Jump to content

List of African animals extinct in the Holocene: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Insects (class Insecta): Added taxonomic organization
→‎Ostracods (class Ostracoda): Added taxonomic organization
Line 578: Line 578:


== Ostracods (class [[Ostracod|Ostracoda]]) ==
== Ostracods (class [[Ostracod|Ostracoda]]) ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
=== Order [[Podocopida]] ===
|+ Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)

! style="width:30%" | Common name<br />''scientific name''
==== Family [[Candonidae]] ====
! style="width:15%" data-sort-type="number" | Extinction date
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:30%" | Range
!Scientific name
⚫
! style="width:15%" class="unsortable" | Image
!Range
⚫
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|-
| '''''[[Namibcypris|Namibcypris costata]]'''''
|''[[Namibcypris|Namibcypris costata]]''
⚫
|Southern [[Kaokoveld]], Namibia
| 1987<ref name="namibcypris">{{cite iucn|title=''Namibcypris costata''|page=e.T14316A4431325|author=Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=12 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en}}</ref>
|1987<ref name="namibcypris">{{cite iucn|title=''Namibcypris costata''|page=e.T14316A4431325|author=Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=12 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en}}</ref>
⚫
| Southern [[Kaokoveld]], Namibia
| [[File:Namibcypris_costata.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Namibcypris_costata.jpg|100px]]
|}
|}


Revision as of 07:02, 7 April 2023

Map of Africa
The quagga (Equus quagga quagga), extinct since 1883, was zebra-like in the front but more horse-like in the rear. A breeding program aims to create similar-looking animals, but these are not true quaggas.

This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present.[1]

Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs (order Afrosoricida)

Golden moles (family Chrysochloridae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
De Winton's golden mole Cryptochloris wintoni Port Nolloth, South Africa 1937[2]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Murids (family Muridae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ethiopian amphibious rat Nilopegamys plumbeus Northwestern Ethiopia[3] 1928[4]

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North African elephant Loxodonta africana pharaoensis Northwest Africa 370[5]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Balsam shrew Crocidura balsamifera Nile gallery forests, Egypt 821-171 BCE[6]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Barbary lion Population of the northern lion (Panthera leo leo) North Africa 1943[7]
Cape lion Population of the southern lion (Panthera leo melanochaita) Cape Province, South Africa 1865[7]
Zanzibar leopard Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) Unguja, Tanzania 1986[7]
Barbary leopard Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) Atlas Mountains 1996[7]

Bears (family Ursidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atlas bear Ursus arctos crowtheri Northern Maghreb 1834[8]

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atlas wild ass Equus africanus atlanticus North Africa c. 300[9]
North African horse Equus algericus North Africa c. 4000 BCE[10]
Giant Cape zebra Equus capensis Southern Africa 8340-3950 BCE[10]
North African zebra Equus mauritanicus Maghreb 4855-4733 BCE[10]
Quagga Equus quagga quagga Cape Province, South Africa 1883[11]
Possibly extinct, horses and allies (family Equidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Nubian wild ass Equus africanus africanus Nubian Desert, Sudan 1970s[12]

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis bicornis Southwestern Africa c. 1850[13]
North-eastern black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis brucii Horn of Africa Early 20th century
Western black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis longipes Burkina Faso to South Sudan 2006[14]
Extinct in the wild, rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni Upper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basins Extinct in the wild: 2007[15]

Reintroduced: 2009[16]

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Pigs (family Suidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus Cape Province, South Africa 1871[17]

True deer (family Cervidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North African giant deer Megaceroides algericus Northern Maghreb 4691-4059 BCE[18]

Cattle, buffalo, goat-antelope, antelope, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bubal hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus North Africa and southern Levant[19] 1925[20]
Bond's springbok Antidorcas bondi Southern Africa 5740-5500 BCE[10]
North African aurochs Bos primigenius mauritanicus North Africa c. 4000 BCE[10]
Bluebuck Hippotragus leucophaeus Overberg, South Africa 1799-1800[21]
Robert's lechwe Kobus leche robertsi Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia 1980-1985[22]
Makapania
(or related genus) 		South Africa mountains 5483-5221 BCE[10]
Giant hartebeest Megalotragus priscus Southern and possibly eastern Africa 6130-3950 BCE[10]
Kenya oribi Ourebia ourebi kenyae Mount Kenya[23]
African giant buffalo Syncerus antiquus Africa and the Arabian Peninsula 3060-2470 BCE[6]
Extinct in the wild, cattle, buffalo, goat-antelope, antelope, and others (family Bovidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mohrr gazelle Nanger dama mohrr Northwestern Sahara Extinct in the wild: 1968[24]

Reintroduced: 1984[25]

Scimitar oryx Oryx dammah Fringes of the Sahara Extinct in the wild: 1988-1990[26] (Chad)

Reintroduced 1985[27] (Tunisia)

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[28] Locally extinct: 71–245[29]

Reintroduced: 2013[b]

Birds (class Aves)

Bustards (order Otidiformes)

Bustards (family Otididae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Moroccan bustard Ardeotis arabs lynesi Western Morocco 1993[32]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (order Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris North Africa and Western Eurasia Breeding grounds in Central Asia (the steppes of northern Kazakhstan and southern central Russia).[33] Wintering grounds in the Mediterranean and southern Arabia.[33] Last recorded in 2001[32]

Auks (family Alcidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Great auk Pinguinus impennis Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Locally extinct from the western Mediterranean: 5050-3850 BCE[34]

Globally extinct: 1852 (record from Grand Banks of Newfoundland, North America)[35]

Passerines (order Passeriformes)

Cisticolas and allies (family Cisticolidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Northern white-winged apalis Apalis chariessa chariessa Lower Tana River, Kenya 1961[32]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Plated lizards (family Gerrhosauridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Eastwood's long-tailed seps Tetradactylus eastwoodae Limpopo, South Africa 1928[36]

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

African torrent frogs (family Petropedetidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Du Toit's torrent frog Arthroleptides dutoiti Kenya-Uganda border 1962[37]

True toads (family Bufonidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Osgood's Ethiopian toad Altiphrynoides osgoodi Mountains of south-central Ethiopia 2003[38]
Extinct in the wild, true toads (family Bufonidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis Kihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania 2009[39]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Labeobarbus microbarbis Lake Luhondo, Rwanda 1950s[40]
Giant Atlas barbel Labeobarbus reinii Northwestern Morocco 2001[41]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lake Sidi Ali trout Salmo pallaryi Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco 1934[42]

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Livebearers and relatives (family Poeciliidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' Lake Naivasha, Kenya 1970s-1980s[43]

Insects (class Insecta)

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Mbashe River buff Deloneura immaculata Mbhashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa 1864[44]
Morant's blue Lepidochrysops hypopolia Eastern South Africa 1879[44]

Ostracods (class Ostracoda)

Order Podocopida

Family Candonidae

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Namibcypris costata Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia 1987[45]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[30][31]

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ Bronner, G. (2015). "Cryptochloris wintoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5748A21287143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5748A21287143.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ Kerbis Peterhans, J. & Lavrenchenko, L. (2008). "Nilopegamys plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T40766A10363474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40766A10363474.en.
  4. ^ "Scientific Illustration". Scientific Illustration. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
  5. ^ BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
  6. ^ a b Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
  8. ^ Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
  9. ^ Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
  11. ^ Hack, M.A.; East, R.; Rubenstein, D.I. (2008). "Equus quagga ssp. quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7957A12876306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7957A12876306.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  12. ^ Kimura, B., Marshall, F. B., Chen, S., Rosenbom, S., Moehlman, P. D., Tuross, N., ... & Mulligan, C. J. (2011). "Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1702), 50-57.
  13. ^ Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977). "The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)". In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
  14. ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  15. ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4183A45813838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4183A45813838.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  16. ^ Khayale, C., Omondi, P., Kariuki, L., Muruthi, P., Gichohi, N., Stejskal, J., ... & Amin, R. (2021). "Kenya's first White Rhino Conservation and Management Action Plan". Pachyderm, 62, 112-118.
  17. ^ Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010). "Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review". Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
  18. ^ Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
  19. ^ Tsahar E, Izhaki I, Lev-Yadun S, Bar-Oz G (2009). "Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates during the Holocene of the Southern Levant". PLoS ONE 4(4): e5316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005316
  20. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T813A50181474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T813A50181474.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  21. ^ Kerley, G.; Child, M.F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  22. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche ssp. robertsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11038A50190034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11038A50190034.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  23. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi ssp. kenyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15732A5074610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15732A5074610.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Mhorr Gazelle declared extinct in Tunisia"
  25. ^ Moreno, E., Sane, A., Benzal, J., Ibáñez, B., Sanz-Zuasti, J., & Espeso, G. (2012). "Changes in habitat structure may explain Decrease in reintroduced mohor gazelle population in the Guembeul Fauna Reserve, Senegal". Animals, 2(3), 347-360.
  26. ^ Iyengar, A., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T., Knowles, J. M., Diniz, F. M., Brenneman, R. A., ... & Maclean, N. (2007). "Remnants of ancient genetic diversity preserved within captive groups of scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah)". Molecular Ecology, 16(12), 2436-2449.
  27. ^ Woodfine, T., & Gilbert, T. (2016). "The fall and rise of the scimitar-horned oryx: a case study of ex-situ conservation and reintroduction in practice". In Antelope Conservation: From Diagnosis to Action, 280-296.
  28. ^ IUCN.
  29. ^ Ana S. L. Rodrigues; Anne Charpentier; Darío Bernal-Casasola; Armelle Gardeisen; Carlos Nores; José Antonio Pis Millán; Krista McGrath; Camilla F. Speller (July 11, 2018). "Forgotten Mediterranean calving grounds of grey and North Atlantic right whales: evidence from Roman archaeological records". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1882). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0961. PMC 6053924. PMID 30051821.
  30. ^ Hamilton, Alex (October 8, 2015). "The Gray Whale Sneaks Back into the Atlantic, Two Centuries Later". WNYC. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  31. ^ Schiffman, Richard (February 25, 2016). "Why Are Gray Whales Moving to the Ocean Next Door?". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  32. ^ a b c Hume, J.P. (2017). Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  33. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Numenius tenuirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22693185A131111201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693185A131111201.en. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  34. ^ Campmas, E., Laroulandie, V., Michel, P., Amani, F., Nespoulet, R., & Mohammed, A. E. H. (2010). 22 "A great auk (Pinguinus impennis) in North Africa: discovery of". In Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8-27.8. 2008) (Vol. 12, p. 233). Barkhuis.
  35. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22694856A205919631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  36. ^ Bates, M.F.; Jacobsen, N. (2018). "Tetradactylus eastwoodae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21663A115653635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21663A115653635.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  37. ^ IUCN
  38. ^ IUCN
  39. ^ IUCN
  40. ^ FishBase team RMCA.; Geelhand, D. (2016). "Barbus microbarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T61247A47242030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61247A47242030.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  41. ^ Freyhof, J. & Ford, M. (2022). "Labeobarbus reinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T60765A137272327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T60765A137272327.en. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  42. ^ Marini, A. & Talbi, M. (2008). Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 274 pages.
  43. ^ Hanssens, M. (2004). "Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T61225A12451418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T61225A12451418.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  44. ^ a b Henning, G. A., Terblanche, R. F., & Ball, J. B. (2009). South African Red Data Book: Butterflies.
  45. ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Namibcypris costata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14316A4431325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene&oldid=1148610611"