Libertas: Difference between revisions

Libertas
Libertas
Goddess of liberty
	Libertas with her attributes, on an aureus of Trajan
Symbol	Pileus, rod (vindicta or festuca)
Equivalents
Greek equivalent	Eleutheria

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Denarius (42 BC) issued by Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther, depicting the crowned head of Libertas, with a sacrificial jug and *lituus* on the reverse

Libertas (Latin for 'liberty' or 'freedom', pronounced [liːˈbɛrt̪aːs̠]) is the Roman goddess and personification of liberty. She became a politicised figure in the late republic. She sometimes also appeared on coins from the imperial period, such as Galba's "Freedom of the People" coins during his short reign after the death of Nero.^[1] She is usually portrayed with two accoutrements: the spear and a phrygian cap, which she holds out on the spear, rather than wears on her head.

The Greek equivalent of the goddess Libertas is Eleutheria, the personification of liberty. There are many post-classical depictions of liberty as a person which often retain some of the iconography of the Roman goddess.

Etymology

The name Lībertās ('freedom') is a derivation from Latin Līber ('free'), stemming from Proto-Italic *leuþero, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leudʰero ('belonging to the people', hence 'free').^[2]

Attributes

Libertas was associated with the phrygian cap, commonly worn by the freed slave:^[3]

Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Leg. 22 p625, ed. Wess.; Plaut. Amphit. I.1.306; Persius, V.82). Hence the phrase servos ad pileum vocare is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty (Liv. XXIV.32). "The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of Antoninus Pius, struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand".^[4]

Libertas was also recognized in ancient Rome by the rod (vindicta or festuca),^[3] used ceremonially in the act of Manumissio vindicta, Latin for 'freedom by the rod' (emphasis added):

The master brought his slave before the magistratus, and stated the grounds (causa) of the intended manumission. "The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod (festuca) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium", that is, "vindicavit in libertatem". The master in the meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words "hunc hominem liberum volo," he turned him round (momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. V.78) and let him go (emisit e manu, or misit manu, Plaut. Capt. II.3.48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. The magistratus then declared him to be free [...]^[5]

Temples

The Roman Republic was established simultaneously with the creation of Libertas and is associated with the overthrow of the Tarquin kings. She was worshiped by the Junii, the family of Marcus Junius Brutus.^[6] In 238 BC, before the Second Punic War, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus built a temple to Libertas on the Aventine Hill.^[7] Census tables were stored inside the temple's atrium. A subsequent temple was built (58–57 BC) on Palatine Hill, another of the Seven hills of Rome, by Publius Clodius Pulcher. By building and consecrating the temple on the site of the former house of then-exiled Cicero, Clodius ensured that the land was legally uninhabitable. Upon his return, Cicero successfully argued that the consecration was invalid and thus managed to reclaim the land and destroy the temple. In 46 BC, the Roman Senate voted to build and dedicate a shrine to Libertas in recognition of Julius Caesar, but no temple was built; instead, a small statue of the goddess stood in the Roman Forum.^[8]

Post-classical

The Statue of Liberty in New York, United States of America — The Statue of Liberty (*Liberty Enlightening the World*) in New York derives from the ancient goddess Libertas.

The goddess Libertas is also depicted on the Great Seal of France, created in 1848. This is the image which later influenced French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi in the creation of his statue of Liberty Enlightening the World.

Libertas, along with other Roman goddesses, has served as the inspiration for many modern-day personifications, including the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in the United States. According to the National Park Service, the Statue's Roman robe is the main feature that invokes Libertas and the symbol of Liberty from which the statue derives its name.^[9]

In addition, money throughout history has borne the name or image of Libertas. As "Liberty", Libertas was depicted on the obverse (heads side) of most coinage in the U.S. into the twentieth century – and the image is still used for the American Gold Eagle gold bullion coin. The University of North Carolina records two instances of private banks in its state depicting Libertas on their banknotes;^[10]^[11] Libertas is depicted on the 5, 10 and 20 Rappen denomination coins of Switzerland.

The symbolic characters Columbia who represents the United States and Marianne, who represents France, the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) in New York Harbor, and many other characters and concepts of the modern age were created, and are seen, as embodiments of Libertas.

References

^ "Roman Coins" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ de Vaan 2008, p. 338.
^ ^a ^b Tate, Karen; Olson, Brad (2005). Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations. CCC Publishing. pp. 360–361. ISBN 1-888729-11-2.
^ Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875).
^ Long, George. Entry "Manumission" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875).
^ The American Catholic Quarterly Review ... Hardy and Mahony. 1880. p. 589.
^ Karl Galinsky; Kenneth Lapatin (1 January 2016). Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire. Getty Publications. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-60606-462-7.
^ "Libertas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ "Robe". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Howgego, C. J. (1995). Ancient history from coins. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-08993-7. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
^ "Bank of Fayetteville one-dollar note, 1855". Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2008-09-01.

Bibliography

de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. ISBN 9789004167971.

External links

David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom (2005) The many faces of Miss Liberty

[1] "Roman Coins" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2008-09-01.

[FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008338-2] Vaan 2008, p. 338.

[sacred-3] Tate, Karen; Olson, Brad (2005). Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations. CCC Publishing. pp. 360–361. ISBN 1-888729-11-2.

[4] Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875).

[5] Long, George. Entry "Manumission" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875).

[6] The American Catholic Quarterly Review ... Hardy and Mahony. 1880. p. 589.

[GalinskyLapatin2016-7] Karl Galinsky; Kenneth Lapatin (1 January 2016). Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire. Getty Publications. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-60606-462-7.

[8] "Libertas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[9] "Robe". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-09-01.

[Howgego1995-10] Howgego, C. J. (1995). Ancient history from coins. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-08993-7. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

[11] "Bank of Fayetteville one-dollar note, 1855". Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2008-09-01.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Roman goddess of liberty}}
 {{About|the Roman goddess}}
-{{Infobox deity|type=Roman|symbol=[[Pileus (hat)|Pileus]], rod (''vindicta'' or ''festuca'')|image=Galba, aureo, 68-69, 02.JPG|caption=Libertas with her attributes|Greek_equivalent=[[Eleutheria]]|god_of=Goddess of liberty}}
+{{Infobox deity|type=Roman|symbol=[[Pileus (hat)|Pileus]], rod (''vindicta'' or ''festuca'')|image=INC-1841-r Ауреус Траян ок. 108-110 гг. (реверс).png|caption=Libertas with her attributes, on an ''[[aureus]]'' of [[Trajan]]|Greek_equivalent=[[Eleutheria]]|god_of=Goddess of liberty}}
-[[File:Gaius Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther. 42 BC. AR Denarius.jpg|thumb|300px|right| [[Denarius]] (42 BC) issued by [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius Longinus]] and [[Lentulus Spinther]], depicting the crowned head of '''Libertas''', with a sacrificial jug and ''[[lituus]]'' on the reverse]]
+[[File:Gaius Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther. 42 BC. AR Denarius.jpg|thumb|300px|right| [[Denarius]] (42 BC) issued by [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius Longinus]] and [[Lentulus Spinther]], depicting the crowned head of Libertas, with a sacrificial jug and ''[[lituus]]'' on the reverse]]
-'''Libertas''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for 'liberty' or 'freedom', {{IPA-la|liːˈbɛrt̪aːs̠|pron}}) is the [[Roman mythology|Roman goddess]] and [[personification]] of [[liberty]]. She became a politicised figure in the Late Republic, featured on coins supporting the [[populares]] faction, and later those of the assassins of [[Julius Caesar]]. Nonetheless, she sometimes appears on coins from the imperial period, such as [[Galba]]'s "Freedom of the People" coins during his short reign after the death of [[Nero]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artgallery.yale.edu/pdf/perspect/roman_coins.pdf |format=PDF |title=Roman Coins |accessdate=2008-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031072838/http://artgallery.yale.edu/pdf/perspect/roman_coins.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> She is usually portrayed with two accoutrements: the rod and the soft [[Pileus (hat)|pileus]], which she holds out, rather than wears.
+'''Libertas''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for 'liberty' or 'freedom', {{IPA-la|liːˈbɛrt̪aːs̠|pron}}) is the [[Roman mythology|Roman goddess]] and [[personification]] of [[liberty]]. She became a politicised figure in the late republic. She sometimes also appeared on coins from the imperial period, such as [[Galba]]'s "Freedom of the People" coins during his short reign after the death of [[Nero]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artgallery.yale.edu/pdf/perspect/roman_coins.pdf |title=Roman Coins |access-date=2008-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031072838/http://artgallery.yale.edu/pdf/perspect/roman_coins.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> She is usually portrayed with two accoutrements: the spear and a [[phrygian cap]], which she holds out on the spear, rather than wears on her head.
-The Greek equivalent of the goddess ''Libertas'' is ''[[Eleutheria]]'', the personification of liberty.  There are many [[Liberty (personification)|post-classical depictions of liberty as a person]] which often retain some of the [[iconography]] of the Roman goddess.
+The Greek equivalent of the goddess Libertas is [[Eleutheria]], the personification of liberty.  There are many [[Liberty (personification)|post-classical depictions of liberty as a person]] which often retain some of the [[iconography]] of the Roman goddess.
 == Etymology ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 ==Attributes==
-Libertas was associated with the [[Pileus (hat)|pileus]], commonly worn by the freed slave:<ref name="sacred">{{cite book | first1=Karen |last1=Tate |first2=Brad |last2=Olson | title = Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations | publisher = CCC Publishing | year = 2005 | pages = 360–361 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC | isbn = 1-888729-11-2}}</ref>
+Libertas was associated with the [[phrygian cap]], commonly worn by the freed slave:<ref name="sacred">{{cite book | first1=Karen |last1=Tate |first2=Brad |last2=Olson | title = Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations | publisher = CCC Publishing | year = 2005 | pages = 360–361 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC | isbn = 1-888729-11-2}}</ref>
-{{quote
+{{Quote
 |text=Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, [[Diodorus Siculus]] Exc. Leg. 22 p625, ed. Wess.; [[Plautus|Plaut.]] Amphit. I.1.306; [[Persius]], V.82). Hence the phrase ''servos ad pileum vocare'' is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty ([[Livy|Liv.]] XXIV.32). "The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of [[Antoninus Pius]], struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand".<ref>Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' ([[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], London, 1875).</ref>}}
 Libertas was also recognized in ancient Rome by the rod (''vindicta'' or ''festuca''),<ref name="sacred" /> used ceremonially in the act of ''Manumissio vindicta'', Latin for 'freedom by the rod' (emphasis added):
-{{quote
+{{Quote
-|text=The master brought his slave before the [[magistratus]], and stated the grounds ([[causa]]) of the intended [[manumission]]. "The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod ([[festuca]]) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium", that is, "vindicavit in libertatem". The master in the meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words "hunc hominem liberum volo," he turned him round (momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. V.78) and let him go (emisit e manu, or misit manu, Plaut. Capt. II.3.48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. The magistratus then declared him to be free [...]<ref>Long, George. Entry "[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Manumissio.html Manumission]" in William Smith's ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' (John Murray, London, 1875).</ref>}}
+|text=The master brought his slave before the [[magistratus]], and stated the grounds ([[causa]]) of the intended [[manumission]]. "The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod ([[festuca]]) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium", that is, "vindicavit in libertatem". The master in the meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words "hunc hominem liberum volo," he turned him round (momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. V.78) and let him go (emisit e manu, or misit manu, Plaut. Capt. II.3.48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. The magistratus then declared him to be free [...]<ref>Long, George. Entry "[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Manumissio.html Manumission]" in William Smith's ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' (John Murray, London, 1875).</ref>}}
 == Temples ==
-The [[Roman Republic]] was established simultaneously with the creation of Libertas and is associated with the overthrow of the [[Tarquinia (gens)|Tarquin kings]]. She was worshiped by the [[Junia (gens)|Junii]], the family of [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Catholic Quarterly Review ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJkNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA589|year=1880|publisher=Hardy and Mahony|page=589}}</ref>
+The [[Roman Republic]] was established simultaneously with the creation of Libertas and is associated with the overthrow of the [[Tarquinia gens|Tarquin kings]]. She was worshiped by the [[Junia gens|Junii]], the family of [[Marcus Junius Brutus]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Catholic Quarterly Review ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJkNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA589|year=1880|publisher=Hardy and Mahony|page=589}}</ref>
-In 238 BC, before the [[Second Punic War]], [[Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_238_BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] built a temple to Libertas on the [[Aventine Hill]].<ref name="GalinskyLapatin2016">{{cite book|author1=Karl Galinsky|author2=Kenneth Lapatin|title=Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|date=1 January 2016|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-1-60606-462-7|page=230}}</ref> Census tables were stored inside the temple's atrium. A subsequent temple was built (58–57 BC) on [[Palatine Hill]], another of the [[Seven hills of Rome]], by [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]]. By building and consecrating the temple on the site of the former house of then-exiled [[Cicero]], Clodius ensured that the land was legally uninhabitable. Upon his return, Cicero successfully argued that the consecration was invalid and thus managed to reclaim the land and destroy the temple. In 46 BC, the Roman Senate voted to build and dedicate a shrine to Libertas in recognition of [[Julius Caesar]], but no temple was built; instead, a small statue of the goddess stood in the [[Roman Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1389461/Libertas |title=Libertas |year=2008 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=1 September 2008}}</ref>
+In 238 BC, before the [[Second Punic War]], [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 238 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] built a temple to Libertas on the [[Aventine Hill]].<ref name="GalinskyLapatin2016">{{cite book|author1=Karl Galinsky|author2=Kenneth Lapatin|title=Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|date=1 January 2016|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-1-60606-462-7|page=230}}</ref> Census tables were stored inside the temple's atrium. A subsequent temple was built (58–57 BC) on [[Palatine Hill]], another of the [[Seven hills of Rome]], by [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]]. By building and consecrating the temple on the site of the former house of then-exiled [[Cicero]], Clodius ensured that the land was legally uninhabitable. Upon his return, Cicero successfully argued that the consecration was invalid and thus managed to reclaim the land and destroy the temple. In 46 BC, the Roman Senate voted to build and dedicate a shrine to Libertas in recognition of [[Julius Caesar]], but no temple was built; instead, a small statue of the goddess stood in the [[Roman Forum]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1389461/Libertas |title=Libertas |year=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 September 2008}}</ref>
 ==Post-classical==
-[[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Statue of Liberty in New York, United States of America|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') in New York derives from the ancient goddess Libertas.]]
+[[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=The Statue of Liberty in New York, United States of America|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') in [[New York City|New York]] derives from the ancient goddess Libertas.]]
-The goddess Libertas is also depicted on the [[Great Seal of France]], created in 1848. This is the image which later influenced French sculptor [[Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi]] in the creation of his statue of ''[[Liberty Enlightening the World]]''.
+The goddess Libertas is also depicted on the [[Great Seal of France]], created in 1848. This is the image which later influenced French sculptor [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]] in the creation of his statue of ''[[Statue of Liberty|Liberty Enlightening the World]]''.
-Libertas, along with other Roman goddesses, has served as the inspiration for many modern-day [[personification]]s, including the [[Statue of Liberty]] on [[Liberty Island]] in the United States. According to the National Park Service, the Statue's Roman robe is the main feature that invokes Libertas and the symbol of Liberty from which the statue derives its name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/teachercorner/page13.html |title=Robe |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
+Libertas, along with other Roman goddesses, has served as the inspiration for many modern-day [[personification]]s, including the Statue of Liberty on [[Liberty Island]] in the United States. According to the [[National Park Service]], the Statue's Roman robe is the main feature that invokes Libertas and the symbol of Liberty from which the statue derives its name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/teachercorner/page13.html |title=Robe |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2008-09-01}}</ref>
-In addition, money throughout history has borne the name or image of Libertas.  As "[[Liberty (personification)|Liberty]]", Libertas was depicted on the obverse (heads side) of most coinage in the U.S. into the twentieth century{{snd}} and the image is still used for the [[American Gold Eagle]] gold [[bullion coin]].  The University of North Carolina records two instances of private banks in its state depicting Libertas on their banknotes;<ref name="Howgego1995">{{cite book|last=Howgego|first=C. J.|author-link=Christopher Howgego|title=Ancient history from coins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvEEynd4ZiQC&pg=PA1|accessdate=4 December 2011|year=1995|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-08993-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/numismatics,503 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524154825/http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/numismatics,503 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-24 |title=Bank of Fayetteville one-dollar note, 1855 |accessdate=2008-09-01 }}</ref> Libertas is depicted on the 5, 10 and 20 [[Rappen]] denomination coins of [[Switzerland]].
+In addition, money throughout history has borne the name or image of Libertas.  As "[[Liberty (personification)|Liberty]]", Libertas was depicted on the obverse (heads side) of most coinage in the U.S. into the twentieth century{{snd}} and the image is still used for the [[American Gold Eagle]] gold [[bullion coin]].  The University of North Carolina records two instances of private banks in its state depicting Libertas on their banknotes;<ref name="Howgego1995">{{cite book|last=Howgego|first=C. J.|author-link=Christopher Howgego|title=Ancient history from coins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvEEynd4ZiQC&pg=PA1|access-date=4 December 2011|year=1995|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-08993-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/numismatics,503 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524154825/http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/numismatics,503 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-24 |title=Bank of Fayetteville one-dollar note, 1855 |access-date=2008-09-01 }}</ref> Libertas is depicted on the 5, 10 and 20 [[Rappen]] denomination coins of [[Switzerland]].
-The symbolic characters [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] who represents the United States and [[Marianne]], who represents France, the [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') in [[New York Harbor]], and many other characters and concepts of the modern age were created, and are seen, as embodiments of Libertas.
+The symbolic characters [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] who represents the United States and [[Marianne]], who represents France, the Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') in [[New York Harbor]], and many other characters and concepts of the modern age were created, and are seen, as embodiments of Libertas.
 ==See also==
 *[[Liber]]
 *[[Libera (mythology)]] a goddess in Roman mythology
+*[[Liberty (personification)]]
 *''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'', 1830 painting
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 === Bibliography ===
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 ==External links==
-{{commons category|Libertas}}
+{{Commons category|Libertas}}
-* [https://books.google.com/books?id=yBW5X77NF4wC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false David Hackett Fischer, ''Liberty and Freedom'' (2005) The many faces of Miss Liberty]
+* [https://books.google.com/books?id=yBW5X77NF4wC&pg=PA233 David Hackett Fischer, ''Liberty and Freedom'' (2005) The many faces of Miss Liberty]
 {{Liberty}}
 {{Roman religion|state=expanded}}
 {{Statue of Liberty}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Roman goddesses]]
-[[Category:Roman mythology]]
 [[Category:Personifications in Roman mythology]]
 [[Category:Liberty symbols]]

v t e Liberty
Concepts	Cognitive liberty Moral responsibility Personification of Liberty Libertas Negative liberty Positive liberty Rights Self-ownership Social liberty Free will
By type	Academic Civil Economic Intellectual Internet Morphological Political
By right	Assembly Association Asylum Choice Death Education Fair trial Family life Freedom from discrimination Food Gun Health Housing Internet access Information Life Morphological Movement Press Privacy Property Protest Religion Repair Resist Self-defense Sexuality Silence Speech Thought To be forgotten Truth Water and sanitation
See also	Liberty, equality, brotherhood All men are created equal Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Universal Declaration of Human Rights Anarchism Autonomy Civil libertarianism Drug liberalization Left-libertarianism Libertarianism Right-libertarianism

v t e Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World
Creators	Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor Gustave Eiffel, builder company Eugène Secrétan, donated copper Richard Morris Hunt, pedestal Joseph Pulitzer, pedestal funding
Engineers	Eugène Viollet-le-Duc Maurice Koechlin Joachim Giæver
Location	Liberty Island Statue of Liberty National Monument Original torch: Statue of Liberty Museum Original statue: Musée des Arts et Métiers
Former locations	Right arm and torch: Centennial Exposition (1876) Madison Square Park (1876–1882) Head: Paris World's Fair (1878)
Replicas	United States: Las Vegas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Austin, Texas Fayetteville, Arkansas Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Overland Park, Kansas Pine Bluff, Arkansas Seattle France: Île aux Cygnes, Paris Flame of Liberty United Kingdom: Leicester
Legacy	In popular culture "The New Colossus" (1883 sonnet) Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting) Miss Liberty (1949 musical) The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary) Statue of Liberty play (American football) Liberty Weekend, 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Liberty Issue (1954–1965 stamps) Statue of Liberty Forever stamp Statue of Liberty commemorative coins American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential dollar coins American Innovation dollars United States ten-dollar bill Statue of Liberty Division
Related	1984–1986 conservation and restoration Statue of Liberty Museum Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas personification of Liberty Ellis Island Black Tom explosion Musée Bartholdi National symbols of the United States

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
Other	IdRef