Kalali language: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Awakening Australian Aboriginal language}} |
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{{Refimprove|article|date=May 2007}} |
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{{Use Australian English|date=October 2018}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name= |
|name=Kalali |
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|nativename= |
|nativename=Bulloo River |
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|altname=Garlali |
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|region=[[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]] |
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|region=[[Bulloo River]], [[Queensland]] |
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|extinct=? |
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|ethnicity=[[Kalali people|Kalali]] |
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|familycolor=Australian |
|familycolor=Australian |
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|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] |
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] |
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|fam2=[[ |
|fam2=[[Ngura language|Ngura]] (geographical) |
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| ⚫ | |||
|fam3=[[Ngura language|Ngura]] |
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|glotto=kala1380 |
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|dia1=Waŋkumara Galali <BR>(Wilson River Galali) |
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|dia2=Bulloo River Galali |
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| ⚫ | |||
|aiatsis=D30 |
|aiatsis=D30 |
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|aiatsisname=Kullilli |
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|linglist=nbx-kal |
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|aiatsis2=L25 |
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|aiatsisname2=Wangkumara (Curr's [[Wongkomarra]]) |
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|aiatsis3=L43 |
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|aiatsisname3=Bidjara |
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|aiatsis4=L57 |
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|aiatsisname4=Minkabari |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Kalali''', also written '''Kullili''', '''Galali''', '''Garlali''', '''Kullilla''' and other variants, is a poorly attested [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]]. It is one of several geographically transitional "[[Karnic languages|Karna]]–[[Maric languages|Mari]] fringe" languages that have not been convincingly classified, and is best considered an isolate branch within the [[Pama–Nyungan]] family.<ref name="AIATSIS"/> [[Gavan Breen]] provisionally includes Minkabari and the [[Ngura language|Ngura]] dialect Pitjara/Bidjara/Bitharra, which together have been called the '''Bulloo River''' language.<ref>{{aiatsis|L57|Minkabari}}</ref> |
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'''Garlali''' (Galali, Gaḷali, Kalali) or '''Kullili''' (Kullilla) is a pair of ethnically related [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]]s. |
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Breen is partly responsible for the variation in the spelling of the name 'Kalali'. The forms ''Garlali'' and ''Galarli'' are due to what he now considers a non-distinctive instance of retroflex ''rl'', and he prefers the spelling ''Kalali''. |
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The Kullili people were an important group who occupied an area of [[Australia]] from about [[Thargomindah]] in [[South West Queensland]], southward to the Currawinya Lakes, and west to Bulloo Lakes and north to Norley Station. |
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==People and language== |
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The name covers two varieties. Waŋkumara Galali (Wilson River Galali) is very close to the Karnic languages Waŋkumara and Bundamara, while the Bulloo River Galali studies by Breen is one of the transitional 'Karna–Mari fringe' languages. The former may have originated in the latter, but been subject language shift.<ref name="AIATSIS"/> |
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Both the [[Kalali people|Kalali]] and the [[Wanggumara]] people apparently lived by the [[Bulloo River]] and the [[Wilson River (Queensland)|Wilson River]] in [[South West Queensland]]. There is some debate whether they originated by the Bulloo River and migrated to the Wilson River or vice versa. For instance, Breen posited that some groups in south-west Queensland had abandoned their original languages (but not their names) and adopted the [[Wilson River language]] in the early days of Australian colonial settlement, when people moved from Thargomindah and the middle Bulloo River to [[Nockatunga Station|Nockatunga]] (near the modern town of Noccundra). |
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| ⚫ | The Bulloo River Kalali lived around the area from [[Thargomindah]] southward to the Currawinya Lakes and perhaps west to Bulloo Lakes and north to Norley Station. Bulloo River Kalali was studied by Breen (from a speaker named Charlie Phillips). The informant Charlie Phillips aged 74 years, born at Backwood Station south of Hungerford in south-west Queensland, spoke the language fluently and confidently despite having not used the language conversationally for 40 years. |
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The Kullili language was collated by Gavin Breen from a remaining speaker named Charlie Phillips. |
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A language labelled "Wonkomarra" in Myles (1886) is a different language from modern Wangkumara, and may be a variety of Kalali. On the other hand, the language spoken by the Kalali people that Wurm labelled "Waŋkumara (Gaḷali)" was a variety of Wangkumara. |
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The descendents of the Kullili speakers mostly live in Brisbane, Cherbourg (the old Aboriginal Mission), and small New South Wales and Queensland towns such as Bourke, Thargomindah, Cunnamulla, and Charleville. |
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==Language revival== |
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Galali is one of the dialects of what linguist Gaven Breen has called the ‘Wilson River Language’. Galali has also been referred to as the ‘Bulloo River Language’, and strong similarities occur with ‘Wankumara’, ‘Thiraila’, ‘Mambangura’, and ‘Bunthamara’. |
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Kullilli Ngulkana is a [[language revival]] initiative founded by brothers Toby Adams and Daryl Docherty. Adams' father was one of the [[Stolen Generations]], having been taken as a child from his [[Quilpie]] home to the [[Aboriginal reserve]] at [[Cherbourg, Queensland#Aboriginal reserve|Cherbourg]], and Adams became determined to reconnect to his culture and language. After meeting linguist [[Claire Bowern]] of [[Yale University]], who had previously worked with Kullili [[Aboriginal elder|elders]] to produce language resources, the pair started working together. The project has started to develop a dictionary and other learning resources for the language, including a [[mobile phone app]]. The state school at [[Thargomindah]] is also working with Adams, looking at incorporating language learning into their curriculum.<ref>{{cite web | last=McCosker | first=Maddelin | title=Traditional Kullilli language saved from extinction by two brothers retracing the past | website=ABC News| publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=4 July 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-04/toby-adams-reviving-the-kullilli-language/100256386 | access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> |
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Breen pointed out that some groups in southwest Queensland had abandoned their original languages (but not their names) and adopted the ‘Wilson River Language’ in the early days of Australian settlement when people moved from Thargomindah to Nockatunga (near the modern town of Noccundra). |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Central}} |
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== General characteristics == |
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Wankamara (Galali) is entirely suffixing and morphologically fairly simple having the following word classes: nominal (noun and pronoun), verb, particle, and interjection. The word order is random and free. The phonemes consist of three vowels and 26 consonants. |
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[[Category:Karnic languages]] |
[[Category:Karnic languages]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Maric languages]] |
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[[Category:Extinct languages of Queensland]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:36, 8 July 2022
| Kalali | |
|---|---|
| Garlali | |
| Bulloo River | |
| Region | Bulloo River, Queensland |
| Ethnicity | Kalali |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gll |
| Glottolog | kala1380 |
| AIATSIS[1] | D30 Kullilli, L25 Wangkumara (Curr's Wongkomarra), L43 Bidjara, L57 Minkabari |
| ELP | Garlali |
Kalali, also written Kullili, Galali, Garlali, Kullilla and other variants, is a poorly attested Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of several geographically transitional "Karna–Mari fringe" languages that have not been convincingly classified, and is best considered an isolate branch within the Pama–Nyungan family.[1] Gavan Breen provisionally includes Minkabari and the Ngura dialect Pitjara/Bidjara/Bitharra, which together have been called the Bulloo River language.[2]
Breen is partly responsible for the variation in the spelling of the name 'Kalali'. The forms Garlali and Galarli are due to what he now considers a non-distinctive instance of retroflex rl, and he prefers the spelling Kalali.
People and language
[edit]Both the Kalali and the Wanggumara people apparently lived by the Bulloo River and the Wilson River in South West Queensland. There is some debate whether they originated by the Bulloo River and migrated to the Wilson River or vice versa. For instance, Breen posited that some groups in south-west Queensland had abandoned their original languages (but not their names) and adopted the Wilson River language in the early days of Australian colonial settlement, when people moved from Thargomindah and the middle Bulloo River to Nockatunga (near the modern town of Noccundra).
The Bulloo River Kalali lived around the area from Thargomindah southward to the Currawinya Lakes and perhaps west to Bulloo Lakes and north to Norley Station. Bulloo River Kalali was studied by Breen (from a speaker named Charlie Phillips). The informant Charlie Phillips aged 74 years, born at Backwood Station south of Hungerford in south-west Queensland, spoke the language fluently and confidently despite having not used the language conversationally for 40 years.
A language labelled "Wonkomarra" in Myles (1886) is a different language from modern Wangkumara, and may be a variety of Kalali. On the other hand, the language spoken by the Kalali people that Wurm labelled "Waŋkumara (Gaḷali)" was a variety of Wangkumara.
Language revival
[edit]Kullilli Ngulkana is a language revival initiative founded by brothers Toby Adams and Daryl Docherty. Adams' father was one of the Stolen Generations, having been taken as a child from his Quilpie home to the Aboriginal reserve at Cherbourg, and Adams became determined to reconnect to his culture and language. After meeting linguist Claire Bowern of Yale University, who had previously worked with Kullili elders to produce language resources, the pair started working together. The project has started to develop a dictionary and other learning resources for the language, including a mobile phone app. The state school at Thargomindah is also working with Adams, looking at incorporating language learning into their curriculum.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b D30 Kullilli at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ^ L57 Minkabari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ McCosker, Maddelin (4 July 2021). "Traditional Kullilli language saved from extinction by two brothers retracing the past". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
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