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[[Africa]] is highly [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]]; it is the continent with the largest number of [[megafauna]] species, as it was least affected by the [[Quaternary extinction event|extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna]]. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing [[Holocene extinction]], driven by human activity.
[[Africa]] is highly [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]]; it is the continent with the largest number of [[megafauna]] species, as it was least affected by the [[Quaternary extinction event|extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna]]. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing [[Holocene extinction]], driven by human activity.


[[List of Madagascar and Indian Ocean Island animals extinct in the Holocene|Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands]], [[List of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene|Macaronesia]], and [[List of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha animals extinct in the Holocene|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] are [[Biogeography|biogeographically]] distinct from mainland Africa, so recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.
[[List of Madagascar and Indian Ocean Island animals extinct in the Holocene|Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands]], [[List of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene|Macaronesia]], and [[List of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha animals extinct in the Holocene|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] are [[Biogeography|biogeographically]] distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of [[Holocene extinction|Holocene extinctions]]. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.


Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Revision as of 06:57, 6 April 2023

Map of Africa
The quagga (Equus quagga quagga), extinct since 1883, was zebra-like in the front but more horse-like in the rear. A breeding program aims to create similar-looking animals, but these are not true quaggas.

This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present.[1]

Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name
scientific name 		Range
Kenya oribi
Ourebia ourebi kenyae 		Mount Kenya[2]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Bond's springbok
Antidorcas bondi 		5740-5500 BCE[3] Southern Africa
North African aurochs
Bos primigenius mauritanicus 		c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa
Balsam shrew
Crocidura balsamifera 		821-171 BCE[4] Nile gallery forests, Egypt
Atlas wild ass
Equus africanus atlanticus 		c. 300[5] North Africa
North African horse
Equus algericus 		c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa
Giant Cape zebra
Equus capensis 		8340-3950 BCE[3] Southern Africa
North African zebra
Equus mauritanicus 		4855-4733 BCE[3] Maghreb
North African elephant
Loxodonta africana pharaoensis 		370[6] Northwest Africa
Makapania
(or related genus) 		5483-5221 BCE[3] South Africa mountains
North African giant deer
Megaceroides algericus 		4691-4059 BCE[7] Northern Maghreb
Giant hartebeest
Megalotragus priscus 		6130-3950 BCE[3] Southern and possibly eastern Africa
Giant African buffalo
Syncerus antiquus 		3060-2470 BCE[4] Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Bubal hartebeest
Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus 		1925[8] North Africa and southern Levant[9]
Southern black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis bicornis 		c. 1850[10] Southwestern Africa
Western black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis longipes 		2006[11] Burkina Faso to South Sudan
Quagga
Equus quagga quagga 		1883[12] Cape Province, South Africa
Bluebuck
Hippotragus leucophaeus 		1799-1800[13] Overberg, South Africa
Robert's lechwe
Kobus leche robertsi 		1980-1985[14] Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia
Barbary lion
Panthera leo leo 		1943[15] North Africa
Cape lion
Panthera leo melanochaita 		1865[15] Cape Province, South Africa
Zanzibar leopard
Panthera pardus adersi 		1986[15] Unguja, Tanzania
Barbary leopard
Panthera pardus panthera 		1996[15] Atlas Mountains
Cape warthog
Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus 		1871[16] Cape Province, South Africa
Atlas bear
Ursus arctos crowtheri 		1834[17] Northern Maghreb


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
De Winton's golden mole
Cryptochloris wintoni 		1937[18] Port Nolloth, South Africa
Nubian wild ass
Equus africanus africanus 		1970s[19] Nubian Desert, Sudan
Ethiopian amphibious rat
Nilopegamys plumbeus 		1928[20] Northwestern Ethiopia[21]

Local

Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Northern white rhinoceros
Ceratotherium simum cottoni 		2007[22] Upper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basins 2009[23]
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus 		71–245[24] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[25] 2013[b]
Mohrr gazelle
Nanger dama mohrr 		1968[28] Northwestern Sahara 1984[29]
Scimitar oryx
Oryx dammah 		1988-1990[30]
(Chad) 		Fringes of the Sahara 1985[31]
(Tunisia)

Birds (class Aves)

Undated

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		5050-3850 BCE[32] Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Northern white-winged apalis
Apalis chariessa chariessa 		1961[33] Lower Tana River, Kenya


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Moroccan bustard
Ardeotis arabs lynesi 		1993[33] Western Morocco
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[33] North Africa and Western Eurasia

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Eastwood's long-tailed seps
Tetradactylus eastwoodae 		1928[34] Limpopo, South Africa

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Du Toit's torrent frog
Arthroleptides dutoiti 		1962[35] Kenya-Uganda border
Osgood's Ethiopian toad
Altiphrynoides osgoodi 		2003[36] Mountains of south-central Ethiopia
Extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Kihansi spray toad
Nectophrynoides asperginis 		2009[37] Kihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' 1970s-1980s[38] Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Labeobarbus microbarbis 1950s[39] Lake Luhondo, Rwanda
Giant Atlas barbel
Labeobarbus reinii 		2001[40] Northwestern Morocco
Lake Sidi Ali trout
Salmo pallaryi 		1934[41] Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco

Insects (class Insecta)

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Mbashe River buff
Deloneura immaculata 		1864[42] Mbhashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Morant's blue
Lepidochrysops hypopolia 		1879[42] Eastern South Africa

Ostracods (class Ostracoda)

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Namibcypris costata 1987[43] Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[26][27]

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi ssp. kenyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15732A5074610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15732A5074610.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
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  6. ^ BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
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  8. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T813A50181474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T813A50181474.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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  11. ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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  13. ^ Kerley, G.; Child, M.F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  14. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche ssp. robertsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11038A50190034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11038A50190034.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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  22. ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4183A45813838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4183A45813838.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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  28. ^ "Mhorr Gazelle declared extinct in Tunisia"
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  36. ^ IUCN
  37. ^ IUCN
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  39. ^ FishBase team RMCA.; Geelhand, D. (2016). "Barbus microbarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T61247A47242030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61247A47242030.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  40. ^ Freyhof, J. & Ford, M. (2022). "Labeobarbus reinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T60765A137272327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T60765A137272327.en. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
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