List of African animals extinct in the Holocene: Difference between revisions
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== Birds (class [[Bird|Aves]]) == |
== Birds (class [[Bird|Aves]]) == |
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=== Bustards (order [[Bustard|Otidiformes]]) === |
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=== Prehistoric === |
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==== Bustards (family [[Bustard|Otididae]]) ==== |
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|''Ardeotis arabs lynesi'' |
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=== Shorebirds (order [[Charadriiformes]]) === |
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=== Recent === |
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==== Sandpipers (order [[Sandpiper|Scolopacidae]]) ==== |
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|+ Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present) |
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===== Possibly extinct ===== |
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|Breeding grounds in [[Central Asia]] (the [[Steppe|steppes]] of northern Kazakhstan and southern central Russia).<ref name="iucn status 4 April 2023">{{cite iucn|title=''Numenius tenuirostris''|page=e.T22693185A131111201|author=BirdLife International|date=2018|volume=2018|access-date=4 April 2023|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693185A131111201.en}}</ref> Wintering grounds in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and southern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].<ref name="iucn status 4 April 2023" /> Last recorded in 2001<ref name="Hume2017" /> |
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|[[File:Numenius tenuirostris.jpg|120px]] |
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==== Auks (family [[Auk|Alcidae]]) ==== |
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|[[Great auk]] |
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⚫ | |[[Local extinction|Locally extinct]] from the western [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]: 5050-3850 BCE<ref>Campmas, E., Laroulandie, V., Michel, P., Amani, F., Nespoulet, R., & Mohammed, A. E. H. (2010). 22 "A great auk (''Pinguinus impennis'') in North Africa: discovery of". In ''Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen'' (23.8-27.8. 2008) (Vol. 12, p. 233). Barkhuis.</ref> |
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Globally extinct: 1852 (record from [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]], North America)<ref name="iucn status 6 April 2023">{{cite iucn|title=''Pinguinus impennis''|page=e.T22694856A205919631|author=BirdLife International|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=6 April 2023|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en}}</ref> |
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=== Passerines (order [[Passerine|Passeriformes]]) === |
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|''Apalis chariessa chariessa'' |
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Revision as of 01:10, 7 April 2023
This article is missing information about extinct Late Pleistocene-Holocene genera.(April 2023) |
This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present.[1]
Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.
Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals (class Mammalia)
Golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs (order Afrosoricida)
Golden moles (family Chrysochloridae)
Possibly extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
De Winton's golden mole | Cryptochloris wintoni | Port Nolloth, South Africa | 1937[2] |
Rodents (order Rodentia)
Murids (family Muridae)
Possibly extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Ethiopian amphibious rat | Nilopegamys plumbeus | Northwestern Ethiopia[3] | 1928[4] |
Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)
Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
North African elephant | Loxodonta africana pharaoensis | Northwest Africa | 370[5] |
True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)
True shrews (family Soricidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Balsam shrew | Crocidura balsamifera | Nile gallery forests, Egypt | 821-171 BCE[6] |
Carnivorans (order Carnivora)
Cats (family Felidae)
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barbary lion | Population of the northern lion (Panthera leo leo) | North Africa | 1943[7] | |
Cape lion | Population of the southern lion (Panthera leo melanochaita) | Cape Province, South Africa | 1865[7] | |
Zanzibar leopard | Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) | Unguja, Tanzania | 1986[7] | |
Barbary leopard | Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) | Atlas Mountains | 1996[7] |
Bears (family Ursidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Atlas bear | Ursus arctos crowtheri | Northern Maghreb | 1834[8] |
Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)
Horses and allies (family Equidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Atlas wild ass | Equus africanus atlanticus | North Africa | c. 300[9] | |
North African horse | Equus algericus | North Africa | c. 4000 BCE[10] | |
Giant Cape zebra | Equus capensis | Southern Africa | 8340-3950 BCE[10] | |
North African zebra | Equus mauritanicus | Maghreb | 4855-4733 BCE[10] | |
Quagga | Equus quagga quagga | Cape Province, South Africa | 1883[11] |
Possibly extinct, horses and allies (family Equidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nubian wild ass | Equus africanus africanus | Nubian Desert, Sudan | 1970s[12] |
Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Southern black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis bicornis | Southwestern Africa | c. 1850[13] | |
North-eastern black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis brucii | Horn of Africa | Early 20th century | |
Western black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis longipes | Burkina Faso to South Sudan | 2006[14] |
Extinct in the wild, rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern white rhinoceros | Ceratotherium simum cottoni | Upper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basins | Extinct in the wild: 2007[15]
Reintroduced: 2009[16] |
Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)
Pigs (family Suidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cape warthog | Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus | Cape Province, South Africa | 1871[17] |
True deer (family Cervidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
North African giant deer | Megaceroides algericus | Northern Maghreb | 4691-4059 BCE[18] |
Cattle, buffalo, goat-antelope, antelope, and others (family Bovidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bubal hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus | North Africa and southern Levant[19] | 1925[20] | |
Bond's springbok | Antidorcas bondi | Southern Africa | 5740-5500 BCE[10] | |
North African aurochs | Bos primigenius mauritanicus | North Africa | c. 4000 BCE[10] | |
Bluebuck | Hippotragus leucophaeus | Overberg, South Africa | 1799-1800[21] | |
Robert's lechwe | Kobus leche robertsi | Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia | 1980-1985[22] | |
Makapania (or related genus) |
South Africa mountains | 5483-5221 BCE[10] | ||
Giant hartebeest | Megalotragus priscus | Southern and possibly eastern Africa | 6130-3950 BCE[10] | |
Kenya oribi | Ourebia ourebi kenyae | Mount Kenya[23] | ||
African giant buffalo | Syncerus antiquus | Africa and the Arabian Peninsula | 3060-2470 BCE[6] |
Extinct in the wild, cattle, buffalo, goat-antelope, antelope, and others (family Bovidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mohrr gazelle | Nanger dama mohrr | Northwestern Sahara | Extinct in the wild: 1968[24]
Reintroduced: 1984[25] |
|
Scimitar oryx | Oryx dammah | Fringes of the Sahara | Extinct in the wild: 1988-1990[26] (Chad) |
Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gray whale | Eschrichtius robustus | North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[28] | Locally extinct: 71–245[29]
Reintroduced: 2013[b] |
Birds (class Aves)
Bustards (order Otidiformes)
Bustards (family Otididae)
Possibly extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moroccan bustard | Ardeotis arabs lynesi | Western Morocco | 1993[32] |
Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)
Sandpipers (order Scolopacidae)
Possibly extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Slender-billed curlew | Numenius tenuirostris | North Africa and Western Eurasia | Breeding grounds in Central Asia (the steppes of northern Kazakhstan and southern central Russia).[33] Wintering grounds in the Mediterranean and southern Arabia.[33] Last recorded in 2001[32] |
Auks (family Alcidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Great auk | Pinguinus impennis | Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean | Locally extinct from the western Mediterranean: 5050-3850 BCE[34]
Globally extinct: 1852 (record from Grand Banks of Newfoundland, North America)[35] |
Passerines (order Passeriformes)
Cisticolas and allies (family Cisticolidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Northern white-winged apalis | Apalis chariessa chariessa | Lower Tana River, Kenya | 1961[32] |
Reptiles (class Reptilia)
Recent
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Eastwood's long-tailed seps Tetradactylus eastwoodae |
1928[36] | Limpopo, South Africa |
Amphibians (class Amphibia)
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Du Toit's torrent frog Arthroleptides dutoiti |
1962[37] | Kenya-Uganda border |
Osgood's Ethiopian toad Altiphrynoides osgoodi |
2003[38] | Mountains of south-central Ethiopia |
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis |
2009[39] | Kihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania |
Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' | 1970s-1980s[40] | Lake Naivasha, Kenya | |
Labeobarbus microbarbis | 1950s[41] | Lake Luhondo, Rwanda | |
Giant Atlas barbel Labeobarbus reinii |
2001[42] | Northwestern Morocco | |
Lake Sidi Ali trout Salmo pallaryi |
1934[43] | Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco |
Insects (class Insecta)
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Mbashe River buff Deloneura immaculata |
1864[44] | Mbhashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
Morant's blue Lepidochrysops hypopolia |
1879[44] | Eastern South Africa |
Ostracods (class Ostracoda)
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Namibcypris costata | 1987[45] | Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia |
See also
- List of Madagascar and Indian Ocean Island animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha animals extinct in the Holocene
- Lists of extinct species
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Extinct in the wild
- Lazarus taxon
Notes
References
- ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ Bronner, G. (2015). "Cryptochloris wintoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5748A21287143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5748A21287143.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Kerbis Peterhans, J. & Lavrenchenko, L. (2008). "Nilopegamys plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T40766A10363474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40766A10363474.en.
- ^ "Scientific Illustration". Scientific Illustration. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
- ^ a b Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
- ^ Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
- ^ Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
- ^ a b c d e f g Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
- ^ Hack, M.A.; East, R.; Rubenstein, D.I. (2008). "Equus quagga ssp. quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7957A12876306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7957A12876306.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Kimura, B., Marshall, F. B., Chen, S., Rosenbom, S., Moehlman, P. D., Tuross, N., ... & Mulligan, C. J. (2011). "Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1702), 50-57.
- ^ Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977). "The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)". In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
- ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4183A45813838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4183A45813838.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Khayale, C., Omondi, P., Kariuki, L., Muruthi, P., Gichohi, N., Stejskal, J., ... & Amin, R. (2021). "Kenya's first White Rhino Conservation and Management Action Plan". Pachyderm, 62, 112-118.
- ^ Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010). "Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review". Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
- ^ Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
- ^ Tsahar E, Izhaki I, Lev-Yadun S, Bar-Oz G (2009). "Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates during the Holocene of the Southern Levant". PLoS ONE 4(4): e5316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005316
- ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T813A50181474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T813A50181474.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Kerley, G.; Child, M.F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche ssp. robertsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11038A50190034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11038A50190034.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi ssp. kenyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15732A5074610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15732A5074610.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Mhorr Gazelle declared extinct in Tunisia"
- ^ Moreno, E., Sane, A., Benzal, J., Ibáñez, B., Sanz-Zuasti, J., & Espeso, G. (2012). "Changes in habitat structure may explain Decrease in reintroduced mohor gazelle population in the Guembeul Fauna Reserve, Senegal". Animals, 2(3), 347-360.
- ^ Iyengar, A., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T., Knowles, J. M., Diniz, F. M., Brenneman, R. A., ... & Maclean, N. (2007). "Remnants of ancient genetic diversity preserved within captive groups of scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah)". Molecular Ecology, 16(12), 2436-2449.
- ^ Woodfine, T., & Gilbert, T. (2016). "The fall and rise of the scimitar-horned oryx: a case study of ex-situ conservation and reintroduction in practice". In Antelope Conservation: From Diagnosis to Action, 280-296.
- ^ IUCN.
- ^ Ana S. L. Rodrigues; Anne Charpentier; Darío Bernal-Casasola; Armelle Gardeisen; Carlos Nores; José Antonio Pis Millán; Krista McGrath; Camilla F. Speller (July 11, 2018). "Forgotten Mediterranean calving grounds of grey and North Atlantic right whales: evidence from Roman archaeological records". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1882). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0961. PMC 6053924. PMID 30051821.
- ^ Hamilton, Alex (October 8, 2015). "The Gray Whale Sneaks Back into the Atlantic, Two Centuries Later". WNYC. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
- ^ Schiffman, Richard (February 25, 2016). "Why Are Gray Whales Moving to the Ocean Next Door?". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
- ^ a b c Hume, J.P. (2017). Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Numenius tenuirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22693185A131111201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693185A131111201.en. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Campmas, E., Laroulandie, V., Michel, P., Amani, F., Nespoulet, R., & Mohammed, A. E. H. (2010). 22 "A great auk (Pinguinus impennis) in North Africa: discovery of". In Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8-27.8. 2008) (Vol. 12, p. 233). Barkhuis.
- ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22694856A205919631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ^ Bates, M.F.; Jacobsen, N. (2018). "Tetradactylus eastwoodae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21663A115653635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21663A115653635.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ IUCN
- ^ IUCN
- ^ IUCN
- ^ Hanssens, M. (2004). "Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T61225A12451418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T61225A12451418.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ FishBase team RMCA.; Geelhand, D. (2016). "Barbus microbarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T61247A47242030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61247A47242030.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Freyhof, J. & Ford, M. (2022). "Labeobarbus reinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T60765A137272327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T60765A137272327.en. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Marini, A. & Talbi, M. (2008). Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 274 pages.
- ^ a b Henning, G. A., Terblanche, R. F., & Ball, J. B. (2009). South African Red Data Book: Butterflies.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Namibcypris costata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14316A4431325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.