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|'''[[European mink]]'''<br />''Mustela lutreola''
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Revision as of 19:33, 9 August 2023

Map of Europe

This list of European species extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the European continent and its surrounding islands.

All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. Overseas territories of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, while Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Ochotona transcaucasica the Caucasus[1]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Sardinian giant shrew
Asoriculus similis 		3050 BCE[2] Sardinia, Italy
Steppe bison
Bison priscus 		1130-1060 BCE[3] Northern Eurasia and North America
Woolly rhinoceros
Coelodonta antiquitatis 		7820-7300 BCE[4] Northern Eurasia
European dhole
Cuon alpinus europaeus 		7050-6550 BCE[5] Central and Southern Europe; the Caucasus?[6]
Sardinian dhole
Cynotherium sardous 		9500-9300 BCE[7] Corsica and Sardinia
European wild ass
Equus hemionus hydruntinus 		3200-2500 BCE[8] Europe and Southwest Asia
Majorcan giant dormouse
Hypnomys morpheus 		4840-4690 BCE[9] the Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Woolly mammoth
Mammuthus primigenius 		9290-8970 BCE[4] Northern Eurasia and North America
Irish elk
Megaloceros giganteus 		4912-4846 BCE[3] Europe and Southern Siberia
Balearic Islands cave goat
Myotragus balearicus 		2830-2470 BCE[10] the Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Balearic giant shrew
Nesiotites hidalgo 		3030-2690 BCE[9] the Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Tilos dwarf elephant
Palaeoloxodon tiliensis 		3040-1840 BCE[11] Tilos, Greece Purported representation of a dwarf elephant in an Egyptian painting
Sardinian deer
Praemegaceros cazioti 		5550 BCE[12] Corsica and Sardinia[13]
Sardinian pika
Prolagus sardus 		348 BCE - 283 CE[14] Corsica and Sardinia
Tyrrhenian field rat
Rhagamys orthodon 		348 BCE - 283 CE[14] Corsica and Sardinia
Tyrrhenian vole
Tyrrhenicola henseli 		348 BCE - 283 CE[14] Corsica and Sardinia

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Caucasian elk
Alces alces caucasicus 		c. 1900[15] Northern Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea
Caucasian wisent
Bison bonasus caucasicus 		1927[16] Caucasus Mountains

Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927.[17] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[18]

Eurasian aurochs
Bos primigenius primigenius 		1627[19] Mid-latitude Eurasia
Sicilian wolf
Canis lupus cristaldii 		1970[20] Sicily, Italy
Portuguese ibex
Capra pyrenaica lusitanica 		c. 1890[21] the Portuguese-Galician border
Pyrenean ibex
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica 		2000[A]
 the Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[23]
Tarpan
Equus ferus ferus 		1909[24] Europe
St. Kilda house mouse
Mus musculus muralis 		1930[25] St. Kilda, Scotland
Caspian tiger
Panthera tigris virgata 		1922[26] the Caucasus, Western and Central Asia

Local

Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Eurasian elk
Alces alces 		Middle Ages Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain and most of continental Europe during the Middle Ages.
Lowland wisent
Bison bonasus bonasus 		1919[27] Central Europe to southern Siberia 1946[28]
Grey wolf
Canis lupus 		1166 in Wales, 1390 in England, 1680 in Scotland/Britain, 1786 in Ireland;[29] see Wolves in Great Britain and Wolves in Ireland Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Great Britain, Ireland, and parts of its mainland range.
Eurasian beaver
Castor fiber 		Formerly widespread across Eurasia. Locally extinct in many countries

Present in Armenia until the 19th century. It was extirpated as a result of hunting and deforestation.[30]

Some successful reintroductions
Wapiti
Cervus canadensis 		Early Holocene[31] Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America
Arctic lemming
Dicrostonyx torquatus 		Extirpated from England. Survives in Arctic biomes of Russia
Turkmenian kulan
Equus hemionus kulan 		18th-19th century[32] Ukraine to Central Asia[33] 1950[34]
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus 		550[35] the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the northern Pacific Ocean[36] 2010[B]
Wolverine
Gulo gulo 		Widespread in Latvia around 16th—17th centuries, now extirpated Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Latvia.
Steppe lemming
Lagurus lagurus 		Survives in parts of mainland Eurasia. Fossils in Great Britain
Eurasian lynx
Lynx lynx 		Subfossil evidence suggets an early medieval extinction, but a written record indicates persistence in Scotland into the late 18th century.[39] Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from Great Britain and parts of its mainland range.
Narrow-headed vole
Microtus gregalis 		Late Holocene[40][41] Northern Eurasia
Mediterranean monk seal
Monachus monachus 		Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Locally extinct in many countries.
European mink
Mustela lutreola 		Widespread in Europe in the 19th century, now critically endangered Locally extinct across most of its former range
Greater mouse-eared bat
Myotis myotis 		20th century Survives in Europe and the Middle East. Possibly extirpated from Great Britain.[42] A solitary male is known from a single hibernation site in Sussex, but the species is effectively extirpated.

[43]

Steppe pika
Ochotona pusilla 		Late Holocene[40][41] Western Europe to Kazakhstan
Walrus
Odobenus rosmarus 		1000 CE Survives throughout Arctic and subarctic areas. Extirpated as a breeder in the British Isles; an occasional vagrant[44]
Muskox
Ovibos moschatus 		7050 BCE[45] Northern Eurasia and North America 1947[46][C]
Lion
Panthera leo 		4th century (Balkans)[47]
10th century (Caucasus)[48] 		Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe
Saiga antelope
Saiga tatarica 		Locally extinct in some countries. Hunted in the North Caucasus during the Mesolithic and Eneolithic.[49] Central Europe to Siberia
Wild boar
Sus scrofa 		c. 1400 Survives across Eurasia and North Africa. Reintroduced to Britain,[50] extirpated from Ireland.[51]
Reindeer
Rangifer tarandus 		Middle Ages Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain c. 1100 CE.[52] Extirpated in Ireland c. 7500 BC.

[53][54][55]

Brown bear
Ursus arctos 		Locally extinct in many countries Across Eurasia and North America
Arctic fox
Vulpes lagopus 		Ranged across much of Eurasia in the last ice age, now restricted to Arctic areas

Birds

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Mediterranean brown fish owl
Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae 		7433-7035 BCE[14] Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[56]
Ibiza rail
Rallus eivissensis 		5295-4848 BCE[57] Ibiza, Spain


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		1844[58] the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean
Pied raven
Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus 		1902[59] the Faroe Islands, Denmark


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[60] Western Eurasia and North Africa

In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn.[61] The species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[62]


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Eurasian goshawk
Accipiter gentilis 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Marsh owl
Asio capensis 		1998[63] Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula
Eurasian eagle-owl
Bubo bubo 		c. 6000 BCE (re-established)[64] Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
White stork
Ciconia ciconia 		1416 (reintroduced)[65] Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Western marsh harrier
Circus aeruginosus 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Kentish plover
Charadrius alexandrinus 		20th century (last breeding record 1979)[66] Extirpated in the British Isles
Little egret
Egretta garzetta 		late medieval period (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Lanner falcon
Falco biarmicus 		1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed] Extirpated in the British Isles
Northern bald ibis
Geronticus eremita 		16th century the Mediterranean region 2004[67]
Common crane
Grus grus 		late medieval period (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and parts of Western Europe
White-tailed eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla 		1916 (reintroduced) Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Eurasian wryneck
Jynx torquilla 		Extirpated in the British Isles
Red-backed shrike
Lanius collurio 		1989 Extirpated in the British Isles (as a regular breeding bird)
Red kite
Milvus milvus 		1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Great bustard
Otis tarda 		19th century (reintroduced) Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Osprey
Pandion haliaetus 		1916 (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Dalmatian pelican
Pelecanus crispus 		c. 3000 BCE[68] Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from the Briitish Isles.
Eurasian spoonbill
Platalea leucorodia 		17th century Extirpated from the British isles (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[69]
Pterodroma sp.(Pterodroma feae?) Iron Age[70] Extirpated from the British isles
Pied avocet
Recurvirostra avosetta 		19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Western capercaillie
Tetrao urogallus 		1780s (reintroduced) The Scottish population became extinct, but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population
Common buttonquail
Turnix sylvaticus 		1981[71] Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily

Reptiles

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ratas Island lizard
Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi 		1935[72] Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain
Santo Stefano lizard
Podarcis sicula sanctistephani 		c. 1965[73] Santo Stefano Island, Italy

Locally extinct

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European pond turtle
Emys orbicularis 		Atlantic period In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010.[74] In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain,[75] where a reintroduction has been proposed by Celtic Reptile & Amphibian.[76] Escaped colonies were possibly established in Great Britain.
Western green lizard
Lacerta bilineata 		Possibly native and extirpated in Great Britain. Escaped populations exist.[77]
Aesculapian snake
Zamenis longissimus 		Atlantic period According to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000–5000 years ago) of Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. Three specimens were collected in Denmark between 1810 and 1863 in southern Zealand, presumably from a relict and now extinct population.[78] They also occurred in Great Britain during the Atlant ic period.[79] Escaped populations exist in Great Britain.

Amphibians

Locally extinct

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European tree frog
Hyla arborea 		1986[80][81] Extirpated from Great Britain
Pool frog
Pelophylax lessonae 		1999[82] (reintroduced)[83] Most likely native to Great Britain.[84] Extirpated and reintroduced in Great Britain
Moor frog
Rana arvalis 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[85][86][87] Extirpated from Great Britain. The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of Celtic Reptile & Amphibian's rewilding plans.

[88][89][90]

Agile frog
Rana dalmatina 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[91][92][93] The species once lived in the Great Britain, during middle Saxon times, with archaeological remains recovered in East Anglia.[94][95] Celtic Reptile & Amphibian have discussed reintroducing the species.[96][97]

Fish

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Skadar nase
Chondrostoma scodrense 		1900s[98] Lake Skadar
Coregonus bezola 1960s[99] Lac du Bourget, France
Coregonus fera 1920[100] Lake Geneva
Lake Constance whitefish
Coregonus gutturosus 		early 1970s[101] Lake Constance
Gravenche
Coregonus hiemalis 		1950[102] Lake Geneva
Houting
Coregonus oxyrinchus 		1940[103] the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England
Coregonus restrictus 1890[104] Lake Morat, Switzerland
Ukrainian migratory lamprey
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' 		before 1900[105] the Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages
Techirghiol stickleback
Gasterosteus crenobiontus 		1960s[106] Lake Techirghiol, Romania
Danube delta gudgeon
Romanogobio antipai 		1960s[107] the Lower Danube
Salvelinus neocomensis 1904[108] Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Extinct in the wild / locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European sea sturgeon
Acipenser sturio 		Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range Europe
Zope
Ballerus ballerus 		Locally extinct in Lithuania Eurasia
Beloribitsa
Stenodus leucichthys 		1960s[109] the Caspian Sea, the Volga, Ural and Terek River drainages

Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[110]

Burbot
Lota lota 		A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk.[citation needed] The species was then presumed extirpated. Possibly extinct in Great Britain. Reintroduction under consideration.

Insects

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Perrin's cave beetle
Siettitia balsetensis 		France[111]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Spined dwarf mantis
Ameles fasciipennis 		After 1871 It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.[112]
Tobias' caddisfly
Hydropsyche tobiasi 		1938[113] the Rhine and Main River, Germany
British large copper
Lycaena dispar dispar 		1864[114] the British Isles
Moss-land silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus masseyi 		1942[115] Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis 1860[116] Hyères, France


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Iberian lynx louse
Felicola isidoroi 		1997[117] the Iberian Peninsula

Locally extinct in Britain

Beetles

Bees, wasps and ants

Flies

Butterflies and moths

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[120]

Dragonflies and damselflies

Caddisflies

Cicada

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  2. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. Lithostege griseata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)[124]
  4. Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872

Arachnids

Locally extinct in Britain

Sea anemones

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ivell's sea anemone
Edwardsia ivelli 		1983[125] the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Crustaceans

Locally extinct in Britain

Molluscs

Land snails

Molluscs

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Zonites siphnicus Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[128]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zonites santoriniensis c. 1600 BCE[129] Santorini, Greece


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Graecoanatolica macedonica 1988[130] Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border
Ohridohauffenia drimica before 1983[131] the Drin River, North Macedonia


Possibly extinct / locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Belgrandia varica 1910[132] the Var River Delta, France
Belgrandiella boetersi unknown[133] Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria
Freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera 		Locally extinct in Lithuania, Poland, and probably Moravia (in Czechia) Holarctic distribution
Parmacella gervaisii 1874[134] La Crau, Provence, France
Zonites embolium 1985[135] Zaforas, Greece

Flowering plants

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Trapa natans L. (water caltrop)[136]
  2. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
  3. Rubus arcticus L.
  4. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.
  5. Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzger
  6. Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.
  7. Hypericum humifusum L. (trailing St.John's-wort)
  8. Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.[137]
  9. Gladiolus palustris Gaudin (marsh gladiolus)
  10. Aphanes arvensis L. (parsley piert)
  11. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (marsh pennywort)
  12. Pycreus flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
  13. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom

Restored in Lithuania

  1. Laserpitium latifolium L.
  2. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.
  3. Perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva L.)
  4. Ramsons (Allium ursinum L.)
  5. Poa remota Forselles
  6. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
  7. Centunculus minimus L.
  8. Peplis portula L.
  9. Arctium nemorosum Lej.
  10. Cyperus fuscus L.

Pinophyta

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Taxus baccata L.

Pteridophyta

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Salvinia natans (L.) All.

Restored in Lithuania

  1. Northern firmoss (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Martius)

Moss

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.

Algae

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Chara braunii Gmel.
  2. Nitella batrachosperma (Reichenb.) A. Braun
  3. Nitella hyalina (DC.) C. Agardh
  4. Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.
  5. Nitella translucens (Pers.) C. Agardh

Fungus

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Conocybe intrusa (Peck) Sing.
  2. Microstoma protracta (Fr.) Kanouse
  3. Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar
  4. Coprinus dunarum Stoll.
  5. Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers.
  6. Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) Fischer
  7. Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel: Fr.) Casp.

Lichen

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
  2. Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
  3. Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
  4. Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
  5. Usnea lapponica Vain.
  6. Usnea scabrata Nyl.
  7. Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J. R. Laundon
  8. Calicium quercinum Pers.
  9. Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
  10. Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
  11. Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
  12. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
  13. Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
  14. Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
  15. Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
  16. Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[22]
  2. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[37][38]
  3. ^ Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[45]

References

  1. ^ Averianov, A. (2001). Pleistocene lagomorphs of Eurasia. Deinsea, 8(1), 1-14.
  2. ^ Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
  3. ^ a b Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia. Biology Bulletin, 47(8), 981-995.
  4. ^ a b Kosintsev, P. (2007). Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals. Quaternary International, 160(1), 112-120.
  5. ^ Ripoll, M. P., Perez, J. V. M., Serra, A. S., Tortosa, J. E. A., & Montanana, I. S. (2010). Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: new remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3), 437-450.
  6. ^ Ghezzo, E., & Rook, L. (2014). Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811)(Mammalia, Carnivora) from Equi (Late Pleistocene, Massa-Carrara, Italy): anatomical analysis and palaeoethological contextualisation. Rendiconti Lincei, 25(4), 491-504.
  7. ^ Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  8. ^ Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.
  9. ^ a b Bover, P. (2011). La paleontologia de vertebrats insulars de les Balears: la contribució de les excavacions recents. Endins: publicació d'espeleologia, 299-316.
  10. ^ Bover, P., et al. (2016). Closing the gap: new data on the last documented Myotragus and the first human evidence on Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Sea). The Holocene, 26(11), 1887-1891.
  11. ^ Masseti, M. (2008). The most ancient explorations of the Mediterranean. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser, 59(Suppl I), 1-18.
  12. ^ Benzi, V. et al. (2007). Radiocarbon and U-series dating of the endemic deer Praemegaceros cazioti (Depéret) from "Grotta Juntu", Sardinia. Journal of archaeological science, 34(5), 790-794.
  13. ^ Melis, S., Salvadori, S., & Pillola, G. L. (2010). SARDINIAN DEER: DERIVATIONS, FOSSIL DISCOVERIES AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION. Present Environment & Sustainable Development, 4(2).
  14. ^ a b c d Vigne, Jean-Denis, Salvador Bailon, and Jacques Cuisin. "Biostratigraphy of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in Corsica and the role of man in the Holocene faunal turnover." Anthropologica 25.26 (1997): 587-604.
  15. ^ Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy. Cranium 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.
  16. ^ Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People's Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]
  17. ^ Krasinska, M. & Krasinski, Zbigniew (2013). European Bison: The Nature Monograph. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 380 pages.
  18. ^ Puzek, Z.; et al. (2002). European Bison Bison bonasus: Current State of the Species and an Action Plan for Its Conservation. Bialowieza: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences.
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