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|[[Rallus|Madeira rail]]
|[[Rallus|Porto Santo rail]]
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|''Rallus adolfocaesaris''
|Madeira<ref name="Alcover20152">Alcover, J. A., Pieper, H., Pereira, F., & Rando, J. C. (2015). Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean). ''Zootaxa'', 4057(2), 151-190.</ref>
|Madeira<ref name="Alcover20152">Alcover, J. A., Pieper, H., Pereira, F., & Rando, J. C. (2015). Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean). ''Zootaxa'', 4057(2), 151-190.</ref>
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|[[Porto Santo Island]], Madeira<ref name="Alcover20152"/>
|[[Porto Santo Island]], Madeira<ref name="Alcover20152"/>

Revision as of 22:10, 30 March 2023

Location of Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri) disappeared after the human settlement of the Canary Islands. Along with several New Zealand wrens, it is a rare example of a flightless passerine.

This is a list of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

Macaronesia is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coast of Africa.[2] Macaronesia consists of the Azores (part of Portugal), Maderia (part of Portugal), the Canary Islands (part of Spain), and Cape Verde (an independent country).

Numerous animal species have disappeared from the Macaronesian islands as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Murids (family Muridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tenerife giant rat Canariomys bravoi Tenerife, Canary Islands 1100-1300[3]
Gran Canaria giant rat Canariomys tamarani Gran Canaria, Canary Islands 130 BCE[4]
Lava mouse Malpaisomys insularis Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands 1270[5]

Birds (class Aves)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Canary Islands quail Coturnix gomerae Canary Islands[6]
Porto Santo quail Coturnix alabrevis Porto Santo Island, Madeira
Cape Verde quail Coturnix centensis São Vicente, Cape Verde 1015-1155[7]
Madeiran quail Coturnix lignorum Madeira 1021-806 BCE[7]

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Madeiran wood pigeon Columba palumbus maderensis Madeira 1896-1906[8]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Porto Santo rail Rallus adolfocaesaris Madeira[9]
Graciosa rail Rallus carvaoensis Graciosa Island, Azores[9]
Madeira rail Rallus lowei Porto Santo Island, Madeira[9]
São Jorge rail Rallus minutus São Jorge Island, Azores[9]
Pico rail Rallus montivagorum Pico Island, Azores 1400-1450[6]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Oystercatchers (family Haematopodidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Canary Islands oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands[10] 1950[10]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dune shearwater Puffinus holeae Bred in the Canary Islands. Fossils have also been found in mainland Portugal. 1159-790 BCE[11]
Lava shearwater Puffinus olsoni Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands 1020-1260[12]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Madeiran scops owl Otus mauli Madeira[13]
São Miguel scops owl Otus frutuosoi São Miguel Island, Azores 49 BCE - 125 CE[14]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Leaf warblers (family Phylloscopidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff Phylloscopus canariensis exsul Lanzarote and possibly Fueteventura, Canary Islands 1986[6]

True finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Trias greenfinch Chloris triasi La Palma, Canary Islands
Slender-billed greenfinch Chloris aurelioi Tenerife, Canary Islands
Madeira finch Goniaphea leucocephala[15] Madeira 1823[6]
Greater Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula crassa Graciosa Island, Azores 1110-1048 BCE[16]

Buntings (family Emberizidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Long-legged bunting Emberiza alcoveri Tenerife, Canary Islands[6]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Wall lizards (family Lacertidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tenerife giant lizard Gallotia goliath Tenerife, Canary Islands 1400-1500[3]
Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard Gallotia simonyi simonyi Roque Chico de Salmor off of El Hierro, Canary Islands 1935[17]

Skinks (family Scincidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cape Verde giant skink Chioninia coctei Cape Verde 1912[18]

Insects (class Insecta)

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Whites or yellow-whites (family Pieridae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Madeiran large white Pieris brassicae wollastoni Madeira 1980s[19]

Gastropods (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Discidae

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Discus engonatus Tenerife, Canary Islands 1852
Discus retextus La Palma, Canary Islands 1852

Family Gastrodontidae

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Janulus pompylius La Palma, Canary Islands 1865

Family Geomitridae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caseolus calvus galeatus Madeira[20]
Pseudocampylaea lowii Madeira 1878
Possibly extinct, family Geomitridae
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Discula tetrica Desertas Islands, Madeira 1878
Geomitra delphinuloides Madeira 1860
Keraea garachicoensis North Tenerife, Canary Islands 1878

Family Lauriidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Leiostyla lamellosa Madeira 1878
Possibly extinct, family Lauriidae
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Leiostyla abbreviata Madeira 1878
Leiostyla gibba Madeira before 1878

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ "Where Is Macaronesia?". WorldAtlas. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
  3. ^ a b Morales, J. et al. (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd–2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): an overview. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), 27-36.
  4. ^ López-Jurado, L. F., & López Martínez, N. (1991). Presencia de la rata gigante extinguida de Gran Canaria (Canariomys tamarani) en una cueva de habitación aborigen.
  5. ^ Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141-148.
  6. ^ a b c d e Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
  7. ^ a b Rando, J. C., Alcover, J. A., Pieper, H., Olson, S. L., Hernández, C. N., & López-Jurado, L. F. (2020). Unforeseen diversity of quails (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Coturnix) in oceanic islands provided by the fossil record of Macaronesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188(4), 1296-1317.
  8. ^ Prins, G. "Columba palumbus maderensis". Zoological Museum Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 9 August 2010
  9. ^ a b c d Alcover, J. A., Pieper, H., Pereira, F., & Rando, J. C. (2015). Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa, 4057(2), 151-190.
  10. ^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Haematopus meadewaldoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22693621A205917399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693621A205917399.en. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  11. ^ Rando, J. C., & Alcover, J. A. (2010). On the extinction of the Dune Shearwater (Puffinus holeae) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Ornithology, 151(2), 365-369.
  12. ^ Rando, J.C., & Alcover, J.A. (2008) Evidence for a second western Palaearctic seabird extinction during the last Millennium: the Lava Shearwater Puffinus olsoni. Ibis, 150(1), 188-192.
  13. ^ Rando, Juan Carlos; Pieper, Harald; Alcover, Josep Antoni & Olson, Storrs L. (2012). "A new species of extinct fossil scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from the Archipelago of Madeira (North Atlantic Ocean)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3182: 29–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-26. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  14. ^ Rando, J.C. et al. (2013) A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel island (Azores archipelago, north Atlantic ocean). Zootaxa, 3647(2), 343-357.
  15. ^ Pieper, Harald (October 2, 1985). "The Fossil Land Birds of Madeira and Porto Santo" (PDF). Bocagiana – via Natural History Museum of Funchal: Scientific Publications.
  16. ^ Rando, J. C., Pieper, H., Olson, S. L., Pereira, F., & Alcover, J. A. (2017). A new extinct species of large bullfinch (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula) from Graciosa Island (Azores, North Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa.
  17. ^ Salvador, A. (1985). Guía de campo de los anfibios y reptiles de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Canarias. Santiago García.
  18. ^ Vasconcelos, R. (2013). "Chioninia coctei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T13152363A13152374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13152363A13152374.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  19. ^ van Swaay, C.; Wynhoff, I.; Verovnik, R.; Wiemers, M.; López Munguira, M.; Maes, D.; Sasic, M.; Verstrael, T.; Warren, M. & Settele, J. (2010). "Pieris wollastoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T39483A10240995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T39483A10240995.en. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  20. ^ Fontaine B., Bouchet P., Van Achterberg K., Alonso-Zarazaga M. A., Araujo R. et al. (2007). "The European union’s 2010 target: Putting rare species in focus." Biological Conservation 139: 167-185. Table 2 on the page 173. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.012. PDF.
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