List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene: Difference between revisions
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This is a '''list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene''' that covers [[extinction]]s from the [[Holocene]] epoch, a [[Geologic time scale|geologic epoch]] that began about 11,650 years [[Before Present|before present]] (about 9700 [[Common Era|BCE]]){{efn|The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before |
This is a '''list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene''' that covers [[extinction]]s from the [[Holocene]] epoch, a [[Geologic time scale|geologic epoch]] that began about 11,650 years [[Before Present|before present]] (about 9700 [[Common Era|BCE]]){{efn|The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.}} and continues to the present day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Mike |last2=Johnsen |first2=Sigfus |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Sune Olander |last4=Popp |first4=Trevor |last5=Steffensen |first5=Jorgen-Peder |last6=Gibrard |first6=Phil |last7=Hoek |first7=Wim |last8=Lowe |first8=John |last9=Andrews |first9=John |last10=Bjo Rck |first10=Svante |last11=Cwynar |first11=Les C. |last12=Hughen |first12=Konrad |last13=Kersahw |first13=Peter |last14=Kromer |first14=Bernd |last15=Litt |first15=Thomas |year=2009 |title=Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Quaternary Science]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |bibcode=2009JQS....24....3W |doi=10.1002/jqs.1227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2022-04-24 |doi-access=free |first16=David J. |last16=Lowe |first17=Takeshi |last17=Nakagawa |first18=Rewi |last18=Newnham |first19=Jakob |last19=Schwander}}</ref> |
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The [[Hawaiian Islands]] include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]]. They are all part of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Hawaii]], except [[Midway Atoll]], which is a separate [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]].<ref name="modis">{{Cite web |title=MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands |url=https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604034455/https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=modis.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> |
The [[Hawaiian Islands]] include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]]. They are all part of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Hawaii]], except [[Midway Atoll]], which is a separate [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]].<ref name="modis">{{Cite web |title=MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands |url=https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604034455/https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=modis.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> |
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The islands of East [[Polynesia]] (including [[New Zealand]], [[Hawaii]], and [[Easter Island]]) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.<ref name=":39">{{Cite journal | |
The islands of East [[Polynesia]] (including [[New Zealand]], [[Hawaii]], and [[Easter Island]]) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.<ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=Janet M. |last2=Hunt |first2=Terry L. |last3=Lipo |first3=Carl P. |last4=Anderson |first4=Atholl J. |date=December 27, 2010 |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–1820 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3033267 |pmid=21187404 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have varied over the decades,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |date=2011 |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248796 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–26}}</ref> but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled about 1219 to 1266 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name=":39" /> In 1778, British explorer [[James Cook]] became the first recorded [[Europe|European]] to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and [[United States|American]] explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was [[Newlands Resolution|annexed by the United States]] in 1898 and became a state in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034308/http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> |
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Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing [[Holocene extinction]], driven by human activity. Human contact, first by [[Polynesians]] and later by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in [[cave]]s, [[lava tube]]s, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native [[eagle]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleischer |first1=Robert |last2=Olsen |first2=Storrs |last3=James |first3=Helen |last4=Cooper |first4=Alan |date=October 2000 |title=Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4039/Fleischer2002a.pdf |journal=The Auk |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1056 |doi=10.1093/auk/117.4.1051 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> two raven-size [[Corvus|crows]], several bird-eating [[owl]]s, and giant ducks known as [[moa-nalo]].<!-- The name moa-nalo is both singular and plural --> Today, many of Hawaii's remaining [[Endemism|endemic]] species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web |author=Howard Youth |title=Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318100849/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2007 |access-date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> The endemic plant ''[[Brighamia]]'' now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128012940/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2014 |access-date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> |
Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing [[Holocene extinction]], driven by human activity. Human contact, first by [[Polynesians]] and later by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in [[cave]]s, [[lava tube]]s, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native [[eagle]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleischer |first1=Robert |last2=Olsen |first2=Storrs |last3=James |first3=Helen |last4=Cooper |first4=Alan |date=October 2000 |title=Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4039/Fleischer2002a.pdf |journal=The Auk |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1056 |doi=10.1093/auk/117.4.1051 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> two raven-size [[Corvus|crows]], several bird-eating [[owl]]s, and giant ducks known as [[moa-nalo]].<!-- The name moa-nalo is both singular and plural --> Today, many of Hawaii's remaining [[Endemism|endemic]] species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web |author=Howard Youth |title=Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318100849/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2007 |access-date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> The endemic plant ''[[Brighamia]]'' now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128012940/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2014 |access-date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> |
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|[[Kepler's crake]] |
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|''Zapornia keplerorum'' |
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|Maui |
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|Known from subfossil remains.<ref name="Hume" /> |
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|[[Molokai crake]] |
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|''Zapornia menehune'' |
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|Molokai |
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|Known from subfossil remains.<ref name="Hume" /> |
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|[[Laysan rail]] |
|[[Laysan rail]] |
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|[[File:Hawaiirail.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Hawaiirail.jpg|120px]] |
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|[[ |
|[[Great Maui crake]] |
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|''Porzana severnsi'' |
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|''Zapornia ziegleri''<ref name="Hume" /> |
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|Maui |
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|Oahu |
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|Early 12th century/150 C.E. |
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|Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.<ref name="Turvey" /> |
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|[[Porzana|Small Maui crake]] |
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|''"Porzana" keplerorum'' |
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|Maui<ref name="oj91">{{cite journal |author1=Olson, Storrs |author2=James, Helen |year=1991 |title=Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes. |journal=Ornithological Monographs |volume=7 |issue=45 |pages=1–88 |doi=10.2307/40166794 |jstor=40166794}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" |All prehistoric.{{citationneeded|date=April 2023}} |
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|[[Porzana|Liliput crake]] |
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|''"Porzana" menehune'' |
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|Molokai<ref name="oj91" /> |
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|[[Great Oʻahu crake]] |
|[[Great Oʻahu crake]] |
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|'' |
|''Porzana ralphorum'' |
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|O{{okina}}ahu |
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|Oahu<ref name="oj91" /> |
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|Early 11th century/200 C.E. Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails.<ref name="Hume" /> |
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|[[ |
|[[Porzana|Small Oʻahu crake]] |
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|''Zapornia ziegleri''<ref name="Hume" /> |
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|''"Porzana" severnsi'' |
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|O{{okina}}ahu |
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|Maui<ref name="oj91" /> |
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|Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.<ref name="Turvey" /> |
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|''"Porzana"'' sp. |
|''"Porzana"'' sp. |
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|Hawaii (island) |
|Hawaii (island) |
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| rowspan="5" |All prehistoric.{{citationneeded|date=April 2023}} |
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|''Pterodroma jugabilis'' |
|''Pterodroma jugabilis'' |
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|Hawaii (island) and Oahu |
|Hawaii (island) and Oahu |
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|Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.<ref name="oj91" /> |
|Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.<ref name="oj91">{{cite journal |author1=Olson, Storrs |author2=James, Helen |year=1991 |title=Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes. |journal=Ornithological Monographs |volume=7 |issue=45 |pages=1–88 |doi=10.2307/40166794 |jstor=40166794}}</ref> |
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|[[Apteribis|Lānaʻi ibis]] |
|[[Apteribis|Lānaʻi ibis]] |
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|''Apteribis'' sp. |
|''Apteribis'' sp. |
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|[[Lanai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Dove |first1=Carla J. |last2=Olson |first2=Storrs L. |date=September 2011 |title=Fossil Feathers from the Hawaiian Flightless Ibis (Apteribis sp.): Plumage Coloration and Systematics of a Prehistorically Extinct Bird |
|[[Lanai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Dove |first1=Carla J. |last2=Olson |first2=Storrs L. |date=September 2011 |title=Fossil Feathers from the Hawaiian Flightless Ibis (Apteribis sp.): Plumage Coloration and Systematics of a Prehistorically Extinct Bird |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en-US |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=892–897 |doi=10.1666/10-133.1 |issn=0022-3360 |s2cid=86084047|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011JPal...85..892D }}</ref> |
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|''Grallistrix erdmani'' |
|''Grallistrix erdmani'' |
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|Maui |
|Maui |
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|Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 |
|Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 CE.<ref name="Turvey" /> |
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|[[Stilt-owl|Molokaʻi stilt-owl]] |
|[[Stilt-owl|Molokaʻi stilt-owl]] |
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|''Corvus hawaiiensis'' |
|''Corvus hawaiiensis'' |
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|Hawaii (island) and Maui |
|Hawaii (island) and Maui |
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|Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the [[Mauna Loa]] in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.<ref name="corvus">{{Cite |
|Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the [[Mauna Loa]] in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.<ref name="corvus">{{Cite iucn |year=2016 |title=''Corvus hawaiiensis''|author= BirdLife International |page=e.T22706052A94048187 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|[[File:Corvus_hawaiiensis_FWS.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Corvus_hawaiiensis_FWS.jpg|120px]] |
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|''Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris'' |
|''Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris'' |
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|Laysan |
|Laysan |
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|Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by [[feral rabbit]]s, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.<ref name="Hume">Hume, J.P. (2017) ''Extinct Birds''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.</ref> |
|Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to [[habitat destruction]] caused by [[feral rabbit]]s, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.<ref name="Hume">Hume, J.P. (2017) ''Extinct Birds''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.</ref> |
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|[[File:Acrocepahlus_familiaris,_Rothsch..jpg|130x130px]] |
|[[File:Acrocepahlus_familiaris,_Rothsch..jpg|130x130px]] |
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|[[ʻĀmaui]] |
|[[ʻĀmaui]] |
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|''Myadestes woahensis |
|''Myadestes woahensis'' |
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|Oahu<ref name=":17" /> |
|Oahu<ref name=":17" /> |
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|Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.<ref name=":17">{{cite iucn|title=''Myadestes woahensis''|page=e.T22708564A111775767|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en}}</ref> |
|Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.<ref name=":17">{{cite iucn|title=''Myadestes woahensis''|page=e.T22708564A111775767|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en}}</ref> |
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|[[O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}akialoa]] |
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|[[Oʻahu ʻakialoa]] |
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|''Akialoa ellisiana'' |
|''Akialoa ellisiana'' |
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|Oahu |
|Oahu |
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|The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. |
|The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year= 2017|title= ''Akialoa ellisiana'' |amends=2017|page= e.T103823212A119549725|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823212A119549725.en |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Hemignathus ellisianus1.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Hemignathus ellisianus1.jpg|100px]] |
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|[[Maui Nui |
|[[Maui Nui {{okina}}akialoa]] |
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|''Akialoa lanaiensis'' |
|''Akialoa lanaiensis'' |
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|Maui, Lanai and Molokai<ref name=":38">{{Cite iucn|title=''Akialoa lanaiensis''|page=e.T103823431A119549974|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=15 January 2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en}}</ref> |
|Maui, Lanai and Molokai<ref name=":38">{{Cite iucn|title=''Akialoa lanaiensis''|page=e.T103823431A119549974|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=15 January 2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Hemignathus obscurus (Gmel.), female, Bishop Museum, Honolulu.JPG|120px]] |
|[[File:Hemignathus obscurus (Gmel.), female, Bishop Museum, Honolulu.JPG|120px]] |
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|[[Kaua{{okina}}i {{okina}}akialoa]] |
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|[[Kauaʻi ʻakialoa]] |
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|''Akialoa stejnegeri'' |
|''Akialoa stejnegeri'' |
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|Kauai |
|Kauai |
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|''Ciridops tenax'' |
|''Ciridops tenax'' |
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|Kauai |
|Kauai |
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|Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians.<ref name = "Hume"/> |
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| rowspan="3" |Prehistoric<ref name=":1" /> |
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|''Ciridops'' cf. ''anna'' |
|''Ciridops'' cf. ''anna'' |
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|Molokai |
|Molokai |
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| rowspan="2" |Prehistoric<ref name=":1" /> |
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|''Hemignathus lucidus'' |
|''Hemignathus lucidus'' |
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|Oahu |
|Oahu |
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|The last two preserved individuals were collected either during |
|The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".<ref>Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf</ref> |
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|[[File:Zzznukupuulucidus.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Zzznukupuulucidus.jpg|120px]] |
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|''Loxops wolstenholmei'' |
|''Loxops wolstenholmei'' |
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|Oahu |
|Oahu |
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|Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.<ref>{{Cite |
|Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.<ref>{{Cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |year=2017 |title=''Loxops wolstenholmei'' |amends=2016 |page=e.T103824105A117232993 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103824105A117232993.en |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Oahu Akepa.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Oahu Akepa.jpg|100px]] |
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|[[ |
|[[Po{{okina}}ouli]] |
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|''Melamprosops phaeosoma'' |
|''Melamprosops phaeosoma'' |
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|Maui |
|Maui |
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|[[File:Paroreomyza.flammea.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Paroreomyza.flammea.jpg|100px]] |
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|[[Lāna{{okina}}i {{okina}}alauahio]] |
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|[[Lānaʻi ʻalauahio]] |
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|''Paroreomyza montana montana'' |
|''Paroreomyza montana montana'' |
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|Lanai |
|Lanai |
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|Extinct since 1937.<ref> |
|Extinct since 1937.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year= 2023|title= ''Paroreomyza montana''|page= e.T22720818A224944120|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22720818A224944120.en|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Paroreomyza montana montana.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Paroreomyza montana montana.jpg|100px]] |
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|''Rhodacanthis flaviceps'' |
|''Rhodacanthis flaviceps'' |
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|Hawaii (island) |
|Hawaii (island) |
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|Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.<ref name="James_Prince">{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Johnathan P. Prince |date=May 2008 |title=Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches |journal=Diversity & Distributions |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x |s2cid=40057425}}</ref> The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.<ref name=":3">{{cite iucn|title=''Rhodacanthis flaviceps''|page=e.T22720745A94681389|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en}}</ref> According to the [[IUCN red list]], "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"<ref name=":3" /> apparently |
|Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.<ref name="James_Prince">{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Johnathan P. Prince |date=May 2008 |title=Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches |journal=Diversity & Distributions |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x |bibcode=2008DivDi..14..441J |s2cid=40057425}}</ref> The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.<ref name=":3">{{cite iucn|title=''Rhodacanthis flaviceps''|page=e.T22720745A94681389|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en}}</ref> According to the [[IUCN red list]], "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"<ref name=":3" /> apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (''Rhodacanthis litotes'').<ref name="Helen" /> |
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|[[File:Telespiza flaviceps3.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Telespiza flaviceps3.jpg|100px]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Scissor-billed koa finch]] |
|[[Scissor-billed koa finch]] |
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|''Rhodacanthis forfex'' |
|''Rhodacanthis forfex'' |
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|Maui and Kauai<ref name="Helen">{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Storrs L. Olson |year=2005 |title=The diversity and biogeography of koa-finches (Drepanidini: ''Rhodacanthis'') with descriptions of two new species |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/217/1/James-05-ZJLS-new+koa+finches.pdf |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |publisher=[[Linnean Society of London]] |volume=144 |issue=4 |pages=527–541 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00173.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
|Maui and Kauai<ref name="Helen">{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Storrs L. Olson |year=2005 |title=The diversity and biogeography of koa-finches (Drepanidini: ''Rhodacanthis'') with descriptions of two new species |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/217/1/James-05-ZJLS-new+koa+finches.pdf |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |publisher=[[Linnean Society of London]] |volume=144 |issue=4 |pages=527–541 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00173.x |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
||
|Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its [[disjunct distribution]], the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.<ref name="Helen" /> The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.<ref name="James_Prince" /> |
|Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its [[disjunct distribution]], the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.<ref name="Helen" /> The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.<ref name="James_Prince" /> |
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|[[File:Loxops ochracea Roths, male (Maui 'akepa), Bishop Museum, Honolulu.JPG|100px]] |
|[[File:Loxops ochracea Roths, male (Maui 'akepa), Bishop Museum, Honolulu.JPG|100px]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}alauahio]] |
|||
|[[Oʻahu ʻalauahio]] |
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|''Paroreomyza maculata'' |
|''Paroreomyza maculata'' |
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|Oahu |
|Oahu |
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Line 712: | Line 716: | ||
|[[File:Paroreomyza maculata.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Paroreomyza maculata.jpg|100px]] |
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|- |
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|[[{{okina}}Ō{{okina}}ū]] |
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|[[ʻŌʻū]] |
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|''Psittirostra psittacea'' |
|''Psittirostra psittacea'' |
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|Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai |
|Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai |
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Line 748: | Line 752: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|[[Megalagrion jugorum|Maui upland damselfly]] |
|[[Megalagrion jugorum|Maui upland damselfly]] |
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Line 754: | Line 757: | ||
|Maui and Lanai<ref name=":8">{{cite iucn|title=''Megalagrion jugorum''|page=e.T12953A510761|author=Polhemus, D.A.|date=2020|volume=2020|access-date=12 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T12953A510761.en}}</ref> |
|Maui and Lanai<ref name=":8">{{cite iucn|title=''Megalagrion jugorum''|page=e.T12953A510761|author=Polhemus, D.A.|date=2020|volume=2020|access-date=12 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T12953A510761.en}}</ref> |
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|Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name=":8" /> |
|Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name=":8" /> |
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Line 767: | Line 769: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|- |
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|[[Leptogryllus deceptor|Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket]] |
|[[Leptogryllus deceptor|Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket]] |
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|''Leptogryllus deceptor'' |
|''Leptogryllus deceptor'' |
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|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.113250/Leptogryllus_deceptor |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.113250/Leptogryllus_deceptor |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|Extinct in the wild<ref name="cricket">Orthopteroid Specialist Group 1996 |
|Extinct in the wild<ref name="cricket">{{cite iucn|author=Orthopteroid Specialist Group |year= 1996|title=''Leptogryllus deceptor''|page= e.T11690A3301867 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11690A3301867.en |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> |
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==== Mealybugs (family [[Mealybug|Pseudococcidae]]) ==== |
==== Mealybugs (family [[Mealybug|Pseudococcidae]]) ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Common name |
|||
!Scientific name |
!Scientific name |
||
!Range |
!Range |
||
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
||
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
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|''[[Clavicoccus erinaceus]]'' |
|''[[Clavicoccus erinaceus]]'' |
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|Oahu |
|Oahu |
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|Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20216">{{cite iucn|title=''Clavicoccus erinaceus''|page=e.T4961A11102700|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T4961A11102700.en}}</ref> |
|Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20216">{{cite iucn|title=''Clavicoccus erinaceus''|page=e.T4961A11102700|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T4961A11102700.en}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
|||
|''[[Phyllococcus|Phyllococcus oahuensis]]'' |
|''[[Phyllococcus|Phyllococcus oahuensis]]'' |
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|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":9">{{cite iucn|title=''Phyllococcus oahuensis''|page=e.T17120A6799402|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17120A6799402.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":9">{{cite iucn|title=''Phyllococcus oahuensis''|page=e.T17120A6799402|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17120A6799402.en}}</ref> |
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|Extinct<ref name=":9" /> |
|Extinct<ref name=":9" /> |
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Line 807: | Line 801: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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Line 813: | Line 806: | ||
|Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Dryophthorus distinguendus''|page=e.T6862A21424260|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6862A21424260.en}}</ref> |
|Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Dryophthorus distinguendus''|page=e.T6862A21424260|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6862A21424260.en}}</ref> |
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|Extinct. Last seen in 1961.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20212" /> |
|Extinct. Last seen in 1961.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20212" /> |
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|- |
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|[[Oodemas laysanensis|Laysan weevil]] |
|[[Oodemas laysanensis|Laysan weevil]] |
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Line 819: | Line 811: | ||
|Laysan<ref name=":4">{{cite iucn|title=''Oodemas laysanensis''|page=e.T15144A21424379|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15144A21424379.en}}</ref> |
|Laysan<ref name=":4">{{cite iucn|title=''Oodemas laysanensis''|page=e.T15144A21424379|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15144A21424379.en}}</ref> |
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|Extinct. Last seen in 1964.<ref name=":4" /> |
|Extinct. Last seen in 1964.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Line 825: | Line 816: | ||
|Laysan<ref name=":10">{{cite iucn|title=''Rhyncogonus bryani''|page=e.T19724A21424429|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19724A21424429.en}}</ref> |
|Laysan<ref name=":10">{{cite iucn|title=''Rhyncogonus bryani''|page=e.T19724A21424429|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19724A21424429.en}}</ref> |
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|Extinct. Last seen in 1911.<ref name=":10" /> |
|Extinct. Last seen in 1911.<ref name=":10" /> |
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Line 832: | Line 822: | ||
==== Pyralid moths (family [[Pyralidae]]) ==== |
==== Pyralid moths (family [[Pyralidae]]) ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Common name |
|||
!Scientific name |
!Scientific name |
||
!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
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|''[[Genophantis leahi]]'' |
|''[[Genophantis leahi]]'' |
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|[[Maui]], [[Oahu]], [[Molokai]] and [[Hawaii (island)]] |
|[[Maui]], [[Oahu]], [[Molokai]] and [[Hawaii (island)]] |
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|Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Genophantis leahi''|page=e.T9000A12948738|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9000A12948738.en}}</ref> |
|Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Genophantis leahi''|page=e.T9000A12948738|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9000A12948738.en}}</ref> |
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Line 851: | Line 837: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Confused moth]] |
|[[Confused moth]] |
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Line 857: | Line 842: | ||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":11">{{cite iucn|title=''Helicoverpa confusa''|page=e.T9808A13018419|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9808A13018419.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":11">{{cite iucn|title=''Helicoverpa confusa''|page=e.T9808A13018419|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9808A13018419.en}}</ref> |
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|Extinct after 1927.<ref name=":11" /> |
|Extinct after 1927.<ref name=":11" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Minute noctuid moth]] |
|[[Minute noctuid moth]] |
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Line 863: | Line 847: | ||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":12">{{cite iucn|title=''Helicoverpa minuta''|page=e.T9809A13018521|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9809A13018521.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands<ref name=":12">{{cite iucn|title=''Helicoverpa minuta''|page=e.T9809A13018521|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9809A13018521.en}}</ref> |
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|Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.<ref name=":12" /> |
|Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.<ref name=":12" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Laysan dropseed noctuid moth]] |
|[[Laysan dropseed noctuid moth]] |
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Line 869: | Line 852: | ||
|Laysan |
|Laysan |
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|Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena laysanensis''|page=e.T10637A3206838|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10637A3206838.en}}</ref> |
|Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena laysanensis''|page=e.T10637A3206838|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10637A3206838.en}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Hilo noctuid moth]] |
|[[Hilo noctuid moth]] |
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Line 875: | Line 857: | ||
|Hawaii (island) |
|Hawaii (island) |
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|Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106839/Hypena_newelli |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref>{{efn|This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.}} Extinct<ref name="iucn status 17 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena newelli''|page=e.T10641A3207144|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10641A3207144.en}}</ref> |
|Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106839/Hypena_newelli |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref>{{efn|This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.}} Extinct<ref name="iucn status 17 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena newelli''|page=e.T10641A3207144|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10641A3207144.en}}</ref> |
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|[[Lovegrass noctuid moth]] |
|[[Lovegrass noctuid moth]] |
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Line 881: | Line 862: | ||
|Kauai, Oahu, and Maui |
|Kauai, Oahu, and Maui |
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|Last seen before 1960, date unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108405/Hypena_plagiota |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20214">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena plagiota''|page=e.T10639A3206940|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10639A3206940.en}}</ref> |
|Last seen before 1960, date unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108405/Hypena_plagiota |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20214">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena plagiota''|page=e.T10639A3206940|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10639A3206940.en}}</ref> |
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|[[Kaholuamano noctuid moth]] |
|[[Kaholuamano noctuid moth]] |
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Line 887: | Line 867: | ||
|Kauai |
|Kauai |
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|Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109912/Hypena_senicula |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref>{{efn|This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.}} Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20215">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena senicula''|page=e.T10640A3207041|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10640A3207041.en}}</ref> |
|Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109912/Hypena_senicula |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref>{{efn|This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.}} Extinct<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20215">{{cite iucn|title=''Hypena senicula''|page=e.T10640A3207041|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10640A3207041.en}}</ref> |
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Line 900: | Line 879: | ||
|[[Midway noctuid moth]] |
|[[Midway noctuid moth]] |
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|''Agrotis fasciata'' |
|''Agrotis fasciata'' |
||
|[[Midway Atoll]]<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis fasciata''|page=e.T705A189702927|author=Walker, A. |
|[[Midway Atoll]]<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis fasciata''|page=e.T705A189702927|author=Walker, A. |author2= Medeiros, M.J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T705A189702927.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen before 1960, date unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118351/Agrotis_fasciata |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" /> |
|Last seen before 1960, date unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118351/Agrotis_fasciata |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" /> |
||
|[[File:Agrotis-fasciata.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Agrotis-fasciata.jpg|120px]] |
||
Line 906: | Line 885: | ||
|[[Agrotis panoplias|Kona agrotis noctuid moth]] |
|[[Agrotis panoplias|Kona agrotis noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis panoplias'' |
|''Agrotis panoplias'' |
||
|Hawaii (island)<ref name="iucn status 24 May 2022">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis panoplias. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T188988592A189703162|author=Walker, A.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|author2=Medeiros, M.J.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988592A189703162.en}}</ref> |
|Hawaii (island)<ref name="iucn status 24 May 2022">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis panoplias''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T188988592A189703162|author=Walker, A.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|author2=Medeiros, M.J.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988592A189703162.en}}</ref> |
||
|Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 24 May 2022" /> |
|Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 24 May 2022" /> |
||
|[[File:Euxoa panoplias.JPG|100px]] |
|[[File:Euxoa panoplias.JPG|100px]] |
||
Line 912: | Line 891: | ||
|[[Poko noctuid moth]] |
|[[Poko noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis crinigera'' |
|''Agrotis crinigera'' |
||
|Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis crinigera''|page=e.T704A189702899|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022| |
|Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20212">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis crinigera''|page=e.T704A189702899|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T704A189702899.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20212" /> |
|Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20212" /> |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 918: | Line 897: | ||
|[[Kerr's noctuid moth]] |
|[[Kerr's noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis kerri'' |
|''Agrotis kerri'' |
||
|[[French Frigate Shoals]]<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis kerri''|page=e.T706A189702955|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022| |
|[[French Frigate Shoals]]<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis kerri''|page=e.T706A189702955|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T706A189702955.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" /> |
|Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" /> |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 924: | Line 903: | ||
|[[Procellaris grotis noctuid moth]] |
|[[Procellaris grotis noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis procellaris'' |
|''Agrotis procellaris'' |
||
|Laysan<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis procellaris''|page=e.T709A189703039|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022| |
|Laysan<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis procellaris''|page=e.T709A189703039|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T709A189703039.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> |
|Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 936: | Line 915: | ||
|[[Laysan noctuid moth]] |
|[[Laysan noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis laysanensis'' |
|''Agrotis laysanensis'' |
||
|Laysan<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20213">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis laysanensis''|page=e.T707A189702983|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022| |
|Laysan<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20213">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis laysanensis''|page=e.T707A189702983|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2021|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T707A189702983.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20213" /> |
|Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20213" /> |
||
|[[File:Agrotis-laysanensis.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Agrotis-laysanensis.jpg|120px]] |
||
Line 948: | Line 927: | ||
|[[Agrotis photophila|Light-loving noctuid moth]] |
|[[Agrotis photophila|Light-loving noctuid moth]] |
||
|''Agrotis photophila'' |
|''Agrotis photophila'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20213">{{cite iucn |
|Oahu<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20213">{{cite iucn |author=Walker, A. |author2= Medeiros, M.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |title=''Agrotis photophila'' |page=e.T708A189703011 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T708A189703011.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20213" /> |
|Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20213" /> |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 959: | Line 938: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
||
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
||
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Agrotis tephrias|Kauai agrotis noctuid moth]] |
|[[Agrotis tephrias|Kauai agrotis noctuid moth]] |
||
Line 965: | Line 943: | ||
|Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)<ref name=":7">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis tephrias''|page=e.T188989484A189703177|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2020|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188989484A189703177.en}}</ref> |
|Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)<ref name=":7">{{cite iucn|title=''Agrotis tephrias''|page=e.T188989484A189703177|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2020|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188989484A189703177.en}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.<ref name=":7" /> |
|Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.<ref name=":7" /> |
||
| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 1,018: | Line 995: | ||
!Range |
!Range |
||
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
||
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Drosophila lanaiensis|Lanai pomace fly]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114569/Drosophila_lanaiensis |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|[[Drosophila lanaiensis|Lanai pomace fly]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114569/Drosophila_lanaiensis |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,024: | Line 1,000: | ||
|Lanai and possibly Oahu<ref>{{cite journal |author=E. H. Bryan Jr. |year=1934 |title=A review of the Hawaiian Diptera, with descriptions of new species |url=http://www.dgrc.kit.ac.jp/~jdd/class/070101/07010129.pdf |journal=[[Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society]] |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=399–468}}</ref> |
|Lanai and possibly Oahu<ref>{{cite journal |author=E. H. Bryan Jr. |year=1934 |title=A review of the Hawaiian Diptera, with descriptions of new species |url=http://www.dgrc.kit.ac.jp/~jdd/class/070101/07010129.pdf |journal=[[Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society]] |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=399–468}}</ref> |
||
|Last seen in 1893.<ref name=":16" /> Extinct<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20214">{{cite iucn|title=''Drosophila lanaiensis''|page=e.T6844A12810403|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6844A12810403.en}}</ref> |
|Last seen in 1893.<ref name=":16" /> Extinct<ref name="iucn status 16 November 20214">{{cite iucn|title=''Drosophila lanaiensis''|page=e.T6844A12810403|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6844A12810403.en}}</ref> |
||
| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== |
== Snails and slugs (class [[Gastropoda]]) == |
||
=== Order [[Stylommatophora]] === |
=== Order [[Stylommatophora]] === |
||
Line 1,033: | Line 1,008: | ||
==== Family [[Achatinellidae]] ==== |
==== Family [[Achatinellidae]] ==== |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Common name |
|||
!Scientific name |
!Scientific name |
||
!Range |
!Range |
||
Line 1,039: | Line 1,013: | ||
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella abbreviata]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella abbreviata]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.107136/Achatinella_abbreviata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.107136/Achatinella_abbreviata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,045: | Line 1,018: | ||
|[[File:Achatinella_abbreviata_both.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Achatinella_abbreviata_both.jpg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella apexfulva]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella apexfulva]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110432/Achatinella_apexfulva |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110432/Achatinella_apexfulva |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,051: | Line 1,023: | ||
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_pica.jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_pica.jpg|80px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella buddii]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella buddii]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116945/Achatinella_buddii |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116945/Achatinella_buddii |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,057: | Line 1,028: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.239208_-_Achatinella_buddii_Newcomb,_1854_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.239208_-_Achatinella_buddii_Newcomb,_1854_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella caesia]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella caesia]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110408/Achatinella_caesia |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110408/Achatinella_caesia |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,063: | Line 1,033: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella casta]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella casta]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110105/Achatinella_casta |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110105/Achatinella_casta |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,069: | Line 1,038: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373456_-_Achatinella_casta_Newcomb,_1854_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373456_-_Achatinella_casta_Newcomb,_1854_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella decora]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella decora]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121194/Achatinella_decora |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121194/Achatinella_decora |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,075: | Line 1,043: | ||
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_perversa.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_perversa.jpg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella dimorpha]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella dimorpha]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111786/Achatinella_dimorpha |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111786/Achatinella_dimorpha |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,081: | Line 1,048: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373497_-_Achatinella_dimorpha_Gulick,_1858_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373497_-_Achatinella_dimorpha_Gulick,_1858_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella elegans]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella elegans]]'' |
||
|Oahu |
|Oahu |
||
Line 1,087: | Line 1,053: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella juddii]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella juddii]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119475/Achatinella_juddii |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119475/Achatinella_juddii |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,093: | Line 1,058: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella juncea]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella juncea]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109764/Achatinella_juncea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109764/Achatinella_juncea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,099: | Line 1,063: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella lehuiensis]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella lehuiensis]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109765/Achatinella_lehuiensis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109765/Achatinella_lehuiensis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,105: | Line 1,068: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella livida]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella livida]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111749/Achatinella_livida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111749/Achatinella_livida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,111: | Line 1,073: | ||
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_livida.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_livida.jpg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella papyracea]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella papyracea]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109665/Achatinella_papyracea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109665/Achatinella_papyracea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,117: | Line 1,078: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella spaldingi]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella spaldingi]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119619/Achatinella_spaldingi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119619/Achatinella_spaldingi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,123: | Line 1,083: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella thaanumi]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella thaanumi]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108066/Achatinella_thaanumi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108066/Achatinella_thaanumi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,129: | Line 1,088: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Achatinella valida]]'' |
|''[[Achatinella valida]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.113727/Achatinella_valida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.113727/Achatinella_valida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,135: | Line 1,093: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.373594 - Achatinella valida Pfeiffer, 1855 - Achatinellidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.373594 - Achatinella valida Pfeiffer, 1855 - Achatinellidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Auriculella expansa]]'' |
|''[[Auriculella expansa]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114183/Auriculella_expansa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114183/Auriculella_expansa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,141: | Line 1,098: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Auriculella uniplicata]]'' |
|''[[Auriculella uniplicata]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.112191/Auriculella_uniplicata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.112191/Auriculella_uniplicata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,147: | Line 1,103: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Newcombia philippiana]]'' |
|''[[Newcombia philippiana]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="nphilippiana">{{cite iucn|title=''Newcombia philippiana''|page=e.T14746A4459826|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=15 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119428/Newcombia_philippiana |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="nphilippiana">{{cite iucn|title=''Newcombia philippiana''|page=e.T14746A4459826|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=15 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119428/Newcombia_philippiana |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,153: | Line 1,108: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Partulina crassa]]'' |
|''[[Partulina crassa]]'' |
||
|Lanai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110344/Partulina_crassa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Lanai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110344/Partulina_crassa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,159: | Line 1,113: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373646_-_Partulina_crassa_(Newcomb,_1854)_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.MOLL.373646_-_Partulina_crassa_(Newcomb,_1854)_-_Achatinellidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Partulina montagui]]'' |
|''[[Partulina montagui]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20218">{{cite iucn|title=''Partulina montagui''|page=e.T16353A5612122|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=8 January 2023|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 20218">{{cite iucn|title=''Partulina montagui''|page=e.T16353A5612122|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=8 January 2023|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,165: | Line 1,118: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Perdicella fulgurans]]'' |
|''[[Perdicella fulgurans]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109647/Perdicella_fulgurans |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109647/Perdicella_fulgurans |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,171: | Line 1,123: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Perdicella maniensis]]'' |
|''[[Perdicella maniensis]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120427/Perdicella_maniensis |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120427/Perdicella_maniensis |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,177: | Line 1,128: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Perdicella zebra]]'' |
|''[[Perdicella zebra]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120190/Perdicella_zebra |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120190/Perdicella_zebra |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,183: | Line 1,133: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Perdicella zebrina]]'' |
|''[[Perdicella zebrina]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118821/Perdicella_zebrina |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118821/Perdicella_zebrina |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,192: | Line 1,141: | ||
==== Family [[Amastridae]] ==== |
==== Family [[Amastridae]] ==== |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Common name |
|||
!Scientific name |
!Scientific name |
||
!Range |
!Range |
||
Line 1,198: | Line 1,146: | ||
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra albolabris]]'' |
|''[[Amastra albolabris]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114348/Amastra_albolabris |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114348/Amastra_albolabris |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,204: | Line 1,151: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra cornea]]'' |
|''[[Amastra cornea]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111163/Amastra_cornea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111163/Amastra_cornea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,210: | Line 1,156: | ||
|[[File:Amastra cornea.jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:Amastra cornea.jpg|80px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra crassilabrum]]'' |
|''[[Amastra crassilabrum]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116224/Amastra_crassilabrum |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116224/Amastra_crassilabrum |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,216: | Line 1,161: | ||
|[[File:Amastra crassilabrum.jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:Amastra crassilabrum.jpg|80px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra elongata]]'' |
|''[[Amastra elongata]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109038/Amastra_elongata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109038/Amastra_elongata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,222: | Line 1,166: | ||
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_acuta.jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Zoological_Illustrations_Achatinella_acuta.jpg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra forbesi]]'' |
|''[[Amastra forbesi]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aforbesi">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra forbesi''|page=e.T993A13101021|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=15 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aforbesi">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra forbesi''|page=e.T993A13101021|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=15 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,228: | Line 1,171: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra pellucida]]'' |
|''[[Amastra pellucida]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118144/Amastra_pellucida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118144/Amastra_pellucida |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,234: | Line 1,176: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra porcus]]'' |
|''[[Amastra porcus]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aporcus">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra porcus''|page=e.T995A13101121|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aporcus">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra porcus''|page=e.T995A13101121|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,240: | Line 1,181: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra reticulata]]'' |
|''[[Amastra reticulata]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119645/Amastra_reticulata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119645/Amastra_reticulata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,246: | Line 1,186: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra subrostrata]]'' |
|''[[Amastra subrostrata]]'' |
||
|Oahu |
|Oahu |
||
Line 1,252: | Line 1,191: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra subsoror]]'' |
|''[[Amastra subsoror]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119283/Amastra_subsoror |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.119283/Amastra_subsoror |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,258: | Line 1,196: | ||
|[[File:Amastra_subsoror.jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:Amastra_subsoror.jpg|80px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra tenuispira]]'' |
|''[[Amastra tenuispira]]'' |
||
|Maui<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108216/Amastra_tenuispira |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Maui<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108216/Amastra_tenuispira |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,264: | Line 1,201: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Amastra umbilicata]]'' |
|''[[Amastra umbilicata]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aumbilicata">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra umbilicata''|page=e.T1000A3153045|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="aumbilicata">{{cite iucn|title=''Amastra umbilicata''|page=e.T1000A3153045|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,270: | Line 1,206: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia anceophila]]'' |
|''[[Carelia anceophila]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.640994/Carelia_anceophila |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.640994/Carelia_anceophila |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,276: | Line 1,211: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia bicolor]]'' |
|''[[Carelia bicolor]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.107193/Carelia_bicolor |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.107193/Carelia_bicolor |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,282: | Line 1,216: | ||
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.239413 - Carelia bicolor (Jay, 1839) - Amastridae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|120px]] |
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.239413 - Carelia bicolor (Jay, 1839) - Amastridae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia cochlea]]'' |
|''[[Carelia cochlea]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108125/Carelia_cochlea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108125/Carelia_cochlea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,288: | Line 1,221: | ||
|[[File:Carelia cochlea (5126873778).jpg|120px]] |
|[[File:Carelia cochlea (5126873778).jpg|120px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia cumingiana]]'' |
|''[[Carelia cumingiana]]'' |
||
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="acumingiana" /> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="acumingiana" /> |
||
Line 1,294: | Line 1,226: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia dolei]]'' |
|''[[Carelia dolei]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106905/Carelia_dolei |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106905/Carelia_dolei |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,300: | Line 1,231: | ||
|[[File:Carelia dolei (5213222236).jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:Carelia dolei (5213222236).jpg|80px]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia evelynae]]'' |
|''[[Carelia evelynae]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118340/Carelia_evelynae |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118340/Carelia_evelynae |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,306: | Line 1,236: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia glossema]]'' |
|''[[Carelia glossema]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641000/Carelia_glossema |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641000/Carelia_glossema |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,312: | Line 1,241: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|||
|''[[Carelia hyattiana]]'' |
|''[[Carelia hyattiana]]'' |
||
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641003/Carelia_hyattiana |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641003/Carelia_hyattiana |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
Line 1,318: | Line 1,246: | ||
| |
| |
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|''[[Carelia kalalauensis]]'' |
|''[[Carelia kalalauensis]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108098/Carelia_kalalauensis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108098/Carelia_kalalauensis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia knudseni]]'' |
|''[[Carelia knudseni]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641006/Carelia_knudseni |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641006/Carelia_knudseni |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia lirata]]'' |
|''[[Carelia lirata]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121079/Carelia_lirata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121079/Carelia_lirata |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia lymani]]'' |
|''[[Carelia lymani]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641009/Carelia_lymani |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641009/Carelia_lymani |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia mirabilis]]'' |
|''[[Carelia mirabilis]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111791/Carelia_mirabilis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111791/Carelia_mirabilis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia necra]]'' |
|''[[Carelia necra]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111608/Carelia_necra |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.111608/Carelia_necra |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia olivacea]]'' |
|''[[Carelia olivacea]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118341/Carelia_olivacea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118341/Carelia_olivacea |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia paradoxa]]'' |
|''[[Carelia paradoxa]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121293/Carelia_paradoxa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121293/Carelia_paradoxa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia periscelis]]'' |
|''[[Carelia periscelis]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641015/Carelia_periscelis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.641015/Carelia_periscelis |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia pilsbryi]]'' |
|''[[Carelia pilsbryi]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114747/Carelia_pilsbryi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114747/Carelia_pilsbryi |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia sinclairi]]'' |
|''[[Carelia sinclairi]]'' |
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|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="csinclairi">{{cite iucn|title=''Carelia sinclairi''|page=e.T3893A10157468|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en}}</ref> |
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="csinclairi">{{cite iucn|title=''Carelia sinclairi''|page=e.T3893A10157468|author=Mollusc Specialist Group|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia tenebrosa]]'' |
|''[[Carelia tenebrosa]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114009/Carelia_tenebrosa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.114009/Carelia_tenebrosa |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|''[[Carelia turricula]]'' |
|''[[Carelia turricula]]'' |
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|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118573/Carelia_turricula |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Kauai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118573/Carelia_turricula |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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==== Family [[Pupillidae]] ==== |
==== Family [[Pupillidae]] ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Common name |
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!Scientific name |
!Scientific name |
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!Range |
!Range |
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! class="unsortable" |Comments |
! class="unsortable" |Comments |
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! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
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|''[[Lyropupa perlonga]]'' |
|''[[Lyropupa perlonga]]'' |
||
|Oahu<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108094/Lyropupa_perlonga |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
|Oahu<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108094/Lyropupa_perlonga |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
||
|Extinct.<ref name="lperlonga">{{cite iucn|title=''Lyropupa perlonga''|page=e.T12526A3353315|author=Cowie, R.|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|author2=Pokryszko, B.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en}}</ref> Observed in 1980.<ref name=":33" /> |
|Extinct.<ref name="lperlonga">{{cite iucn|title=''Lyropupa perlonga''|page=e.T12526A3353315|author=Cowie, R.|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|author2=Pokryszko, B.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en}}</ref> Observed in 1980.<ref name=":33" /> |
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{{Extinct Animals by Regions}} |
{{Extinct Animals by Regions}} |
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[[Category:Holocene extinctions by region]] |
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[[Category:Extinct Hawaiian animals| ]] |
[[Category:Extinct Hawaiian animals| ]] |
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[[Category:Lists of fauna of Hawaii|Extinct]] |
[[Category:Lists of fauna of Hawaii|Extinct]] |
Latest revision as of 08:33, 26 June 2024
This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]
The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.[2]
The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.[3] Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have varied over the decades,[4] but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled about 1219 to 1266 CE.[3] In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[5]
Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,[6] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[7] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[8]
This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian poi dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Bats (order Chiroptera)
[edit]Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Synemporion keana | Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (island)[9] | Might have become extinct around the 10th century.[10] |
Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nēnē-nui | Branta hylobadistes | Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai | Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.[11] | |
Giant Hawaiʻi goose | Branta rhuax | Hawaii (island) | Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.[12] | |
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo | Chelychelynechen quassus | Kauai[13] | Only known from subfossil remains.[14] | |
Small-billed moa-nalo | Ptaiochen pau | Maui[13] | Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.[14] | |
Kauaʻi mole duck | Talpanas lippa | Kauai | Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.[15] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.[14] | |
Oʻahu moa-nalo | Thambetochen xanion | Oahu | Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.[11] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals.[14] | |
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo | Thambetochen chauliodous | Maui and Molokai | Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.[11] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher elevations. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats.[14] | |
Giant Oʻahu goose | Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. | Oahu | Prehistoric[citation needed] | |
Long-legged shelduck | Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. | Kauai |
Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kepler's crake | Zapornia keplerorum | Maui | Known from subfossil remains.[14] | |
Molokai crake | Zapornia menehune | Molokai | Known from subfossil remains.[14] | |
Laysan rail | Zapornia palmeri | Laysan | Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand Islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[14] | |
Hawaiian rail | Zapornia sandwichensis | Hawaii (island) | Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[14] | |
Great Maui crake | Porzana severnsi | Maui | Early 12th century/150 C.E. | |
Great Oʻahu crake | Porzana ralphorum | Oʻahu | Early 11th century/200 C.E. Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails.[14] | |
Small Oʻahu crake | Zapornia ziegleri[14] | Oʻahu | Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[11] | |
Great Hawaiian crake | "Porzana" sp. | Hawaii (island) | All prehistoric.[citation needed] | |
Great Kauaʻi crake | "Porzana" sp. | Kauai | ||
Medium Kauaʻi crake | "Porzana" sp. | Kauai | ||
Medium Maui crake | "Porzana" sp. | Maui | ||
Small Hawaiian crake | "Porzana" sp. | Hawaii (island) |
Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Kauaʻi gull | Larus sp. | Kauai | Known from mid-Holocene remains. There are no resident gull species in Kauai's modern fauna, though the laughing gull and others occur accidentally.[16] |
Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)
[edit]Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Oʻahu petrel | Pterodroma jugabilis | Hawaii (island) and Oahu | Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[17] |
Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)
[edit]Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maui highland ibis | Apteribis brevis | Maui | Most recent remains dated to 170 BCE - 370 CE.[18] | |
Molokaʻi ibis | Apteribis glenos | Molokai[17] | Prehistoric | |
Maui lowland ibis | Apteribis sp. | Maui[17] | ||
Lānaʻi ibis | Apteribis sp. | Lanai[19] |
Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)
[edit]Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Wood harrier | Circus dossenus | Molokai and Oahu[17] | Prehistoric |
Hawaiian eagle | Haliaeetus sp. | Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[20] | Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) or a very close relative. The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans.[20] |
Owls (order Strigiformes)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Kauaʻi stilt-owl | Grallistrix auceps | Kauai | Most recent remains dated to 744-202 BCE.[11] |
Maui stilt-owl | Grallistrix erdmani | Maui | Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 CE.[11] |
Molokaʻi stilt-owl | Grallistrix geleches | Molokai[17] | Prehistoric |
Oʻahu stilt-owl | Grallistrix orion | Oahu[17] |
Perching birds (order Passeriformes)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-billed crow | Corvus impluviatus | Oahu[21] | Prehistoric | |
Robust crow | Corvus viriosus | Oahu and Molokai[21] |
Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hawaiian crow | Corvus hawaiiensis | Hawaii (island) and Maui | Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[22] |
Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laysan millerbird | Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris | Laysan | Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[14] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kioea | Chaetoptila angustipluma | Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui | The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui and Oahu before European contact. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.[23] | |
Narrow-billed kioea | ?Chaetoptila sp. | Maui | Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill.[21] | |
Oʻahu ʻōʻō | Moho apicalis | Oahu | Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[24] | |
Bishop's ʻōʻō | Moho bishopi | Maui, Lanai, and Molokai | Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.[25] | |
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō | Moho braccatus | Kauai | Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs, as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.[26] | |
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō | Moho nobilis | Hawaii (island) | Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[27] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kāmaʻo | Myadestes myadestinus | Kauai | Last reliably sighted in 1985, with unconfirmed sightings until 1991. Likely causes of extinction include disease carried by introduced mosquitos, deforestation and degradation of forests by feral pigs.[28] | |
ʻĀmaui | Myadestes woahensis | Oahu[29] | Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.[29] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Olomaʻo | Myadestes lanaiensis | Maui, Lanai and Molokai | Possibly disappeared from Maui in the 19th century. It was last seen in Lanai in 1933, and the last reliable sighting in Molokai happened in 1980 though there were unconfirmed reports in 1988, 1994, and 2005. It could have been driven extinct by diseases spread by introduced mosquitos and habitat destruction.[30] |
True finches (family Fringillidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper | Aidemedia chascax | Oahu | Prehistoric[21] | |
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper | Aidemedia lutetiae | Maui and Molokai | ||
Sickle-billed gaper | Aidemedia zanclops | Oahu | ||
Oʻahu ʻakialoa | Akialoa ellisiana | Oahu | The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[31] | |
Maui Nui ʻakialoa | Akialoa lanaiensis | Maui, Lanai and Molokai[32] | Named from three individuals collected on Lanai in 1892; fossils have also been found on Molokai and Maui. The species is thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, disease, and possibly introduced species.[32] | |
Lesser ʻakialoa | Akialoa obscura | Hawaii (island) | Last reported in 1940. Likely extinct due to deforestation and introduced diseases.[33] | |
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa | Akialoa stejnegeri | Kauai | Last reported in 1969. Extinct due to forest clearance and introduced disease.[34] | |
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa | Akialoa upupirostris | Oahu and Kauai | Prehistoric[21] | |
Giant ʻakialoa | Akialoa sp. | Hawaii (island) | ||
Akialoa sp. | Maui | |||
Kona grosbeak | Chloridops kona | Hawaii (island) | Restricted to about four square miles by the time of its discovery in the late 19th century, it was last collected in 1894. The reasons of extinction are unknown, but may include habitat destruction, introduced mammalian predators, and avian malaria.[35] | |
King Kong grosbeak | Chloridops regiskongi | Oahu | Prehistoric[21] | |
Wahi grosbeak | Chloridops wahi | Maui and Oahu | Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).[21] | |
Kauaʻi grosbeak | Chloridops sp. | Kauai | Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi).[21] | |
Maui grosbeak | Chloridops sp. | Maui | Prehistoric[21] | |
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane | Ciridops anna | Hawaii (island) | Last collected in 1892, there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1937. The causes of extinction are unknown, but deforestation, malaria, and predation by introduced rats may have been contributing factors.[36] | |
Stout-legged finch | Ciridops tenax | Kauai | Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians.[14] | |
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane | Ciridops cf. anna | Molokai | Prehistoric[21] | |
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane | Ciridops sp. | Oahu | ||
Black mamo | Drepanis funerea | Maui and Molokai | Last collected in Molokai in 1907; fossils are known from Maui. It probably disappeared due to destruction of its understorey habitat by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by rats and mongooses.[37] | |
Hawaiʻi mamo | Drepanis pacifica | Hawaii (island) | Last recorded in 1898. Although heavily trapped for its feathers, it was likely driven to extinction ultimately by habitat destruction and disease.[38] | |
Lānaʻi hookbill | Dysmorodrepanis munroi | Lanai | Only known from a single specimen collected in 1913 and single sightings in 1916 and 1918. Presumably driven to extinction by clearing forests for pineapple plantation, predation by cats and rats.[39] | |
Oʻahu nukupuʻu | Hemignathus lucidus | Oahu | The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".[40] | |
Giant nukupuʻu | Hemignathus vorpalis | Hawaii (island) | Only known from fossils younger than c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE.[41] | |
Laysan honeycreeper | Himatione fraithii | Laysan | Disappeared after almost the entire vegetation cover of the island was eaten by introduced feral rabbits. The last three individuals were killed in a storm in 1923.[42] | |
Kauaʻi palila | Loxioides kikuchi | Kauai | Known from two fossil jaws dated to 1375-1610 CE.[43] | |
Oʻahu ʻakepa | Loxops wolstenholmei | Oahu | Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[44] | |
Poʻouli | Melamprosops phaeosoma | Maui | Last two individuals recorded in 2004; one died shortly after being captured. The precise causes of decline are unknown. Suggestions include habitat destruction and modification, spread of disease-carrying mosquitos, pig activity, predation by rats, cats, and small Indian mongooses; and the decline of native Hawaiian snails as a result of predation by rats and the garlic snail Oxychilus alliaricus.[45] | |
Highland finch | Orthiospiza howarthi | Maui | Prehistoric[21] | |
Kākāwahie | Paroreomyza flammea | Molokai | Last recorded in 1961-1963. Presumed to have disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[46] | |
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio | Paroreomyza montana montana | Lanai | Extinct since 1937.[47] | |
Lesser koa finch | Rhodacanthis flaviceps | Hawaii (island) | Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.[48] The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.[49] According to the IUCN red list, "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"[49] apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes).[50] | |
Scissor-billed koa finch | Rhodacanthis forfex | Maui and Kauai[50] | Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48] | |
Primitive koa finch | Rhodacanthis litotes | Maui and Oahu[50] | Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48] | |
Greater koa finch | Rhodacanthis palmeri | Hawaii (island) | Last collected in 1896. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria are likely responsible.[51] | |
Kauaʻi finch | Telespiza persecutrix | Oahu and Kauai | Most recent remains were found in cave deposits dated to 1425-1660.[11] | |
Maui Nui finch | Telespiza ypsilon | Maui and Molokai | Prehistoric[21] | |
Maui finch | Telespiza cf. ypsilon | Maui | ||
Strange-billed finch | Vangulifer mirandus | Maui | ||
Thin-billed finch | Vangulifer neophasis | |||
Greater ʻamakihi | Viridonia sagittirostris | Wailuku River, Hawaii (island) | Last recorded in 1901. Its only known forest habitat was cleared to plant sugar cane.[52] | |
Cone-billed finch | Xestospiza conica | Kauai | Prehistoric[21] | |
Ridge-billed finch | Xestospiza fastigialis | Oahu, Molokai, and Maui | ||
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. | Maui | At least three different species, all prehistoric.[21] | ||
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. | Oahu | Prehistoric[21] |
Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maui nukupuʻu | Hemignathus affinis | Maui | Last confirmed sighting in 1896, though several "unconfirmed detections" happened in 1986-1998, and a single male was seen by qualified observers in the same area in 1995. The species's forest habitat has been eliminated for cattle ranching or otherwise degraded by introduced ungulates, which also spread alien plants and disease-carrying mosquitos. Predation and competition with introduced birds and insects has also been suggested.[53] | |
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu | Hemignathus hanapepe | Kauai | Last confirmed sighting in 1899, with unconfirmed records in 1984-1998 and 2007. The more recent observations could actually belong to the Kauaʻi ʻamakihi. It possibly declined due to habitat degradation by introduced ungulates, disease, predation and competition with exotic birds and insects.[54] | |
Maui ʻakepa | Loxops ochraceus | Maui | Last recorded in 1988, with some dubious audio taken afterward. It could have declined due to habitat loss, invasive diseases, and conflict and competition with introduced species.[55] | |
Oʻahu ʻalauahio | Paroreomyza maculata | Oahu | Last collected in 1968 and last well-documented observation, of two birds, in 1985. It may have been driven extinct by disease spread by introduced mosquitos.[56] | |
ʻŌʻū | Psittirostra psittacea | Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai | Last recorded with certainty in Hawaii in 1987, and in Kauai in 1989, though there were some unconfirmed sightings after 1995. It disappeared from Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai between 1899 and 1931. It may have been driven extinct by habitat loss, introduced rats, and malaria spread by exotic mosquitos.[57] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine | Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. | Kauai | Prehistoric[21] |
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine | Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. | Kauai |
Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)
[edit]Possibly extinct
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Maui upland damselfly | Megalagrion jugorum | Maui and Lanai[58] | Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.[58] |
Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket | Leptogryllus deceptor | Oahu[59] | Extinct in the wild[60] |
Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Clavicoccus erinaceus | Oahu | Extinct[61] |
Phyllococcus oahuensis | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[62] | Extinct[62] |
Beetles (order Coleoptera)
[edit]True weevils (family Curculionidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Dryophthorus distinguendus | Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands[63] | Extinct. Last seen in 1961.[63] | |
Laysan weevil | Oodemas laysanensis | Laysan[64] | Extinct. Last seen in 1964.[64] |
Rhyncogonus bryani | Laysan[65] | Extinct. Last seen in 1911.[65] |
Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Genophantis leahi | Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island) | Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[66] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Confused moth | Helicoverpa confusa | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[67] | Extinct after 1927.[67] |
Minute noctuid moth | Helicoverpa minuta | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[68] | Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.[68] |
Laysan dropseed noctuid moth | Hypena laysanensis | Laysan | Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.[69] |
Hilo noctuid moth | Hypena newelli | Hawaii (island) | Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.[70][b] Extinct[71] |
Lovegrass noctuid moth | Hypena plagiota | Kauai, Oahu, and Maui | Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[72] Extinct[73] |
Kaholuamano noctuid moth | Hypena senicula | Kauai | Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.[74][c] Extinct[75] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Midway noctuid moth | Agrotis fasciata | Midway Atoll[76] | Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[77] Considered possibly extinct.[76] | |
Kona agrotis noctuid moth | Agrotis panoplias | Hawaii (island)[78] | Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.[78] | |
Poko noctuid moth | Agrotis crinigera | Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan[79] | Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.[79] | |
Kerr's noctuid moth | Agrotis kerri | French Frigate Shoals[80] | Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.[80] | |
Procellaris grotis noctuid moth | Agrotis procellaris | Laysan[81] | Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[81] | |
Maui agrotis noctuid moth | Agrotis cremata | Oahu and Maui[82] | Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[82] | |
Laysan noctuid moth | Agrotis laysanensis | Laysan[83] | Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.[83] | |
Microreas agrotis noctuid moth | Agrotis microreas | Hawaii (island)[84] | Last seen in 1925. Considered possibly extinct.[84] | |
Light-loving noctuid moth | Agrotis photophila | Oahu[85] | Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.[85] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth | Agrotis tephrias | Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[86] | Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.[86] |
Geometer moths (family Geometridae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kona giant looper moth | Scotorythra megalophylla | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[87] | Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[87] | |
Koʻolau giant looper moth | Scotorythra nesiotes | Oahu | Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[88] | |
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth | Tritocleis microphylla | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[89] | Last seen in the 1890s. Considered extinct.[89] |
Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly[90] | Campsicnemus mirabilis | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[91] | Extinct[91] |
Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)
[edit]Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Lanai pomace fly[92] | Drosophila lanaiensis | Lanai and possibly Oahu[93] | Last seen in 1893.[92] Extinct[94] |
Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)
[edit]Order Stylommatophora
[edit]Family Achatinellidae
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Achatinella abbreviata | Oahu[95] | Extinct. Last seen in 1963[96] | |
Achatinella apexfulva | Oahu[97] | Extinct. Last individual died in captivity in 2019.[98] | |
Achatinella buddii | Oahu[99] | Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[100] | |
Achatinella caesia | Oahu[101] | Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[102] | |
Achatinella casta | Oahu[103] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[104] | |
Achatinella decora | Oahu[105] | Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[106] | |
Achatinella dimorpha | Oahu[107] | Extinct.[108] Recorded in 1951 and 1967.[107] | |
Achatinella elegans | Oahu | Extinct. Last seen in 1952.[109] | |
Achatinella juddii | Oahu[110] | Extinct. Last seen in 1958.[111] | |
Achatinella juncea | Oahu[112] | Extinct.[113] One post-1945 record, no recent records.[112] | |
Achatinella lehuiensis | Oahu[114] | Extinct. Last seen in 1922.[115] | |
Achatinella livida | Oahu[116] | Extinct.[117] Collected six times between 1981 and 1993.[116] | |
Achatinella papyracea | Oahu[118] | Extinct. Last seen in 1945.[119] | |
Achatinella spaldingi | Oahu[120] | Extinct. Last seen in 1938.[121] | |
Achatinella thaanumi | Oahu[122] | Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[123] | |
Achatinella valida | Oahu[124] | Extinct. Last seen in 1951.[125] | |
Auriculella expansa | Maui[126] | Extinct.[127] Observed in 1946 and 1960.[126] | |
Auriculella uniplicata | Maui[128] | Extinct.[129] Observed in 1946.[128] | |
Newcombia philippiana | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[130][131] | Extinct.[130] Collected in 1964.[131] | |
Partulina crassa | Lanai[132] | Extinct. Last seen in 1914.[133] | |
Partulina montagui | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[134] | Extinct. Last seen in 1913.[134] | |
Perdicella fulgurans | Maui[135] | Extinct.[136] No post-1945 historic sightings.[135] | |
Perdicella maniensis | Maui[137] | Extinct.[138] No post-1945 historic sightings.[137] | |
Perdicella zebra | Maui[139] | Extinct.[140] No post-1945 historic sightings.[139] | |
Perdicella zebrina | Maui[141] | Extinct.[142] No post-1945 historic sightings.[141] |
Family Amastridae
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Amastra albolabris | Oahu[143] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[144] | |
Amastra cornea | Oahu[145] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[146] | |
Amastra crassilabrum | Oahu[147] | Extinct.[148] Observed in 1951.[147] | |
Amastra elongata | Oahu[149] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[150] | |
Amastra forbesi | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[151] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[151] | |
Amastra pellucida | Oahu[152] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[153] | |
Amastra porcus | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[154] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[154] | |
Amastra reticulata | Oahu[155] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[156] | |
Amastra subrostrata | Oahu | Extinct. Unspecified date.[157] | |
Amastra subsoror | Maui[158] | Extinct.[159] Last observed in 1946.[158] | |
Amastra tenuispira | Maui[160] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[161] | |
Amastra umbilicata | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[162] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[162] | |
Carelia anceophila | Kauai[163] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[164] | |
Carelia bicolor | Kauai[165] | Extinct. Last seen in 1970.[166] | |
Carelia cochlea | Kauai[167] | Extinct.[168] Observed in 1952.[167] | |
Carelia cumingiana | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[169] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[169] | |
Carelia dolei | Kauai[170] | Extinct.[171] Observed in 1952.[170] | |
Carelia evelynae | Kauai[172] | Extinct.[173] Observed in 1952.[172] | |
Carelia glossema | Kauai[174] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[175] | |
Carelia hyattiana | Kauai[176] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[177] | |
Carelia kalalauensis | Kauai[178] | Extinct. Last seen 1945-1947.[179] | |
Carelia knudseni | Kauai[180] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[181] | |
Carelia lirata | Kauai[182] | Extinct.[183] No post-1945 historic sightings.[182] | |
Carelia lymani | Kauai[184] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[185] | |
Carelia mirabilis | Kauai[186] | Extinct.[187] No post-1945 historic sightings.[186] | |
Carelia necra | Kauai[188] | Extinct.[189] No post-1945 historic sightings.[188] | |
Carelia olivacea | Kauai[190] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[191] | |
Carelia paradoxa | Kauai[192] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[193] | |
Carelia periscelis | Kauai[194] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[195] | |
Carelia pilsbryi | Kauai[196] | Extinct.[197] No post-1945 historic sightings.[196] | |
Carelia sinclairi | Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[198] | Extinct. Unspecified date.[198] | |
Carelia tenebrosa | Kauai[199] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[200] | |
Carelia turricula | Kauai[201] | Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[202] |
Family Pupillidae
[edit]Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Lyropupa perlonga | Oahu[203] | Extinct.[204] Observed in 1980.[203] |
See also
[edit]- Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
- List of endemic birds of Hawaii
- List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene
- List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene
- List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Holocene extinction
Notes
[edit]- ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
- ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
- ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
References
[edit]- ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ "MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands". modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ a b Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; Anderson, Atholl J. (December 27, 2010). "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1815–1820. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3033267. PMID 21187404.
- ^ Kirch, Patrick (2011). "When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry". Hawaiian Archaeology. 12: 3–26.
- ^ "[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ Fleischer, Robert; Olsen, Storrs; James, Helen; Cooper, Alan (October 2000). "Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (4): 1051–1056. doi:10.1093/auk/117.4.1051. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ^ Howard Youth. "Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues". Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ "Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database". Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
- ^ Ziegler, Alan C.; Howarth, Francis G.; Simmons, Nancy B. (2016-03-21). "A Second Endemic Land Mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: A New Genus and Species of Fossil Bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". American Museum Novitates (3854): 1–52. doi:10.1206/3854.1. hdl:2246/6641. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 56234957.
- ^ Ziegler, A. C., Howarth, F. G., & Simmons, N. B. (2016). A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). American Museum novitates, nº 3854.
- ^ a b c d e f g Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Paxinos, Ellen E., et al. (2002) mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no 3, p. 1399-1404.
- ^ a b Young, H. G., Tonge, S. J., & Hume, J. P. (1996). Review of Holocene wildfowl extinctions. Wildfowl, 47(47), 167-181.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
- ^ Iwaniuk, A.N., Olson, S.L., & James, H.F. (2009). Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa.
- ^ Burney, D. A., James, H. F., Burney, L. P., Olson, S. L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W. L., ... & Nishek, R. (2001). Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua ‘i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs, 71(4), 615-641.
- ^ a b c d e f Olson, Storrs; James, Helen (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 7 (45): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166794. JSTOR 40166794.
- ^ James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J., & McCoy, P. C. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(8), 2350-2354.
- ^ Dove, Carla J.; Olson, Storrs L. (September 2011). "Fossil Feathers from the Hawaiian Flightless Ibis (Apteribis sp.): Plumage Coloration and Systematics of a Prehistorically Extinct Bird". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (5): 892–897. Bibcode:2011JPal...85..892D. doi:10.1666/10-133.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 86084047.
- ^ a b Hailer, Frank; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L.; Fleischer, Robert C. (2015). "Distinct and Extinct: Genetic Differentiation of the Hawaiian Eagle" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.005. PMID 25463753.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46). American Ornithologists' Union: 39–43. doi:10.2307/40166713. JSTOR 40166713.
- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Corvus hawaiiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706052A94048187. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en.
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