Karluk Yabghu: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
adding template and map |
Marcocapelle (talk | contribs) removed Category:History of Kyrgyzstan; added Category:History of the Kyrgyz people using HotCat Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
| (13 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|p1 = Türgesh |
|p1 = Türgesh |
||
|flag_p1 = |
|flag_p1 = |
||
|s1 = |
|s1 = Kara-Khanid Khanate |
||
|image_map = [[File:Қарлұқтар.png|frameless|center]] |
|image_map = [[File:Қарлұқтар.png|frameless|center|270px]] |
||
|title_leader = |
|title_leader = |
||
|stat_year1 = |
|stat_year1 = |
||
|stat_area1 = |
|stat_area1 = |
||
|today = [[China]]<br/>[[Kazakhstan]]<br/>[[Kyrgyzstan]]}} |
|today = [[China]]<br/>[[Kazakhstan]]<br/>[[Kyrgyzstan]]}} |
||
[[File:Piatto con decorazione di castello assediato, arg, samirechye, da bolshoe-anikovskaya, IX-X sec su orig del l'VIII sec.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Anikova dish]]'': [[Nestorian Christian]] plate with decoration of the [[Siege of Jericho]], probably made by [[Sogdians|Sogdian]] artists under [[Karluks|Karluk]] dominion, in [[Semirechye]].<ref name="ES">{{cite book |last1=Sims |first1=Eleanor |title=Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources |date=2002 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09038-3 |pages=293–294 |url=https://archive.org/details/peerlessimagespe0000sims/page/294/mode/1up}}</ref> Cast silver of the 9th-10th century, copied from an original 8th century plate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hermitage Museum |url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/08.+applied+arts/97259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorelik |first1=Michael |title="Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. |date=1979 |publisher=Robert Elgood |url=http://warfare.tk/Gorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm}}</ref>]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
== History == |
== History == |
||
The [[Karluks]] were part of the [[First Turkic Khaganate|First Turkic]] and [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur]] khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called ''Sanxing Yabghu'' ({{lang-zh|c=三姓葉護|s=|t=|l=[[Yabghu]] of Three Tribes}}) in 8th century.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|title=Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period)|date=2008-10-23|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291333417}}</ref> In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by [[Basmyl]] khagan [[Ashina Shi]]. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe|author=Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G.|date=2004|work=Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie|others=Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich)|isbn=5858032559|edition=2-e izd., isprav. i dop|location=Sankt-Peterburg|oclc=60357062}}</ref> |
The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Карлукское государство (756—940 гг.) |url=https://e-history.kz/ru/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9125 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=e-history.kz |date=2 August 2013 |language=ru}}</ref> The [[Karluks]] were part of the [[First Turkic Khaganate|First Turkic]] and [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur]] khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called ''Sanxing Yabghu'' ({{lang-zh|c=三姓葉護|s=|t=|l=[[Yabghu]] of Three Tribes}}) in 8th century.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|title=Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period)|date=2008-10-23|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291333417}}</ref> In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by [[Basmyl]] khagan [[Ashina Shi]]. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe|author=Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G.|date=2004|work=Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie|others=Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich)|isbn=5858032559|edition=2-e izd., isprav. i dop|location=Sankt-Peterburg|oclc=60357062}}</ref> |
||
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor ({{lang-zh|c=毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜|s=|t=|p=Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài}}) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles|author=Chavannes, Edouard|date=2007|publisher=Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi|oclc=145840509}}</ref> He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=18&m=1|title=Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex|website=bitig.org|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> |
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor ({{lang-zh|c=毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜|s=|t=|p=Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài}}) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles|author=Chavannes, Edouard|date=2007|publisher=Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi|oclc=145840509}}</ref> He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=18&m=1|title=Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex|website=bitig.org|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> |
||
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu ({{lang-zh|c=頓毗伽葉護|s=|t=|p=Dùn Píjiā Yèhù}}) in 753.<ref name=":0" /> A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at [[Kara-Khoja]] in the [[Turpan]] oasis by [[Albert von Le Coq]]. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the [[Chigils|Chigil]] tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii|author=Zuev, I︠U︡. A.|date=2002|work=Daĭk-Press|isbn=((9985441529))|location=Almaty|oclc=52976103}}</ref> He probably was the one who conquered [[Turgesh]] state and resettled Karluks in [[Zhetysu]] basin, making [[Suyab]] their capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Salman|first=Hüseyin|date=Spring 2014|title=The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment|url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/108904|journal=Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi|doi=10.16985/MTAD.201417912|doi-broken-date= |
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu ({{lang-zh|c=頓毗伽葉護|s=|t=|p=Dùn Píjiā Yèhù}}) in 753.<ref name=":0" /> A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at [[Kara-Khoja]] in the [[Turpan]] oasis by [[Albert von Le Coq]]. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the [[Chigils|Chigil]] tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii|author=Zuev, I︠U︡. A.|date=2002|work=Daĭk-Press|isbn=((9985441529))|location=Almaty|oclc=52976103}}</ref> He probably was the one who conquered [[Turgesh]] state and resettled Karluks in [[Zhetysu]] basin, making [[Suyab]] their capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Salman|first=Hüseyin|date=Spring 2014|title=The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment|url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/108904|journal=Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi|doi=10.16985/MTAD.201417912|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113832/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/108904|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
||
Another ruler was Köbäk,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=46265.|title=Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding|website=www.zeno.ru|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.<ref name=":1" /> |
Another ruler was Köbäk,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=46265.|title=Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding|website=www.zeno.ru|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.<ref name=":1" /> |
||
When the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate|Yenisei Kyrgyz]] destroyed the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)|url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/309}}</ref> |
When the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate|Yenisei Kyrgyz]] destroyed the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]], forming the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)|date=2 August 2013 |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/309}}</ref> |
||
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> |
|||
File:Anikova dish horseman.jpg|''[[Anikova dish]]'' horseman, [[Semirechye]], {{c.|800 CE}} design.<ref name="GK37">{{cite book |last1=Karamian |first1=Gholamreza |last2=Maksymiuk |first2=Katarzyna |title=Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University |location=Siedlce Tehran |isbn=978-83-62447-19-0 |page=251, Fig. 37 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Silver-gilt-plate-showing-a-siege-found-in-Siberia-and-thought-to-have-be-made-in_fig153_323545452}}</ref> |
|||
File:Anikova,_two_horsemen_(grey_background).jpg|''[[Anikova dish]]'', two horsemen, Semirechye, {{c.|800 CE}} design.<ref name="GK37"/> |
|||
File:Anikova horsemen.jpg|''[[Anikova dish]]'', two horsemen with banner, Semirechye, {{c.|800 CE}} design.<ref name="GK37"/> |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
{{Continental Asia in 800 CE|right|{{center|Location of the Karluk Yabghu, with contemporary polities circa 800 CE}}|{{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=43|N |long=76|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=25}}}} |
|||
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Oghuz Yabgu State]] |
*[[Oghuz Yabgu State]] |
||
| Line 44: | Line 55: | ||
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] |
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:History of the Kyrgyz people]] |
||
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] |
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] |
||
[[Category:756 establishments]] |
[[Category:756 establishments]] |
||
Latest revision as of 15:33, 20 May 2024
Karluk Yabghu State | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 756–840 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Suyab later Balasagun | ||||||||
| Common languages | Karluk Turkic | ||||||||
| Religion | Tengriism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 756 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 840 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan | ||||||||
The Karluk Yabghu State (simplified Chinese: 葛逻禄叶护国; traditional Chinese: 葛邏祿葉護國; pinyin: Géluólù Yèhùguó) was a polity ruled by Karluk tribes.
History[edit]
The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[4] The Karluks were part of the First Turkic and Uyghur khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Sanxing Yabghu (Chinese: 三姓葉護; lit. 'Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century.[5] In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of Ashina tribe.[6]
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜; pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.[7] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[8]
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護; pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[7] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[9] He probably was the one who conquered Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in Zhetysu basin, making Suyab their capital.[10]
Another ruler was Köbäk,[11] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.[10]
When the Yenisei Kyrgyz destroyed the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, forming the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[12]
![Anikova dish horseman, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Anikova_dish_horseman.jpg/400px-Anikova_dish_horseman.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/335px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen with banner, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Anikova_horsemen.jpg/400px-Anikova_horsemen.jpg)
Location of the Karluk Yabghu, with contemporary polities circa 800 CE
| History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
|---|
 |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.
- ^ "Hermitage Museum".
- ^ Gorelik, Michael (1979). "Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. Robert Elgood.
- ^ "Карлукское государство (756—940 гг.)". e-history.kz (in Russian). 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2008-10-23). Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period) (Thesis).
- ^ Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004). Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 5858032559. OCLC 60357062.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Chavannes, Edouard (2007). Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles. Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. OCLC 145840509.
- ^ "Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex". bitig.org. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ Zuev, I︠U︡. A. (2002). Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii. Almaty. ISBN 9985441529. OCLC 52976103.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Salman, Hüseyin (Spring 2014). "The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. doi:10.16985/MTAD.201417912 (inactive 31 January 2024). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - ^ "Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding". www.zeno.ru. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ "Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)". 2 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017). Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history. Siedlce Tehran: Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University. p. 251, Fig. 37. ISBN 978-83-62447-19-0.
Further reading[edit]
- History of civilisations of Central Asia. South Asia Books. March 1999. p. 569. ISBN 978-8120815407.
- The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0521243049.
 | This article related to Central Asian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |