]] || ʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪn || iheek || ihwʌy || ihʌlʌm || iduliin || ɪntədakwalɔŋ || ɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛl || ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy || int̪ʌhʌdʌkun || ihedʌkún |
|||
|- |
|||
| Rashad || [[ISO 639:tag|Tagoi (Orig)]] || -wàttá / ùttá || wùkkók || wìttá || wàrʊ̀m || wʊ̧ràm || ɲérér || ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ || tùppá || kʊ́mnàsá(n) || kʊ́mán |
|||
|- |
|||
| Rashad || [[ISO 639:ras|Tegali]] || m̪t̪a || rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ || d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a || aːrəm || ʊmmə || ɲeˑɽe || ʊmmərkʊ || duˑpˑa || fəŋɪsan || fəŋən |
|||
|- |
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| Heiban || [[ISO 639:wrn|Warnang (Werni/Wernang)]] || ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́r || ŋèrccáccény || ŋèrráttén || ŋèlàmlàŋ || ŋera ŋoʈʈor || ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?) || ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) || ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?) || ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?) || kiccukurrɐ |
|||
|- |
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| Heiban || [[ISO 639:mor|Moro]] || ɡónto || lə́ɡə́tʃan || lə́ɡɪ́tʃɪn || márlon || ðénə́ŋ || ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) || ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan (5+ 2) || ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3) || ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) || rɛ́θ |
|||
|- |
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| Heiban || [[ISO 639:tic|Tira]] || kɛ̀nːɛ || kɪ̀ɽɪcàn || kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́n || maɬɽʊ̀ || ðɛ́nɛ̀ || ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n (3+3) || maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3) || ɔ́bːɔ̀ || ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀ (5+4) || ʊ́rːɪ̀ |
|||
|- |
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| Heiban || [[ISO 639:lro|Laro]] || kʷɛ̀tɛ̀ || rɔ́m || tə̀ɽìl || kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ || tʊ̀dìní || ɲə̀rlə̀l || kʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl (4+3) || ɗúbə̀ || tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4) || dí |
|||
|- |
|||
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:otr|Otoro]] || wɛ̀dɔ́ŋ || kútèn || t̪èɽel || kɔ̀ɽɔŋ || t̪ɔ̀ðːnɛ || ɲɛ̄ɽɛl || kɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel (4+3) || dúbə || t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4) || dìː |
|||
|- |
|||
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:kib|Koalib]] (1) || kwɛ́t:ɛ || kwiɽín || tɛjɪɾ || kɔɽŋɔn || tuðní || ɲiɾlíl || kunəðɗuβə || ɗuβaβuŋa || kunəðɗi || ɗí |
|||
|- |
|||
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:kib|Koalib]] (2) || -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ || -iɽɐn || tɔɔɽɔl || twaɽŋan || toðne || ɲerlel || ɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀n || ɗòvɔ̀kkwóppà || kwúnɐ̀ttùrrí || rúi |
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|- |
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| Talodi || [[ISO 639:dec|Dagik]] || j-ɜlːʊ || j-ɛːɽa || j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ || bɽandɔ || si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand) || na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1) || na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2) || na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3) || na bɽandɔ (5 + 4) || n̪ipɽa |
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|- |
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| Talodi || [[ISO 639:acz|Acheron]] || bulluk || weɽʌk || wʌt̪t̪ʌk || bɽando || zəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand') || zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk (5 + 2) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4) || ɡurruŋ |
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|- |
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| Talodi || [[ISO 639:lmd|Lumun]] || cʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂ || mɛ̀ɽá || mɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀k || mɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n || mʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀k || mɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀k || mɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k ( 3) ? || mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ (2 x 4) ? || mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n (5 + 4) || mɑ̀tul |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Languages of the Nuba Mountains]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
||
* Herman Bell. 1995. [http://www. |
* Herman Bell. 1995. [http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185642/http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html archive link]). Being a study of the published results from a major project of the [[Institute of African and Asian Studies]]: the ''Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains''. |
||
* Roger Blench. Unpublished. [http:// |
* Roger Blench. Unpublished. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222916/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/nuba-hills-conference-paper-2011.pdf Does Kordofanian constitute a group and if not, where does its languages fit into Niger-Congo?] |
||
* Roger Blench. Unpublished. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence]. |
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* P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "The languages of the [[Nuba Mountains]]." ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 14: 149-162. |
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* Roger Blench, 2011, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Should Kordofanian be split up?], Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden |
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* P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "The languages of the Nuba Mountains." ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 14: 149-162. |
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* [[Carl Meinhof]]. 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9. "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132. |
* [[Carl Meinhof]]. 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9. "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132. |
||
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981a. ''A survey of Kordofanian.'' SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag. |
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981a. ''A survey of Kordofanian.'' SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag. |
||
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.'' Band 1: '' |
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.'' Band 1: ''Niger–Kordofanisch'', ed. by [[Bernd Heine]], T. C. Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], pp. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag. |
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* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981c. "The classification of the Kadugli language group". ''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Lionel Bender]], pp. |
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981c. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8805/5_1234891_019.pdf "The classification of the Kadugli language group"]. ''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Lionel Bender]], pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. |
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* Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Note on the language of the [[Nuba]]s of Southern [[Kordofan]]." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188. |
* Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Note on the language of the [[Nuba]]s of Southern [[Kordofan]]." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188. |
||
* Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang." ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196. |
* Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang." ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196. |
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* A. N. |
* Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1956. ''The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) [[Oxford University Press]]: [[London]]. |
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* A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan. 1966. ''Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages.) [[Oxford University Press]]: [[London]]. |
* [[Archibald Tucker|A. N. Tucker]] and M. A. Bryan. 1966. ''Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages.) [[Oxford University Press]]: [[London]]. |
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* |
* Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." ''Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer.'' [[Akademie der Wissenschaften]]. Nrs. 91-93; Spalten 729-52. (=''Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften''. Nrs. 29-31.) |
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* |
* Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "On the Tumali language". ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1846-47 and 1847-48.'' Vol 3:239-54. ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1848-49 and 1849-50.'' Vol. 4:138-9. |
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== |
==External links== |
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{{commonscatinline}} |
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*[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/KordOP.htm Roger Blench: Kordofanian materials] |
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{{Kordofanian languages}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Nilo-Saharan families}} |
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{{Niger-Congo branches}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/pub/alda/sudan/KATCHA~1.DOC Katcha-English Dictionary] (one of the [[Kadu languages]]) |
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* [http://www.nubamountains.com The Nuba Mountains Homepage] |
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{{Niger-Congo-speaking nations}} |
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[[Category:Niger-Congo languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Kordofanian languages| ]] |
[[Category:Kordofanian languages| ]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Sudan|*]] |
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[[Category:Niger–Congo languages]] |
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[[br:Yezhoù kordofanek]] |
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[[Category:South Kordofan]] |
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[[de:Kordofanische Sprachen]] |
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[[es:Lenguas cordofanas]] |
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[[fr:Langues kordofaniennes]] |
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[[hr:Kordofanski jezici]] |
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[[it:Lingue kordofaniane]] |
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[[lt:Kordofano kalbos]] |
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[[mk:Кардофански јазици]] |
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[[oc:Lengas nigèrokordofanianas]] |
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[[pl:Języki kordofańskie]] |
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[[ru:Кордофанские языки]] |
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[[fi:Kordofanilaiset kielet]] |
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[[zh:科尔多凡语族]] |
Latest revision as of 01:02, 31 May 2024
Kordofanian | |
---|---|
(geographic) | |
Ethnicity | Nuba |
Geographic distribution | Nuba Mountains of Sudan |
Native speakers | 250,000–500,000[1] |
Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
Subdivisions |
|
ISO 639-5 | kdo |
Glottolog | None |
The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the Nuba Mountains of the South Kordofan region of Sudan: Talodi–Heiban languages, Lafofa languages, Rashad languages, Katla languages and Kadu languages. The first four groups are sometimes regarded as branches of the hypothetical Niger–Congo family, whereas Kadu is now widely seen as a branch of the proposed Nilo-Saharan family.
History
[edit]In 1963, Joseph Greenberg added them to the Niger–Congo family, creating his Niger–Kordofanian proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, and they have not been shown to constitute a valid group. Today, the Kadu languages are excluded, and the others are usually included in Niger–Congo proper.[citation needed]
Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the noun class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system. However, the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund rather than having inherited them. Blench concludes that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of Mande.[citation needed]
Heiban, Katloid, and Talodi are also grouped together in an automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013).[2] However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Talodi–Heiban languages
[edit]The Heiban languages, also called Koalib or Koalib–Moro, and the Talodi languages, also called Talodi–Masakin, are part of the Talodi–Heiban group.[3]
Lafofa languages
[edit]Lafofa (Tegem) was for a time classified with Talodi, but appears to be a separate branch of Niger–Congo.
Rashad languages
[edit]The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali–Tagoi, varies among descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ms). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic–Congo languages, which is apparently borrowed, but Tegali does not.
Katla languages
[edit]The two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had a Niger–Congo-type noun-class system.
Kadu languages
[edit]Since the work of Thilo C. Schadeberg in 1981, the "Tumtum" or Kadu branch is now widely seen as Nilo-Saharan.
Reconstruction
[edit]Quint (2020) suggests that Proto-Kordofanian can be reconstructed from the Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, and Lafofa languages. His Proto-Kordofanian reconstructions are as follows:[4]
Gloss | Proto-Kordofanian | Talodian | Heibanian | Lafofa | Katloid (Tima) | Rashadian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bark 1 (n.) | *-mVk- | *t-ə-mək | Koalib kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl] | Orig kìmbàkɔ́l | ||
bark 2 (n.) | *k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrE | c-iíri | kúúr | *g-ware | ||
beat / hit | *-bV- | *-gob- / *kə-bɔ | *-bid̪- | ...biŋ | Orig bí(r) / pù(ró) | |
belly | *-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk | *j-+-arag / *ca-rək | *g-+-aare | t̪-úur-i | kúɽúún | |
bite / eat | *-CVk | *-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ | *-iy- | ...jiɛ | *yɛk | |
blood | *(C)iCPV | *ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk | Katla ija ~ iya | Rashad wiya | ||
breast | *CVmiC | *j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik | Tima kɨ̀míndì | *d-miɲ | ||
clothes | *kErEC | *k-ɛrɛt̪ | *g-+-ered̪ | Tagoi kɛr(ɛ́)w | ||
dry | *-OndV | *-an d̪o | *-unDo | *-uddi | ||
ear | *kVnV | *g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu | *g- / n-+-aani | kɔ́.nɔ̀ | Tagoi finin, Tegali (a)nuu | |
elephant | *-VŋV(C) | *d-+-oŋor | yuːŋi | *(fV)ŋVn | ||
eye | *?+-git | *j-+-igg / *c-it | Katla gɨgöt | *y-ngid | ||
foot / leg | *-AkA(C) | *ts-+-agag | Koalib káakà [káagà] | l-ia-ga | *d-ɛgɛn | |
goat | *Em(b)iT | *w-+-emig / *u-mit | ɛɛmi | Tima címìd̪ | *mbɨt | |
green / wet | *-iklV ~ *ijlV | *-iigla | b-ʊ́ɒji-lli | Tagoi -ijilú, Tegali -rígɛ̂l | ||
hair | *kaam ~ *gaam | *d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪ | Tima káàm | *g-aam | ||
head | *gaCDP ~ *CPaCDP | *j-+-ats, *c-ac | Katla gas | *g-aj | ||
left (side) | *-CVul- ~ *-CVur- | *-gule / *-gulɛ | *-awur | kúlɪ | *-awwir | |
mud | *-ElO | Koalib kèlòo | Tima k-ʌ́ʌ́lu | Orig ŋí̧lɔ́ | ||
near | *-Et̪t̪OC | *-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t | Koalib kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k] | Tima mɛ̀t̪ɛ́n | Tagoi gattɔŋ / tɔgɔt | |
one | *attV ~ *addV | *-aDDe | Tima àtíín | Orig wàttá | ||
rain | *kaw ~ *kal | *k-abɪk | *g-+-aw | k-állɔ́-y | *(y)au | |
red | *-OrdE | *-oode[5] / *-d̪ɛ | *-UUre | Tima -rdí | *-araw | |
sheep | *kACVAC | *t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪ | Koalib káaŋàl | βaːŋi | (k)áŋàl | Orig kàgóy |
smoke (n.) | *-uCLVBbV | *g-+-ulu | c-oor-í | kʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́n | Tagoi k(ə)rək, Tegali tulɛ́ | |
sun | *-VCNV | *j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi | Ø-+*-aŋin | kínèè | *-aane | |
tongue | *-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V) | *d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛ | d̪-+*-ŋela | l-íáŋ-i | kìlíŋíì | *d-aŋil(-ag) |
vomit | *-UdA ~ *-UwA | -VddV / *uk-dɛ | *-wey- | lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa | -húwʌ̀ | *VdVk |
Lexical isoglosses
[edit]Starostin (2018) lists the following common lexical isoglosses in the Kordofanian languages. Potential cognates are highlighted in bold.[6]
Proto-language eye bone egg tooth ear tongue head I thou Proto-Heiban *=ey *=uya *=ɛɲɔ(ŋ) *=iŋa-t̪ *=ɛːni *=ŋɛla *=da *(i)ɲ=i *(u)ŋ=a Proto-Talodi *=igi *=umV *=uwi(ŋ) *=iɲi-t *=ɛːnu *=lʊŋɛ *=âs *ŋ=i *(u)ŋ=a (Proto-)Lafofa =î =uami =uwɛ- =ɛːŋı liaŋi =ay ɲɛ- ŋɔ- Proto-Katla-Tima *=igi *=uga *=iwɔɲ *=ɔnɔ *=liŋi *=as ɲɔŋ ŋaŋ Proto-Rashad *=i(ŋ)gə *=uh *iye (?) *=iɲi-n *=əni-n *=ŋəla *=as *ŋ=i *ŋ=ɔ Proto-Kadu *=yV *kuɓa *sule *=kini *=ɛːsɔ *ŋaɗɔ *=at̪u *aʔa *oʔo
Comparative vocabulary
[edit]Sample basic vocabulary of the Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, and Lafofa branches:
Note: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.
Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Heiban[7] | *ay / g-,j- | *-aani | *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- | *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- | *-ŋela; *-iŋla ? / D-,d- | *-uuɲu | *-win / ŋ- | *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) | *-aaɽe / gu-,j- (WC) | *-aw / ŋ- | *-id̪d̪- | *-iriɲ / j- |
Proto-Talodi[8] | *c-it / k- | *k-ɛnu / 0- | *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- | *c-ə-ɲit / k- | *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- | *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- | *ŋ-ɪccʊk | *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- | *p-ɪda / k- | *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ | *ḷə-ɡɔ | *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (or *...n̪) |
Proto-Katloid[9] | *g-ɪgɛd̪ | *-ɔnɔ | *gɪ-lɛd̪ | *-laŋɛd̪ | *i-ju(u) | *-ʌ-lV- | ||||||
Tagoi[10] | yígət / ŋə́gət | fənín / fənédit | yídir / ŋə́dər | tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən | táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt | kajər / hájɛrət | ŋɔ́y | kuh / huh | kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ | ŋay | yɛk | pəŋən / fəŋən |
Turjok[10] | íŋgət / ŋ̀gət | fəniín / fəníínət | indər / ŋəndər | M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin | taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt | kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt | ŋɔ́y | kus / sus | kafɔ / safɔ́ | ŋaay | pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn | |
Tagom[10] | ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de | nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun | ndr̀ / ndr̀re | ɲîn / ɲîne | aŋa / aŋún | ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre | óyá / óyo̍n | uru / urûn | lás / lásɛ | ega | yɛk | ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn |
Tegem[11] | ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì / m- | kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- | ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- | l-iәŋ(ì) | k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi | ɲɪ̀ | ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì) / m- | kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) | ɲìì | kɪ́rɪ̀k | ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a- | |
El Amira[11] | lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ | wimu | t-aɲ / k- | liŋ | kiɲ | ɲi | tuwam | kwa | ɲi | palith |
Numerals
[edit]Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[12]
Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katla | Katla | ʈíʈʌ́k | cík | ʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ | ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀m | ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n | ɟɔ́lʈɪ́n | ɟɔ́lɪ́k | t̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀l | ɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́n | ràk͡pác |
Katla | Tima | ʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪn | iheek | ihwʌy | ihʌlʌm | iduliin | ɪntədakwalɔŋ | ɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛl | ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy | int̪ʌhʌdʌkun | ihedʌkún |
Rashad | Tagoi (Orig) | -wàttá / ùttá | wùkkók | wìttá | wàrʊ̀m | wʊ̧ràm | ɲérér | ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ | tùppá | kʊ́mnàsá(n) | kʊ́mán |
Rashad | Tegali | m̪t̪a | rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ | d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a | aːrəm | ʊmmə | ɲeˑɽe | ʊmmərkʊ | duˑpˑa | fəŋɪsan | fəŋən |
Heiban | Warnang (Werni/Wernang) | ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́r | ŋèrccáccény | ŋèrráttén | ŋèlàmlàŋ | ŋera ŋoʈʈor | ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?) | ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) | ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?) | ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?) | kiccukurrɐ |
Heiban | Moro | ɡónto | lə́ɡə́tʃan | lə́ɡɪ́tʃɪn | márlon | ðénə́ŋ | ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) | ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan (5+ 2) | ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3) | ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) | rɛ́θ |
Heiban | Tira | kɛ̀nːɛ | kɪ̀ɽɪcàn | kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́n | maɬɽʊ̀ | ðɛ́nɛ̀ | ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n (3+3) | maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3) | ɔ́bːɔ̀ | ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀ (5+4) | ʊ́rːɪ̀ |
Heiban | Laro | kʷɛ̀tɛ̀ | rɔ́m | tə̀ɽìl | kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ | tʊ̀dìní | ɲə̀rlə̀l | kʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl (4+3) | ɗúbə̀ | tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4) | dí |
Heiban | Otoro | wɛ̀dɔ́ŋ | kútèn | t̪èɽel | kɔ̀ɽɔŋ | t̪ɔ̀ðːnɛ | ɲɛ̄ɽɛl | kɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel (4+3) | dúbə | t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4) | dìː |
Heiban | Koalib (1) | kwɛ́t:ɛ | kwiɽín | tɛjɪɾ | kɔɽŋɔn | tuðní | ɲiɾlíl | kunəðɗuβə | ɗuβaβuŋa | kunəðɗi | ɗí |
Heiban | Koalib (2) | -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ | -iɽɐn | tɔɔɽɔl | twaɽŋan | toðne | ɲerlel | ɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀n | ɗòvɔ̀kkwóppà | kwúnɐ̀ttùrrí | rúi |
Talodi | Dagik | j-ɜlːʊ | j-ɛːɽa | j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ | bɽandɔ | si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand) | na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1) | na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2) | na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3) | na bɽandɔ (5 + 4) | n̪ipɽa |
Talodi | Acheron | bulluk | weɽʌk | wʌt̪t̪ʌk | bɽando | zəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand') | zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk (5 + 2) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4) | ɡurruŋ |
Talodi | Lumun | cʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂ | mɛ̀ɽá | mɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀k | mɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n | mʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀k | mɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀k | mɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k ( 3) ? | mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ (2 x 4) ? | mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n (5 + 4) | mɑ̀tul |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Kordofanian languages | Kordofanian, Niger-Congo, Chadic | Britannica".
- ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ^ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.
- ^ Quint, Nicolas (2020). In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, 239-268. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian Vol 2: The Talodi Group. (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika: Beiheft, 2.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske. 175pp.
- ^ Starostin, George. 2018. Preliminary lexicostatistical analysis for languages of the Nuba Mountains. 13th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics (RSUH, March 22-23, 2018).
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
- ^ Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.
- ^ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). Reconstructing Katloid and deconstructing Kordofanian. In: Schneider-Blum et al. (eds.): Nuba Mountain Languages Studies 3. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
- ^ a b c Schadeberg, Thilo. 2013. Rashad survey data. In Roger Blench & Thilo Schadeberg (eds), Nuba Mountain Language Studies. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp.325-345.
- ^ a b Blench, Roger. 2016. Tegem-Amira: a previously unrecognised subgroup of Niger-Congo.
- ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
Bibliography
[edit]- Herman Bell. 1995. The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976? (archive link). Being a study of the published results from a major project of the Institute of African and Asian Studies: the Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains.
- Roger Blench. Unpublished. Does Kordofanian constitute a group and if not, where does its languages fit into Niger-Congo?
- Roger Blench. Unpublished. Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence.
- Roger Blench, 2011, Should Kordofanian be split up?, Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden
- P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "The languages of the Nuba Mountains." Sudan Notes and Records 14: 149-162.
- Carl Meinhof. 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981a. A survey of Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". Die Sprachen Afrikas. Band 1: Niger–Kordofanisch, ed. by Bernd Heine, T. C. Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, pp. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg. 1981c. "The classification of the Kadugli language group". Nilo-Saharan, ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. Lionel Bender, pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Note on the language of the Nubas of Southern Kordofan." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
- Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang." Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
- Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1956. The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) Oxford University Press: London.
- A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan. 1966. Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press: London.
- Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nrs. 91-93; Spalten 729-52. (=Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nrs. 29-31.)
- Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "On the Tumali language". Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1846-47 and 1847-48. Vol 3:239-54. Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1848-49 and 1849-50. Vol. 4:138-9.
External links
[edit] Media related to Kordofanian languages at Wikimedia Commons