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Coordinates: 22°35′02″N 75°17′53″E / 22.584°N 75.298°E / 22.584; 75.298
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{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Lāṭ masjid
| name = Lāṭ masjid
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| religious_features =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[mosque]]
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = [[Dilawar Khan]]
| founded_by = [[Dilawar Khan]]
| creator =
| creator =
| funded_by =
| funded_by =
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| refnum =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| website =
| website =
}}
}}
[[File:Inscription at Dhar.jpg|thumb|left|Dhar (Madhya Pradesh). Lāṭ masjid, inscription over the entrance.]]
[[File:Inscription at Dhar.jpg|thumb|left|Inscription over the entrance of the Lāṭ masjid]]
[[File:Dhar Plan.jpg|thumb|right|The mosque is located in the south-eastern part of the former fortified city of Dhar]]
[[File:Dhar old city plan.jpg|thumb|left|City plan of Dhar with the Lāṭ masjid near the south-eastern gate]]
'''Lat Mosque''' ([[IAST]]: Lāṭ Masjid, literally "Pillar Mosque") is a mosque in [[Dhar]] town of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Named after the [[Iron pillar of Dhar]] (called "lāṭ" in Hindi), it is also known as ''Lat ki masjid'', ''Ladh Masjid'', or ''Lath Masjid''.
'''Lat Mosque''' ([[IAST]]: Lāṭ Masjid, literally "Pillar Mosque") is a mosque in [[Dhar]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Named after the [[Iron pillar of Dhar]] (called "lāṭ" in Hindi), it is also known as ''Lat ki masjid'', ''Ladh Masjid'', or ''Lath Masjid''.
== Current Status ==
== Current status ==
The Lāṭ masjid is presently a Monument of National Importance protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under the Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, otherwise known as the [[AMASR Act]]. The building carries the number N-MP-118 in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West]].
The Lāṭ masjid is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]] protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under the [[AMASR Act|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act]]. Its [[serial number]] is N-MP-118 in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West]].

== History ==
== History ==
The mosque was built in 1405 CE by [[Dilawar Khan]] as the ''[[Jama Masjid|Jami Masjid]]'' to mark his declaration of independence from Delhi and the establishment of the [[Malwa Sultanate|Sultan of Malwa]]. The location of the new Jami' masjid on the edge of the city, rather than the centre, is a pattern found in other towns, for example [[Chanderi]].
The mosque was built in 1405 CE by [[Dilawar Khan]] as the [[Jami Masjid|jami masjid]] to mark his declaration of independence from Delhi and the establishment of the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. The jami masjid is located at the edge of the city similar to other towns like [[Chanderi]]. Its name comes from the fragmentary [[iron pillar of Dhar|iron pillar]] (''lāṭ'' in [[Hindi]]) located in the compound.<ref name="ASI_Bhopal"/>
The mosque's current name comes from the fragmentary [[iron pillar of Dhar|iron pillar]] (called ''lat'' in [[Hindi]]), located in the compound.<ref name="ASI_Bhopal"/> Exactly when this name became current is not recorded.


== Architecture ==
== Architecture ==
The mosque consists of a large courtyard with post-and-lintel arcades on all sides. The arcades on the north, south and east are shallow and only one bay deep. The prayer hall is four bays deep and has a dome over the [[mihrab|miḥrāb]]. The raised platform in the prayer hall is similar to that found in the [[Adina Mosque]] in [[Pandua]]. As there, the platform probably served as a royal gallery for the use of the Sultan. The miḥrāb and [[minbar]] are modest harbingers of the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu]], built some fifty years later by [[Hoshang Shah]]. The mosque is entered through domed gatehouses built in the electic style favored of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and as seen at other sites such as Mān Mandir, [[Gwalior fort]], [[Datia]], [[Chanderi]] and [[Agra]].
The mosque consists of a large [[courtyard]] with [[post and lintel]] [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] on all sides. The arcades on the north, south, and east are shallow and only one [[Bay (architecture)|bay]] deep. The prayer hall has four bays and a dome over the [[mihrab|miḥrāb]]. The raised platform inside the prayer hall likely served as a royal gallery used by the Sultan comparable to the platform in the [[Adina Mosque]] in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. The miḥrāb and [[minbar]] are modest harbingers of the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu]], built about fifty years later by [[Hoshang Shah]]. Entrances feature a [[gatehouse]] built in the [[eclectic style]] favoured in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and also seen at Mān Mandir, [[Gwalior fort]], [[Datia]], [[Chanderi]] and [[Agra]]. Some pillars and [[Lintel|lintels]] were purpose-made for the mosque, others were recycled from older temples and other structures.<ref name="ASI_Bhopal">{{cite web |url=http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/dhar_dhar_lat%20kimasjid.html |title=Lat ki masjid |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> In his study of the iron pillar, Ramamurthy Balasubramanian of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], made unsubstantiated assertions about the origin and communal identity of the pillars; in fact, the original location, likely uses, and dates of the pillars remains unexplored.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|}}{{Relevance inline|date=May 2024}}

Some of the pillars and lintels used in the contruction were purpose-made for the mosque, other are recycled from older temples and, most likely, other structures.
⚫
== Iron pillar ==
{{main|Dhar iron pillar}}


The mosque's name comes from its iron pillar, fragments of which are lying outside the building in the compound's gardens.<ref>Ray, Amitava (2007). "Microstructural Manifestations of the Ancient 11th Century Iron Pillar at Dhar, India." ''Microscopy and Microanalysis'' 13, S02, pp. 1102–1103; Ray, Amitava, Dhua, S. K., Prasad, R. R., Jha, S., & Banerjee, S. (1997). "The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics." ''Journal of materials science letters'', 16, no. 5, pp. 371–375; Saxena, V. K., Kapoor, S., & Tewari, S. K. (1996). "Metallographic studies of iron pillar, Dhar," ''Conservation of cultural property in India'' 29, pp. 259-267.</ref> Early rulers in Delhi used pillars in jami mosques also seen in the [[Qutb Minar complex]] and the [[Firoz Shah palace complex#Lat ki Masjid|Lat ki Masjid]] in [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]].<ref>Anthony Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," ''Muqarnas'' 10 (1993), pp. 311-322.</ref> The pillar is not inscribed with a date, purpose, or patron. It bears early, undeciphered graffiti. [[Henry Cousens]] suggested the pillar was made under later Paramāra king [[Arjunavarman]] in 1210 CE from an enemy army's weapons.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=117}} In 1531 CE, Dhar came under the sway of Bahādur Shāh of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. The Sultan of Gujarat attempted to move the pillar to Gujarat, but it broke.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=119}} Documentation from 1912 shows the pillar lying diagonally against the platform.<ref> For the photograph, Vernon & Company (Bombay). (1912). Dhār धार دهار (Madhya Pradesh). Lāṭ masjid. Iron pillar. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10825359.</ref>
The pillars,
and carved [[bracket (architecture)|brackets]] from the former temples can be seen in the [[colonnade]] of the mosque's inner courtyard.<ref name="BL_Lat">{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000430s32u00018000.html |title=Interior of the Lat Masjid, [Dhar] |publisher=British Library |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> Hindu and Jain-style carvings can be seen on these pillars.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=118}} One of the two gates of the mosque is also of [[Jain]] style.<ref name="ASI_Bhopal">{{cite web |url=http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/dhar_dhar_lat%20kimasjid.html |title=Lat ki masjid |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> The [[mihrab]]s and [[minbar]] of the mosque were designed by the Muslims.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=118}}


⚫
== Iron Pillar ==
The mosque takes it name for the iron pillar, fragments of which are lying outside the building in the compound's gardens.
== Documentation and repair ==
== Documentation and repair ==
[[File:Iron pillar Dhar.jpg|thumb|left|Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Fragments of the [[Iron pillar of Dhar]], as positioned and conserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]]]
[[File:Iron pillar Dhar.jpg|thumb|left|Fragments of the [[Dhar iron pillar]] conserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]]]
The Lāṭ mosque has drawn the attention of visitors, scholars and government officers from an early time. The earliest visitor of importance of which there is a record was [[Akbar]] himself who left an inscription on the iron pillar. In the colonial period, Captain E. Barnes noted the considerable expenditure on repairs to the monument carried out by Dhar Durbar (i.e the Powars), and the urgent need for further conservation work.<ref>Government of India. Proceedings of the Foreign Department, Internal B, 1904. Grant of Rs. 40,000 to the Dhar State for expenditure during 1904-05 on restoration and maintenance of historical buildings at Mandu, to which is appended a report on Archaeological Work at Dhar by Captain E. Barnes, Political agent, Bhopawar, and minute no. 5225 of 1904 addressed to the First Assistant to the Agent of the Governor General in C.I., Indore, from Captain E. Barnes, I.A., Political Agent, Bhopawar, Sirdarpur. Archived online at: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809072.</ref>
The Lāṭ mosque has drawn the attention of visitors, scholars, and government officers. The earliest recorded important visitor was Emperor [[Akbar]] who left a Persian inscription on the iron pillar. In the colonial period, Captain E. Barnes noted the monument's considerable repair costs realized by Dhar Durbar (i.e. the Powars) and urged for further conservation work.<ref>Government of India. Proceedings of the Foreign Department, Internal B, 1904. Grant of Rs. 40,000 to the Dhar State for expenditure during 1904-05 on restoration and maintenance of historical buildings at Mandu, to which is appended a report on Archaeological Work at Dhar by Captain E. Barnes, Political agent, Bhopawar, and minute no. 5225 of 1904 addressed to the First Assistant to the Agent of the Governor General in C.I., Indore, from Captain E. Barnes, I.A., Political Agent, Bhopawar, Sirdarpur. Archived online at: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809072.</ref>


In 1939-40, the traveller and adventurer [[Annemarie Schwarzenbach]] visited Dhār. Her photographs are now visible online, and are an important record of the state of monument at that time.
In 1939–40, the journalist [[Annemarie Schwarzenbach]] visited Dhar and photographed the mosque. Her photographs are an indispensable record of the state of monument at that time.


The iron pillar at the site was originally lying at an angle against the platform, in which position it had been since the 16th century when attempts were made by the Sultan of Gujarat to remove it to his capital. In the 1980s, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] shifted the remains to a newly-built platform where all the parts can now be seen.
The iron pillar originally lay at an angle after the Sultan of Gujarat attempted to remove it in the sixteenth century. In the 1980s, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] shifted the remains to a platform where all parts can now be seen. The large stone footing of the pillar is displayed nearby.


<gallery mode="packed" caption="Photographs by [[Annemarie Schwarzenbach]], 1939-1940">
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Photographs by [[Annemarie Schwarzenbach]], 1939-1940">
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=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite journal |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~bala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_23.pdf |title=A new study of the Dhar iron pillar |first=R. |last=Balasubramaniam |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=37 |year=2002 |pages=115–151 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~bala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_23.pdf |title=A new study of the Dhar iron pillar |first=R. |last=Balasubramaniam |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=37 |year=2002 |pages=115–151 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~bala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_34.pdf |title=Corrosion resistance of the Dhar iron pillar |first1=R. |last1=Balasubramaniam |first2=A.V. Ramesh |last2=Kumar |journal=Corrosion Science |volume=45 |issue=11 |year=2003 |pages=2451–2465 |doi=10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00074-X }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~bala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_34.pdf |title=Corrosion resistance of the Dhar iron pillar |first1=R. |last1=Balasubramaniam |first2=A.V. Ramesh |last2=Kumar |journal=Corrosion Science |volume=45 |issue=11 |year=2003 |pages=2451–2465 |doi=10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00074-X |bibcode=2003Corro..45.2451B }}


{{Mosques in India}}
{{Mosques in India}}
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[[Category:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:15th-century mosques]]
[[Category:15th-century mosques]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dhar district]]

Latest revision as of 13:51, 1 June 2024

Lāṭ masjid
Interior of the Lāṭ masjid
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Location
LocationMadhya Pradesh, India
Geographic coordinates22°35′02″N 75°17′53″E / 22.584°N 75.298°E / 22.584; 75.298
Architecture
TypeMosque
FounderDilawar Khan
Date established1405 CE
Inscription over the entrance of the Lāṭ masjid
City plan of Dhar with the Lāṭ masjid near the south-eastern gate

Lat Mosque (IAST: Lāṭ Masjid, literally "Pillar Mosque") is a mosque in Dhar in Madhya Pradesh, India. Named after the Iron pillar of Dhar (called "lāṭ" in Hindi), it is also known as Lat ki masjid, Ladh Masjid, or Lath Masjid.

Current status

[edit]

The Lāṭ masjid is a Monument of National Importance protected by the Archaeological Survey of India under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act. Its serial number is N-MP-118 in the List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West.

History

[edit]

The mosque was built in 1405 CE by Dilawar Khan as the jami masjid to mark his declaration of independence from Delhi and the establishment of the Malwa Sultanate. The jami masjid is located at the edge of the city similar to other towns like Chanderi. Its name comes from the fragmentary iron pillar (lāṭ in Hindi) located in the compound.[1]

Architecture

[edit]

The mosque consists of a large courtyard with post and lintel arcades on all sides. The arcades on the north, south, and east are shallow and only one bay deep. The prayer hall has four bays and a dome over the miḥrāb. The raised platform inside the prayer hall likely served as a royal gallery used by the Sultan comparable to the platform in the Adina Mosque in Pandua. The miḥrāb and minbar are modest harbingers of the Jama Masjid, Mandu, built about fifty years later by Hoshang Shah. Entrances feature a gatehouse built in the eclectic style favoured in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and also seen at Mān Mandir, Gwalior fort, Datia, Chanderi and Agra. Some pillars and lintels were purpose-made for the mosque, others were recycled from older temples and other structures.[1] In his study of the iron pillar, Ramamurthy Balasubramanian of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, made unsubstantiated assertions about the origin and communal identity of the pillars; in fact, the original location, likely uses, and dates of the pillars remains unexplored.[2][relevant?]

Iron pillar

[edit]
Main article: Dhar iron pillar

The mosque's name comes from its iron pillar, fragments of which are lying outside the building in the compound's gardens.[3] Early rulers in Delhi used pillars in jami mosques also seen in the Qutb Minar complex and the Lat ki Masjid in Hissar.[4] The pillar is not inscribed with a date, purpose, or patron. It bears early, undeciphered graffiti. Henry Cousens suggested the pillar was made under later Paramāra king Arjunavarman in 1210 CE from an enemy army's weapons.[5] In 1531 CE, Dhar came under the sway of Bahādur Shāh of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Sultan of Gujarat attempted to move the pillar to Gujarat, but it broke.[6] Documentation from 1912 shows the pillar lying diagonally against the platform.[7]

Documentation and repair

[edit]
Fragments of the Dhar iron pillar conserved by the Archaeological Survey of India

The Lāṭ mosque has drawn the attention of visitors, scholars, and government officers. The earliest recorded important visitor was Emperor Akbar who left a Persian inscription on the iron pillar. In the colonial period, Captain E. Barnes noted the monument's considerable repair costs realized by Dhar Durbar (i.e. the Powars) and urged for further conservation work.[8]

In 1939–40, the journalist Annemarie Schwarzenbach visited Dhar and photographed the mosque. Her photographs are an indispensable record of the state of monument at that time.

The iron pillar originally lay at an angle after the Sultan of Gujarat attempted to remove it in the sixteenth century. In the 1980s, the Archaeological Survey of India shifted the remains to a platform where all parts can now be seen. The large stone footing of the pillar is displayed nearby.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Lat ki masjid". Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  2. ^ Balasubramaniam 2002.
  3. ^ Ray, Amitava (2007). "Microstructural Manifestations of the Ancient 11th Century Iron Pillar at Dhar, India." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, S02, pp. 1102–1103; Ray, Amitava, Dhua, S. K., Prasad, R. R., Jha, S., & Banerjee, S. (1997). "The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics." Journal of materials science letters, 16, no. 5, pp. 371–375; Saxena, V. K., Kapoor, S., & Tewari, S. K. (1996). "Metallographic studies of iron pillar, Dhar," Conservation of cultural property in India 29, pp. 259-267.
  4. ^ Anthony Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10 (1993), pp. 311-322.
  5. ^ Balasubramaniam 2002, p. 117.
  6. ^ Balasubramaniam 2002, p. 119.
  7. ^ For the photograph, Vernon & Company (Bombay). (1912). Dhār धार دهار (Madhya Pradesh). Lāṭ masjid. Iron pillar. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10825359.
  8. ^ Government of India. Proceedings of the Foreign Department, Internal B, 1904. Grant of Rs. 40,000 to the Dhar State for expenditure during 1904-05 on restoration and maintenance of historical buildings at Mandu, to which is appended a report on Archaeological Work at Dhar by Captain E. Barnes, Political agent, Bhopawar, and minute no. 5225 of 1904 addressed to the First Assistant to the Agent of the Governor General in C.I., Indore, from Captain E. Barnes, I.A., Political Agent, Bhopawar, Sirdarpur. Archived online at: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809072.

Bibliography

[edit]
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