List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene: Difference between revisions

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Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (*Moho apicalis*) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.

This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)^[a] and continues to the present day.^[1]

The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.^[2]

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.^[3] Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have varied over the decades,^[4] but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled about 1219 to 1266 CE.^[3] In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.^[5]

Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,^[6] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.^[7] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.^[8]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian poi dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Synemporion keana	Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (island)^[9]	Might have become extinct around the 10th century.^[10]

Birds (class Aves)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Nēnē-nui	Branta hylobadistes	Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai	Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.^[11]
Giant Hawaiʻi goose	Branta rhuax	Hawaii (island)	Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.^[12]
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo	Chelychelynechen quassus	Kauai^[13]	Only known from subfossil remains.^[14]
Small-billed moa-nalo	Ptaiochen pau	Maui^[13]	Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.^[14]
Kauaʻi mole duck	Talpanas lippa	Kauai	Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.^[15] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.^[14]
Oʻahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	Oahu	Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.^[11] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals.^[14]
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Maui and Molokai	Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.^[11] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher elevations. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats.^[14]
Giant Oʻahu goose	Anatidae sp. et gen. indet.	Oahu	Prehistoric^{[citation needed]}
Long-legged shelduck	Anatidae sp. et gen. indet.	Kauai	Prehistoric^{[citation needed]}

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kepler's crake	Zapornia keplerorum	Maui	Known from subfossil remains.^[14]
Molokai crake	Zapornia menehune	Molokai	Known from subfossil remains.^[14]
Laysan rail	Zapornia palmeri	Laysan	Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand Islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.^[14]
Hawaiian rail	Zapornia sandwichensis	Hawaii (island)	Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.^[14]
Great Maui crake	Porzana severnsi	Maui	Early 12th century/150 C.E.
Great Oʻahu crake	Porzana ralphorum	Oʻahu	Early 11th century/200 C.E. Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails.^[14]
Small Oʻahu crake	Zapornia ziegleri^[14]	Oʻahu	Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.^[11]
Great Hawaiian crake	"Porzana" sp.	Hawaii (island)	All prehistoric.^{[citation needed]}
Great Kauaʻi crake	"Porzana" sp.	Kauai
Medium Kauaʻi crake	"Porzana" sp.	Kauai
Medium Maui crake	"Porzana" sp.	Maui
Small Hawaiian crake	"Porzana" sp.	Hawaii (island)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kauaʻi gull	Larus sp.	Kauai	Known from mid-Holocene remains. There are no resident gull species in Kauai's modern fauna, though the laughing gull and others occur accidentally.^[16]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Oʻahu petrel	Pterodroma jugabilis	Hawaii (island) and Oahu	Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.^[17]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Maui highland ibis	Apteribis brevis	Maui	Most recent remains dated to 170 BCE - 370 CE.^[18]
Molokaʻi ibis	Apteribis glenos	Molokai^[17]	Prehistoric
Maui lowland ibis	Apteribis sp.	Maui^[17]
Lānaʻi ibis	Apteribis sp.	Lanai^[19]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Wood harrier	Circus dossenus	Molokai and Oahu^[17]	Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle	Haliaeetus sp.	Oahu, Molokai, and Maui^[20]	Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) or a very close relative. The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans.^[20]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kauaʻi stilt-owl	Grallistrix auceps	Kauai	Most recent remains dated to 744-202 BCE.^[11]
Maui stilt-owl	Grallistrix erdmani	Maui	Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 CE.^[11]
Molokaʻi stilt-owl	Grallistrix geleches	Molokai^[17]	Prehistoric
Oʻahu stilt-owl	Grallistrix orion	Oahu^[17]	Prehistoric

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
High-billed crow	Corvus impluviatus	Oahu^[21]	Prehistoric
Robust crow	Corvus viriosus	Oahu and Molokai^[21]	Prehistoric

Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Hawaiian crow	Corvus hawaiiensis	Hawaii (island) and Maui	Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.^[22]

Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Laysan millerbird	Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris	Laysan	Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.^[14]

Hawaiian honeyeaters (family Mohoidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kioea	Chaetoptila angustipluma	Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui	The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui and Oahu before European contact. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.^[23]
Narrow-billed kioea	?Chaetoptila sp.	Maui	Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill.^[21]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō	Moho apicalis	Oahu	Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.^[24]
Bishop's ʻōʻō	Moho bishopi	Maui, Lanai, and Molokai	Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.^[25]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho braccatus	Kauai	Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs, as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.^[26]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō	Moho nobilis	Hawaii (island)	Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.^[27]

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Kāmaʻo	Myadestes myadestinus	Kauai	Last reliably sighted in 1985, with unconfirmed sightings until 1991. Likely causes of extinction include disease carried by introduced mosquitos, deforestation and degradation of forests by feral pigs.^[28]
ʻĀmaui	Myadestes woahensis	Oahu^[29]	Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.^[29]

Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Olomaʻo	Myadestes lanaiensis	Maui, Lanai and Molokai	Possibly disappeared from Maui in the 19th century. It was last seen in Lanai in 1933, and the last reliable sighting in Molokai happened in 1980 though there were unconfirmed reports in 1988, 1994, and 2005. It could have been driven extinct by diseases spread by introduced mosquitos and habitat destruction.^[30]

True finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper	Aidemedia chascax	Oahu	Prehistoric^[21]
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper	Aidemedia lutetiae	Maui and Molokai
Sickle-billed gaper	Aidemedia zanclops	Oahu
Oʻahu ʻakialoa	Akialoa ellisiana	Oahu	The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.^[31]
Maui Nui ʻakialoa	Akialoa lanaiensis	Maui, Lanai and Molokai^[32]	Named from three individuals collected on Lanai in 1892; fossils have also been found on Molokai and Maui. The species is thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, disease, and possibly introduced species.^[32]
Lesser ʻakialoa	Akialoa obscura	Hawaii (island)	Last reported in 1940. Likely extinct due to deforestation and introduced diseases.^[33]
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa	Akialoa stejnegeri	Kauai	Last reported in 1969. Extinct due to forest clearance and introduced disease.^[34]
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa	Akialoa upupirostris	Oahu and Kauai	Prehistoric^[21]
Giant ʻakialoa	Akialoa sp.	Hawaii (island)
	Akialoa sp.	Maui
Kona grosbeak	Chloridops kona	Hawaii (island)	Restricted to about four square miles by the time of its discovery in the late 19th century, it was last collected in 1894. The reasons of extinction are unknown, but may include habitat destruction, introduced mammalian predators, and avian malaria.^[35]
King Kong grosbeak	Chloridops regiskongi	Oahu	Prehistoric^[21]
Wahi grosbeak	Chloridops wahi	Maui and Oahu	Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).^[21]
Kauaʻi grosbeak	Chloridops sp.	Kauai	Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi).^[21]
Maui grosbeak	Chloridops sp.	Maui	Prehistoric^[21]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane	Ciridops anna	Hawaii (island)	Last collected in 1892, there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1937. The causes of extinction are unknown, but deforestation, malaria, and predation by introduced rats may have been contributing factors.^[36]
Stout-legged finch	Ciridops tenax	Kauai	Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians.^[14]
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane	Ciridops cf. anna	Molokai	Prehistoric^[21]
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane	Ciridops sp.	Oahu	Prehistoric^[21]
Black mamo	Drepanis funerea	Maui and Molokai	Last collected in Molokai in 1907; fossils are known from Maui. It probably disappeared due to destruction of its understorey habitat by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by rats and mongooses.^[37]
Hawaiʻi mamo	Drepanis pacifica	Hawaii (island)	Last recorded in 1898. Although heavily trapped for its feathers, it was likely driven to extinction ultimately by habitat destruction and disease.^[38]
Lānaʻi hookbill	Dysmorodrepanis munroi	Lanai	Only known from a single specimen collected in 1913 and single sightings in 1916 and 1918. Presumably driven to extinction by clearing forests for pineapple plantation, predation by cats and rats.^[39]
Oʻahu nukupuʻu	Hemignathus lucidus	Oahu	The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".^[40]
Giant nukupuʻu	Hemignathus vorpalis	Hawaii (island)	Only known from fossils younger than c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE.^[41]
Laysan honeycreeper	Himatione fraithii	Laysan	Disappeared after almost the entire vegetation cover of the island was eaten by introduced feral rabbits. The last three individuals were killed in a storm in 1923.^[42]
Kauaʻi palila	Loxioides kikuchi	Kauai	Known from two fossil jaws dated to 1375-1610 CE.^[43]
Oʻahu ʻakepa	Loxops wolstenholmei	Oahu	Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.^[44]
Poʻouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Maui	Last two individuals recorded in 2004; one died shortly after being captured. The precise causes of decline are unknown. Suggestions include habitat destruction and modification, spread of disease-carrying mosquitos, pig activity, predation by rats, cats, and small Indian mongooses; and the decline of native Hawaiian snails as a result of predation by rats and the garlic snail Oxychilus alliaricus.^[45]
Highland finch	Orthiospiza howarthi	Maui	Prehistoric^[21]
Kākāwahie	Paroreomyza flammea	Molokai	Last recorded in 1961-1963. Presumed to have disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.^[46]
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio	Paroreomyza montana montana	Lanai	Extinct since 1937.^[47]
Lesser koa finch	Rhodacanthis flaviceps	Hawaii (island)	Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.^[48] The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.^[49] According to the IUCN red list, "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"^[49] apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes).^[50]
Scissor-billed koa finch	Rhodacanthis forfex	Maui and Kauai^[50]	Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.^[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.^[48]
Primitive koa finch	Rhodacanthis litotes	Maui and Oahu^[50]	Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.^[50] The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary.^[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.^[48]
Greater koa finch	Rhodacanthis palmeri	Hawaii (island)	Last collected in 1896. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria are likely responsible.^[51]
Kauaʻi finch	Telespiza persecutrix	Oahu and Kauai	Most recent remains were found in cave deposits dated to 1425-1660.^[11]
Maui Nui finch	Telespiza ypsilon	Maui and Molokai	Prehistoric^[21]
Maui finch	Telespiza cf. ypsilon	Maui
Strange-billed finch	Vangulifer mirandus	Maui
Thin-billed finch	Vangulifer neophasis	Maui
Greater ʻamakihi	Viridonia sagittirostris	Wailuku River, Hawaii (island)	Last recorded in 1901. Its only known forest habitat was cleared to plant sugar cane.^[52]
Cone-billed finch	Xestospiza conica	Kauai	Prehistoric^[21]
Ridge-billed finch	Xestospiza fastigialis	Oahu, Molokai, and Maui	Prehistoric^[21]
	Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.	Maui	At least three different species, all prehistoric.^[21]
	Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.	Oahu	Prehistoric^[21]

Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Maui nukupuʻu	Hemignathus affinis	Maui	Last confirmed sighting in 1896, though several "unconfirmed detections" happened in 1986-1998, and a single male was seen by qualified observers in the same area in 1995. The species's forest habitat has been eliminated for cattle ranching or otherwise degraded by introduced ungulates, which also spread alien plants and disease-carrying mosquitos. Predation and competition with introduced birds and insects has also been suggested.^[53]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu	Hemignathus hanapepe	Kauai	Last confirmed sighting in 1899, with unconfirmed records in 1984-1998 and 2007. The more recent observations could actually belong to the Kauaʻi ʻamakihi. It possibly declined due to habitat degradation by introduced ungulates, disease, predation and competition with exotic birds and insects.^[54]
Maui ʻakepa	Loxops ochraceus	Maui	Last recorded in 1988, with some dubious audio taken afterward. It could have declined due to habitat loss, invasive diseases, and conflict and competition with introduced species.^[55]
Oʻahu ʻalauahio	Paroreomyza maculata	Oahu	Last collected in 1968 and last well-documented observation, of two birds, in 1985. It may have been driven extinct by disease spread by introduced mosquitos.^[56]
ʻŌʻū	Psittirostra psittacea	Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai	Last recorded with certainty in Hawaii in 1987, and in Kauai in 1989, though there were some unconfirmed sightings after 1995. It disappeared from Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai between 1899 and 1931. It may have been driven extinct by habitat loss, introduced rats, and malaria spread by exotic mosquitos.^[57]

Incertae familiae

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine	Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet.	Kauai	Prehistoric^[21]
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine	Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet.	Kauai	Prehistoric^[21]

Insects (class Insecta)

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Maui upland damselfly	Megalagrion jugorum	Maui and Lanai^[58]	Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.^[58]

Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)

True crickets (family Gryllidae)

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket	Leptogryllus deceptor	Oahu^[59]	Extinct in the wild^[60]

True bugs (order Hemiptera)

Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Clavicoccus erinaceus	Oahu	Extinct^[61]
Phyllococcus oahuensis	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[62]	Extinct^[62]

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Dryophthorus distinguendus	Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands^[63]	Extinct. Last seen in 1961.^[63]
Laysan weevil	Oodemas laysanensis	Laysan^[64]	Extinct. Last seen in 1964.^[64]
	Rhyncogonus bryani	Laysan^[65]	Extinct. Last seen in 1911.^[65]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Pyralid moths (family Pyralidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Genophantis leahi	Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island)	Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.^[66]

Owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Confused moth	Helicoverpa confusa	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[67]	Extinct after 1927.^[67]
Minute noctuid moth	Helicoverpa minuta	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[68]	Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.^[68]
Laysan dropseed noctuid moth	Hypena laysanensis	Laysan	Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.^[69]
Hilo noctuid moth	Hypena newelli	Hawaii (island)	Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.^[70]^[b] Extinct^[71]
Lovegrass noctuid moth	Hypena plagiota	Kauai, Oahu, and Maui	Last seen before 1960, date unknown.^[72] Extinct^[73]
Kaholuamano noctuid moth	Hypena senicula	Kauai	Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.^[74]^[c] Extinct^[75]

Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Midway noctuid moth	Agrotis fasciata	Midway Atoll^[76]	Last seen before 1960, date unknown.^[77] Considered possibly extinct.^[76]
Kona agrotis noctuid moth	Agrotis panoplias	Hawaii (island)^[78]	Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.^[78]
Poko noctuid moth	Agrotis crinigera	Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan^[79]	Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.^[79]
Kerr's noctuid moth	Agrotis kerri	French Frigate Shoals^[80]	Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.^[80]
Procellaris grotis noctuid moth	Agrotis procellaris	Laysan^[81]	Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.^[81]
Maui agrotis noctuid moth	Agrotis cremata	Oahu and Maui^[82]	Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.^[82]
Laysan noctuid moth	Agrotis laysanensis	Laysan^[83]	Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.^[83]
Microreas agrotis noctuid moth	Agrotis microreas	Hawaii (island)^[84]	Last seen in 1925. Considered possibly extinct.^[84]
Light-loving noctuid moth	Agrotis photophila	Oahu^[85]	Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.^[85]

Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth	Agrotis tephrias	Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)^[86]	Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.^[86]

Geometer moths (family Geometridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kona giant looper moth	Scotorythra megalophylla	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[87]	Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.^[87]
Koʻolau giant looper moth	Scotorythra nesiotes	Oahu	Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.^[88]
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth	Tritocleis microphylla	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[89]	Last seen in the 1890s. Considered extinct.^[89]

True flies (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly^[90]	Campsicnemus mirabilis	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands^[91]	Extinct^[91]

Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Lanai pomace fly^[92]	Drosophila lanaiensis	Lanai and possibly Oahu^[93]	Last seen in 1893.^[92] Extinct^[94]

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Achatinellidae

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Achatinella abbreviata	Oahu^[95]	Extinct. Last seen in 1963^[96]
Achatinella apexfulva	Oahu^[97]	Extinct. Last individual died in captivity in 2019.^[98]
Achatinella buddii	Oahu^[99]	Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.^[100]
Achatinella caesia	Oahu^[101]	Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.^[102]
Achatinella casta	Oahu^[103]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[104]
Achatinella decora	Oahu^[105]	Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.^[106]
Achatinella dimorpha	Oahu^[107]	Extinct.^[108] Recorded in 1951 and 1967.^[107]
Achatinella elegans	Oahu	Extinct. Last seen in 1952.^[109]
Achatinella juddii	Oahu^[110]	Extinct. Last seen in 1958.^[111]
Achatinella juncea	Oahu^[112]	Extinct.^[113] One post-1945 record, no recent records.^[112]
Achatinella lehuiensis	Oahu^[114]	Extinct. Last seen in 1922.^[115]
Achatinella livida	Oahu^[116]	Extinct.^[117] Collected six times between 1981 and 1993.^[116]
Achatinella papyracea	Oahu^[118]	Extinct. Last seen in 1945.^[119]
Achatinella spaldingi	Oahu^[120]	Extinct. Last seen in 1938.^[121]
Achatinella thaanumi	Oahu^[122]	Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.^[123]
Achatinella valida	Oahu^[124]	Extinct. Last seen in 1951.^[125]
Auriculella expansa	Maui^[126]	Extinct.^[127] Observed in 1946 and 1960.^[126]
Auriculella uniplicata	Maui^[128]	Extinct.^[129] Observed in 1946.^[128]
Newcombia philippiana	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[130]^[131]	Extinct.^[130] Collected in 1964.^[131]
Partulina crassa	Lanai^[132]	Extinct. Last seen in 1914.^[133]
Partulina montagui	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[134]	Extinct. Last seen in 1913.^[134]
Perdicella fulgurans	Maui^[135]	Extinct.^[136] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[135]
Perdicella maniensis	Maui^[137]	Extinct.^[138] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[137]
Perdicella zebra	Maui^[139]	Extinct.^[140] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[139]
Perdicella zebrina	Maui^[141]	Extinct.^[142] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[141]

Family Amastridae

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Amastra albolabris	Oahu^[143]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[144]
Amastra cornea	Oahu^[145]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[146]
Amastra crassilabrum	Oahu^[147]	Extinct.^[148] Observed in 1951.^[147]
Amastra elongata	Oahu^[149]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[150]
Amastra forbesi	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[151]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[151]
Amastra pellucida	Oahu^[152]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[153]
Amastra porcus	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[154]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[154]
Amastra reticulata	Oahu^[155]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[156]
Amastra subrostrata	Oahu	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[157]
Amastra subsoror	Maui^[158]	Extinct.^[159] Last observed in 1946.^[158]
Amastra tenuispira	Maui^[160]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[161]
Amastra umbilicata	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[162]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[162]
Carelia anceophila	Kauai^[163]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[164]
Carelia bicolor	Kauai^[165]	Extinct. Last seen in 1970.^[166]
Carelia cochlea	Kauai^[167]	Extinct.^[168] Observed in 1952.^[167]
Carelia cumingiana	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[169]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[169]
Carelia dolei	Kauai^[170]	Extinct.^[171] Observed in 1952.^[170]
Carelia evelynae	Kauai^[172]	Extinct.^[173] Observed in 1952.^[172]
Carelia glossema	Kauai^[174]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[175]
Carelia hyattiana	Kauai^[176]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[177]
Carelia kalalauensis	Kauai^[178]	Extinct. Last seen 1945-1947.^[179]
Carelia knudseni	Kauai^[180]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[181]
Carelia lirata	Kauai^[182]	Extinct.^[183] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[182]
Carelia lymani	Kauai^[184]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[185]
Carelia mirabilis	Kauai^[186]	Extinct.^[187] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[186]
Carelia necra	Kauai^[188]	Extinct.^[189] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[188]
Carelia olivacea	Kauai^[190]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[191]
Carelia paradoxa	Kauai^[192]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[193]
Carelia periscelis	Kauai^[194]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[195]
Carelia pilsbryi	Kauai^[196]	Extinct.^[197] No post-1945 historic sightings.^[196]
Carelia sinclairi	Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.^[198]	Extinct. Unspecified date.^[198]
Carelia tenebrosa	Kauai^[199]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[200]
Carelia turricula	Kauai^[201]	Extinct. Last seen in 1930.^[202]

Family Pupillidae

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Lyropupa perlonga	Oahu^[203]	Extinct.^[204] Observed in 1980.^[203]

Notes

^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

References

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[1] The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.

[72] This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

[77] This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

[2] Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.

[modis-3] "MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands". modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved 2021-04-21.

[:39-4] Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; Anderson, Atholl J. (December 27, 2010). "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1815–1820. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3033267. PMID 21187404.

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[113] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[ajuddii-114] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juddii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T184A13047419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T184A13047419.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:19-115] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[ajuncea-116] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juncea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T185A13047564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T185A13047564.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[117] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[alehuiensis-118] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella lehuiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T186A13047687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T186A13047687.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:20-119] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[alivida-120] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella livida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T189A13047953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T189A13047953.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[121] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[apapyracea-122] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella papyracea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T192A13048363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T192A13048363.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[123] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[aspaldingi-124] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella spaldingi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T198A13049179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T198A13049179.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[125] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[athaanumi-126] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella thaanumi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T202A13049902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T202A13049902.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[127] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[avalida-128] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella valida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T204A13050607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T204A13050607.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[:21-129] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[aexpansa-130] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella expansa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2411A9437291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2411A9437291.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[:22-131] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[auniplicata-132] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella uniplicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2412A9437341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2412A9437341.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[nphilippiana-133] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Newcombia philippiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14746A4459826. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[:23-134] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[135] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[pcrassa-136] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina crassa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16351A5610123. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16351A5610123.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[iucn_status_15_November_20218-137] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina montagui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16353A5612122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[:34-138] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.

[iucn_status_16_November_20217-139] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella fulgurans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16601A6167310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16601A6167310.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[:35-140] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.

[iucn_status_16_November_20218-141] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella maniensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16602A6169853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16602A6169853.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[:36-142] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.

[iucn_status_16_November_20219-143] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16603A6173963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16603A6173963.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[:37-144] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.

[iucn_status_17_November_20213-145] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16604A6176242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16604A6176242.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[146] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[aalbolabris-147] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra albolabris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T989A13100821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T989A13100821.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[148] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[acornea-149] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra cornea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T990A13100871. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T990A13100871.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[:24-150] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[acrassilabrum-151] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra crassilabrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T991A13100921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T991A13100921.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[152] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[aelongata-153] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T992A13100971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T992A13100971.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[aforbesi-154] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra forbesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T993A13101021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[155] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[apellucida-156] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra pellucida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T994A13101071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T994A13101071.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[aporcus-157] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra porcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T995A13101121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[158] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[areticulata-159] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra reticulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T996A13101171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T996A13101171.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[asubrostrata-160] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subrostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T997A13101221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T997A13101221.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[:25-161] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[asubsoror-162] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subsoror". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T998A13101271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T998A13101271.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[163] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[atenuispira-164] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra tenuispira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T999A13101316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T999A13101316.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[aumbilicata-165] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra umbilicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T1000A3153045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[166] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[canceophila-167] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia anceophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3875A10147634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3875A10147634.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[168] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cbicolor-169] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3876A10148280. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3876A10148280.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[:26-170] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[iucn_status_16_November_20215-171] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cochlea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3877A10148536. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

[acumingiana-172] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cumingiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3878A10144285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3878A10144285.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:27-173] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[iucn_status_16_November_20216-174] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia dolei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3879A10145341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3879A10145341.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

[:28-175] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cevelynae-176] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia evelynae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3880A10148880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3880A10148880.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[177] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cglossema-178] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia glossema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3881A10149985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3881A10149985.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[179] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[chyattiana-180] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia hyattiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3882A10151012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3882A10151012.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[181] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[ckalalauensis-182] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia kalalauensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3883A10151996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3883A10151996.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[183] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cknudseni-184] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia knudseni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3884A10152693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3884A10152693.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:29-185] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[clirata-186] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lirata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3885A10153241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3885A10153241.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[187] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[clymani-188] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lymani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3886A10149243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3886A10149243.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:30-189] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cmirabilis-190] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia mirabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3887A10153972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3887A10153972.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[:31-191] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cnecra-192] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia necra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3888A10150404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3888A10150404.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[193] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[colivacea-194] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3889A10151425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3889A10151425.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[195] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cparadoxa-196] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia paradoxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3890A10154081. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3890A10154081.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[197] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cperiscelis-198] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia periscelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3891A10155066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3891A10155066.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[:32-199] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[cpilsbryi-200] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia pilsbryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3892A10156343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3892A10156343.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[csinclairi-201] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia sinclairi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3893A10157468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[202] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[ctenebrosa-203] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia tenebrosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3895A10158690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3895A10158690.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[204] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[iucn_status_15_November_20217-205] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia turricula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3896A10154389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3896A10154389.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

[:33-206] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

[lperlonga-207] Cowie, R.; Pokryszko, B. (1996). "Lyropupa perlonga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T12526A3353315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

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