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The '''Kurdish chiefdoms''' or '''principalities''' were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of [[Perpetual war|continuous warfare]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid]] Iran.<ref name="kurd-globe">[http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015700/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref> The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.<ref name="kurd-globe"/> The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah [[Safi of Persia|Safi]] and the Ottoman caliph Sultan [[Murad IV]] in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.<ref name="kurd-globe"/>
The '''Kurdish chiefdoms''' or '''principalities''' were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of [[Perpetual war|continuous warfare]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid]] Iran.<ref name="kurd-globe">[http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015700/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref> The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.<ref name="kurd-globe"/> The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah [[Safi of Persia|Safi]] and the Ottoman caliph Sultan [[Murad IV]] in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.<ref name="kurd-globe"/>


The [[eyalet of Diyarbakir]] was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of [[Diyarbakir]].<ref>{{Google books|CttLWEaTrJUC|page=49|Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ...}} By Hakan Özoğlu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey/formation-of-ottoman-kurdistan-social-economic-and-political-developments-in-ottoman-kurdistan-before-the-nineteenth-century-15141800/382C2DF544D0CFEBB91CA2C0C0D3FD83|title=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey|chapter=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) |website=Cambridge Core|year=2017 |pages=64–92 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316848579.005 |isbn=9781107181236 }}</ref>
The [[eyalet of Diyarbakir]] was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of [[Diyarbakir]].<ref>{{Google books|CttLWEaTrJUC|page=49|Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ...}} By Hakan Özoğlu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey/formation-of-ottoman-kurdistan-social-economic-and-political-developments-in-ottoman-kurdistan-before-the-nineteenth-century-15141800/382C2DF544D0CFEBB91CA2C0C0D3FD83|title=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey|chapter=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) |year=2017 |pages=64–92 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core |doi=10.1017/9781316848579.005 |isbn=9781107181236 }}</ref>


==Policy during the Ottoman-Persian wars==
==Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars==
The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the [[Ottoman-Persian wars]], to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the [[Treaty of Erzurum]] in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish Chiefdoms under direct control.<ref>http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the [[Ottoman-Persian wars]], to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the [[Treaty of Erzurum]] in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034154/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf|title=The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref>


==List of entities==
==List==


=== Northern Kurdistan ===
===Major emirates===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [[Ardalan]]
!Name
* [[Bahdinan]]
!Capital city
* [[Baban]]
!Duration of rule
* [[Principality of Bitlis|Bitlis]]
|-
|[[Bohtan|Principality of Bohtan]]
* [[Bohtan]]
|[[Cizre]]
* [[Bradost]]
* [[Principality of Donboli|Donboli]]
|early 8th century–1847
* [[Emirate of Hakkâri|Hakkari]]
|-
|[[Principality of Eğil]]
* [[Emirate of Hasankeyf]]
* [[Emirate of Kilis|Kilis]]
|[[Eğil]]
* [[Mokryan]]
|1049–1864
* [[Emirate of Pazooka|Pazooka]]
|-
* [[Soran Emirate|Soran]]
|[[Principality of Bitlis]]
|[[Bitlis]]
|1187–1847
|-
|[[Emirate of Çemişgezek]]
|[[Çemişgezek]]
|13th century–1663
|-
|[[Emirate of Bingöl]]
|[[Bingöl]]
|1231–1864
|-
|[[Emirate of Hasankeyf]]
|[[Hasankeyf]]
|1232–1524
|-
|[[Emirate of Hakkâri|Emirate of Hâkkari]]
|[[Hakkâri Province|Hâkkari]]
|before 1380s–1847
|-
|[[Principality of Zirqan]]
|[[Mardin]], later Gürdükan, finally Ataq
|1335–1835
|-
|[[Principality of Suleyman]]
|{{centre|–}}
|15th century–1838
|-
|[[Principality of Mahmudi]]
|{{centre|–}}
|1406–1839
|-
|[[Emirate of Pazooka]]
|[[Eleşkirt]]
|1499–1587
|-
|Emirate of Miks
|[[Bahçesaray (district)|Bahçesaray]]
|1600–1847
|-
|[[Emirate of Kilis]]
|[[Kilis]]
|{{centre|–}}
|-
|[[Emirate of Şirvan]]
|[[Şirvan, Siirt|Şirvan]]
|?–1840s
|-
|[[Emirate of Palu]]
|[[Palu, Elazığ|Palu]]
|1495–1850
|}


{{div col end}}
=== Southern Kurdistan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Capital city
!Duration of rule
|-
|[[Bahdinan|Principality of Bahdinan]]
|Amadiya
|1339–1843
|-
|[[Baban|Principality of Baban]]
|[[Sulaymaniyah]]
|16th century–1850
|-
|[[Soran Emirate]]
|[[Rawandiz|Rawanduz]]
|before 1514–1836
|}


=== Eastern Kurdistan ===
===Minor emirates===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [[Emirate of Çemişgezek|Çemişgezek]]
!Name
* [[Emirate of Bingöl|Suveydi]]
!Capital city
* [[Zirqan]] (''Zeyrek'')
!Duration of rule
{{div col end}}
|-
|[[Khoy Khanate]]
|[[Khoy]]
|1210–1799
|-
|[[Ardalan|Vassaldom of Ardalan]]
|[[Sanandaj]]
|14th century–1865/68
|-
|[[Mukriyan|Principality of Mukri]]
|[[Mahabad]]
|{{Circa|1400|1800}}
|-
|[[Pinyanişi principality|Principality of Pinyanişi]]
|{{centre|–}}
|1548–1823
|-
|[[Sarab Khanate]]
|[[Sarab, East Azerbaijan|Sarab]]
|after 1747—?
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 133: Line 45:
* [[Mount Lebanon Emirate]]
* [[Mount Lebanon Emirate]]


==References==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Google books|fpk3AAAAIAAJ|page=19|Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname}} By [[Evli̇ya Çelebi̇]], [[Martin van Bruinessen]], [[Hendrik Boeschoten]]
{{refend}}


[[Category:Kurdish dynasties| ]]
[[Category:Kurdish dynasties| ]]

Latest revision as of 15:08, 26 June 2024

The Kurdish chiefdoms or principalities were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.[1] The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.[1] The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.[1]

The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.[2][3]

Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars

[edit]

The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.[4]

List

[edit]

Major emirates

[edit]

Minor emirates

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
  3. ^ "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
  4. ^ "The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

References

[edit]
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