Karelians: Difference between revisions
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The '''Karelians''' (also ''Karels'' and ''East Karelians'') are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group living mostly [[Republic of Karelia]] and in some other parts of the Russian Federaton, and also in Eastern Finland, where they have been mostly assimilated in the closely related Finnish population after the Second World War. <ref>[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians/shtml| Redbook, an Estonian site]</ref> <ref>[http://scripta.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjala_tulevaisuus.shtml| Karjalan tulevaisuus, in Finnish ("The Future of Karelia") by Kotus]</ref> |
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The '''Karelians''' (also Karels) refer to two closely related but historically distinct<ref>[http://scripta.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjala_kielta_ja_murretta.shtml| Karjalan kieltä ja murretta ("Karelian languages and dialects"), a site in Finnish maintained by Kotus, a research institution under the the Finnish Ministry or Education]</ref> <ref>[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians/shtml| Redbook, an Estonian site]</ref>groups descending from those [[Baltic Finns]] whose historic homeland [[Karelia]] is now divided between [[Finland]]'s counties [[North Karelia]] and [[South Karelia]], and [[Republic of Karelia]] in [[Russia]]<ref name="kr"/> Nowadays the '''Russian''' or '''East Karelians''' are usually seen and consider themselves as a distinct ethnic group, whereas the '''Finnish Karelians''' are seen and consider themselves as a sub-group of the ethnic Finns. Separate identities have been formed and maintained by different religions, dialects and historical experiences.<ref>[http://scripta.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjala_kielta_ja_murretta.shtml| Karjalan kieltä ja murretta, in Finnish by Kotus]</ref> However, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, also the East Karelians were often seen as ethnic Finns in Finland. |
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<ref name="kr"/> They should not be confused with the ''Finnish Karelians'' who are seen and consider themselves as a sub-group of the [[Finnish people|ethnic Finns]] and live the Finland's present-day counties of North and South Karelia. Separate identities between the two groups called Karelians have been formed and maintained by different religions, dialects and historical experiences.<ref>[http://scripta.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjala_kielta_ja_murretta.shtml| Karjalan kieltä ja murretta, in Finnish by Kotus]</ref> |
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Over the centuries East Karelians have become dispersed in several distinct subgroups. The largest groups are North Karelians living in [[Republic of Karelia]] and the South Karelians in the [[Tver Oblast|Tver]], [[Novgorod Oblast|Novgorod]] and in the [[Leningrad Oblast]] of Russian federation. The subgroups of South Karelians, the Tikhvin Karels and Valdai Karels numbered between 90,000-100,000 are considered assimilated and speak Russian as their first language. The North Karelians include the Olonets and the Ludes, speakers of [[Olonets Karelian language]] and [[Ludic language]] live in the Republic of Karelia . <ref>{{cite book |title=Language Death and Language Maintenance |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= |isbn=9789027247520 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JdzVePSApMgC&pg=PA121 }}</ref> |
Over the centuries East Karelians have become dispersed in several distinct subgroups. The largest groups are North Karelians living in [[Republic of Karelia]] and the South Karelians in the [[Tver Oblast|Tver]], [[Novgorod Oblast|Novgorod]] and in the [[Leningrad Oblast]] of Russian federation. The subgroups of South Karelians, the Tikhvin Karels and Valdai Karels numbered between 90,000-100,000 are considered assimilated and speak Russian as their first language. The North Karelians include the Olonets and the Ludes, speakers of [[Olonets Karelian language]] and [[Ludic language]] live in the Republic of Karelia . <ref>{{cite book |title=Language Death and Language Maintenance |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= |isbn=9789027247520 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JdzVePSApMgC&pg=PA121 }}</ref> |
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The modern Karelian [[literary language]] is identical in its written form to Finnish language and has maintained the Latin alphabet used in the Russian Federation. |
The modern Karelian [[literary language]] is identical in its written form to Finnish language and has maintained the Latin alphabet used in the Russian Federation. |
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The Karelians are mostly Russian Orthodox. |
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The East Karelians are mostly Russian Orthodox, while most of the Finnish Karelians are traditionally Protestant Lutherans. However, Finland has also a minority of Orthodox Karelians. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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During the 19th century Finnish folklorists including [[Elias Lönnrot]] traveled to Central and Eastern Karelia to gather archaic folklore and epic poetry. The Orthodox Karelians in Russia were now seen as close brethren of even a sub-groups of the Finns. The ideology of ''[[Karelianism]]'' inspired Finnish artists and researchers, who believed that the Ortodox Karelians had retained elements of an archaic, original Finnish culture which had disappeared from Finland. |
During the 19th century Finnish folklorists including [[Elias Lönnrot]] traveled to Central and Eastern Karelia to gather archaic folklore and epic poetry. The Orthodox Karelians in Russia were now seen as close brethren of even a sub-groups of the Finns. The ideology of ''[[Karelianism]]'' inspired Finnish artists and researchers, who believed that the Ortodox Karelians had retained elements of an archaic, original Finnish culture which had disappeared from Finland. |
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When Finland gained its independence in 1917 only a small fraction of the Orthodox Karelians lived in the [[Finnish Karelia]]. The lands were mainly populated by Finnish Karelians of Lutheran background. Finland lost most of this area to the Soviet Union in [[World War II]], when [[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|over 400,000 people were evacuated]] over Finland's new border from the [[Karelian Isthmus]], [[Ladoga Karelia]] and, to a lesser degree, from the main part of [[East Karelia]] that had been held by Finland 1941–1944. |
When Finland gained its independence in 1917 only a small fraction of the Orthodox Karelians lived in the [[Finnish Karelia]]. The lands were mainly populated by Finnish Karelians of Lutheran background. Finland lost most of this area to the Soviet Union in [[World War II]], when [[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|over 400,000 people were evacuated]] over Finland's new border from the [[Karelian Isthmus]], [[Ladoga Karelia]] and, to a lesser degree, from the main part of [[East Karelia]] that had been held by Finland 1941–1944. 55 000 Orthodox Karelians were included among the people Finland evacuated from the Ladoga Karelia. These were mainly Karelian-speaking, but they and their descendants soon adopted the Finnish language after the war. |
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The Finnish Karelians are [[Finns]]. The main dialectical division among the Finns, that between the [[East Finnish]] and [[West Finnish]] dialects, defines the [[Savonia]]ns and the Finnish Karelians as ''East Finnish.'' |
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The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later.<ref>Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity among Non-Russians in the USSR," ''Demography'' 20 (November, 1983): 461-489.</ref> |
The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later.<ref>Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity among Non-Russians in the USSR," ''Demography'' 20 (November, 1983): 461-489.</ref> |
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Many of the evacuees have [[emigration|emigrated]], mainly to [[Sweden]], to [[Australia]] and to [[North America]] |
Many of the evacuees have [[emigration|emigrated]], mainly to [[Sweden]], to [[Australia]] and to [[North America]]. |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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Revision as of 16:54, 28 October 2008
.
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 504,000 [1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | c 140,000 in the Republic of Karelia, smaller groups in other parts of the Russian Federation.[3] |
 Finland | c 140,000 still living evacuees from the territories ceded after the World War II[4] c 315,000 inhabitants in present-day Finnish Karelia [5] |
| Languages | |
| Karelian (Ludic Olonets), Finnish, Russian | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Finns, Ingrian Finns, Veps, Votes, Estonians, Livonians, Setos | |
The Karelians (also Karels and East Karelians) are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group living mostly Republic of Karelia and in some other parts of the Russian Federaton, and also in Eastern Finland, where they have been mostly assimilated in the closely related Finnish population after the Second World War. [6] [7] [1] They should not be confused with the Finnish Karelians who are seen and consider themselves as a sub-group of the ethnic Finns and live the Finland's present-day counties of North and South Karelia. Separate identities between the two groups called Karelians have been formed and maintained by different religions, dialects and historical experiences.[8]
Over the centuries East Karelians have become dispersed in several distinct subgroups. The largest groups are North Karelians living in Republic of Karelia and the South Karelians in the Tver, Novgorod and in the Leningrad Oblast of Russian federation. The subgroups of South Karelians, the Tikhvin Karels and Valdai Karels numbered between 90,000-100,000 are considered assimilated and speak Russian as their first language. The North Karelians include the Olonets and the Ludes, speakers of Olonets Karelian language and Ludic language live in the Republic of Karelia . [9]
The modern Karelian literary language is identical in its written form to Finnish language and has maintained the Latin alphabet used in the Russian Federation. The Karelians are mostly Russian Orthodox.
History
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2008) |
Since the 13th century the Karelians have lived in the tension between the East and the West, between Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Catholicism, later Lutheranism. Some Karelians were Christianized and subdued by Sweden, others by Novgorod or Russia. Thus Karelia was split into two different and often hostile groups. The Kingdom of Sweden held Western Karelia and Karelian Isthmus but Central, Northern and Eastern Karelia were under the Russian rule. In the 17th century the tension between the Lutheran Swedish government and Orthodox Karelians triggered a mass migration from Swedish Karelia into the region of Tver in Russia, forming the Tver-Karelian minority. People from Savonia moved to Karelia in large numbers.
During the 19th century Finnish folklorists including Elias Lönnrot traveled to Central and Eastern Karelia to gather archaic folklore and epic poetry. The Orthodox Karelians in Russia were now seen as close brethren of even a sub-groups of the Finns. The ideology of Karelianism inspired Finnish artists and researchers, who believed that the Ortodox Karelians had retained elements of an archaic, original Finnish culture which had disappeared from Finland.
When Finland gained its independence in 1917 only a small fraction of the Orthodox Karelians lived in the Finnish Karelia. The lands were mainly populated by Finnish Karelians of Lutheran background. Finland lost most of this area to the Soviet Union in World War II, when over 400,000 people were evacuated over Finland's new border from the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and, to a lesser degree, from the main part of East Karelia that had been held by Finland 1941–1944. 55 000 Orthodox Karelians were included among the people Finland evacuated from the Ladoga Karelia. These were mainly Karelian-speaking, but they and their descendants soon adopted the Finnish language after the war.
The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later.[10]
Many of the evacuees have emigrated, mainly to Sweden, to Australia and to North America.
Language
The Karelian language is closely related to the Finnish language, and particularly by Finnish linguists seen as a dialect of Finnish, although the variety spoken in East Karelia is usually seen as a proper language. [1]
The dialect spoken in the South Karelian region of Finland belongs to the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian dialect were also part of this dialect group.[2] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects.[3]
Religion
The Russian Karelians are Eastern Orthodox Christians. Most Finnish Karelians are Lutherans.
Demographics
Significant enclaves of Karelians exist in the Tver oblast of Russia, resettled after Russia's defeat in 1617 against Sweden — in order to escape the peril of forced conversion to Lutheranism in Swedish Karelia and because the Russians promised tax deductions the Orthodox Karelians mass migrated there. Olonets (Anus) is the only city in Russia where the Karelians form a majority (60% of the population).
Culture
The Karelian culture and language was a major inspiration for the Fennoman movement, and the unification of East Karelia with independent Finland (Greater Finland) was a major political issue in 20th century Finland.
References
- ^ a b c Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. pp. 368. ISBN 9780313309847.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ |Karelian flags
- ^ official Russian records, see Minahan pp. 369
- ^ Finnish records of people born in Karelia, the areas ceded to the USSR after WWII, John Benjamins pp. 122
- ^ Many Karelias in Virtual Finland, a website maintained by the Finnish Minisry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ Redbook, an Estonian site
- ^ Karjalan tulevaisuus, in Finnish ("The Future of Karelia") by Kotus
- ^ Karjalan kieltä ja murretta, in Finnish by Kotus
- ^ Language Death and Language Maintenance. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2000. ISBN 9789027247520.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity among Non-Russians in the USSR," Demography 20 (November, 1983): 461-489.
See also
External links
- Russian Karelians (The Peoples of the Red Book)
- Many Karelias (Official Virtual Finland page)