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Photograph of Ali Dinar, last Sultan of Darfur, following his death in battle in 1916 at the hands of Anglo-Egyptian forces
When World War I broke out in late 1914 many communities saw it as their chance to overthrow the local colonial Entente governments. This was encouraged on 14 November 1914 when the religious leaders of the Ottoman Empire declared a holy war or jihad against the Entente powers.[1]
Macmunn, G.; Falls, C. (1996) [1928]. Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine: From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN978-0-89839-241-8.
Landen, Robert Geran (2016) [1967]. Oman since 1856: Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society. Princeton Legacy Library (volume 2,286) (online scan ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-1-4008-7827-7.
Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-27917-1.
Sondhaus, Lawrence (October 29, 2020). World War One: The Global Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-108-49619-3.
Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-926191-8.
Further reading
Hordern, C. (1990) [1941]. Military Operations East Africa: August 1914 – September 1916. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN978-0-89839-158-9.
Moberly, F. J. (1995) [1931]. Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN978-0-89839-235-7.