Lucy Islands: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Small archipelago off of Canada}} |
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{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} |
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{{Infobox islands |
{{Infobox islands |
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| name = Lucy Islands |
| name = Lucy Islands |
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| timezone1 = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] |
| timezone1 = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] |
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The '''Lucy Islands''' (known as ''Lax Spinna'', meaning "on shoulders |
The '''Lucy Islands''' (known as ''Lax Spinna'', meaning "on shoulders", in [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]<ref name="metlakatla">{{cite web |url= http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents/54576/54576E.pdf|title=Written evidence of the intervenors Metlakatla First Nation |date= December 20, 2011|website= Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency|publisher=Metlakatla Governing Council |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>) are a small [[archipelago]] off the [[British Columbia Coast|North Coast]] of the province of [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]].<ref name=bcgeo>{{cite web|title=Lucy Island|url=http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/35705.html|work=BC Geographical Names|publisher=Province of British Columbia|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The low-lying and heavily forested ([[Picea sitchensis|Sitka spruce]]) group, named after its largest island, Lucy Island, constitutes a provincially protected conservancy area that contains some of the North Coast's oldest archeological sites, a nationally significant seabird population, and a prominent 20th-century [[lighthouse]].<ref name=parks>{{cite book|title=BC Parks: Annual Report 2010/11|year=2011|publisher=BC Parks|url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/bc-parks-annual-report-oct24.pdf|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> |
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==Location== |
==Location== |
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The Lucy Islands Conservancy is an archipelago located about 15 km west of the North |
The Lucy Islands Conservancy is an archipelago located about 15 km west of the North Coast's largest city, the port of [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]]. The archipelago lies in the middle of [[Chatham Sound]], north of the juncture with [[Hecate Strait]], and between the much-larger [[Melville Island (Dundas Islands)|Melville Island]] and [[Digby Island]].<ref name=bcgeo /><ref name="birds" /> |
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==Naming== |
==Naming== |
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The islands were named by Captain [[George Henry Richards]] of |
The islands were named by Captain [[George Henry Richards]] of {{HMS|Hecate|1839|6}} circa 1862 to honour Lucy McNeill, daughter of [[Hudson's Bay Company]] official [[William Henry McNeill]]<ref name=walbran>{{cite book|last=Walbran|first=John T.|title=British Columbia coast names, 1592–1906 : to which are added a few names in adjacent United States territory, their origin and history|year=1909|publisher=Govt. Printing Bureau|location=Ottawa, Ontario|page=308|url=http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=736706}}</ref> and his first wife, Mathilda, a [[Haida people|Kaigani Haida]] chief. Lucy was a "miraculously unfettered Victorian female", according to B.C. memoirist Helen Meilleur. "She was so adaptable that she could occupy the VIP cabin aboard the Labouchere ... and then set off in a canoe for weeks of weather-exposed travel to Indian villages."<ref name=raincoast>{{cite web|last=Scott|first=Andrew|title=Review – Raincoast Place Names: A Complete Reference for Coastal British Columbia|url=http://www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=2748|work=BC Bookworld|publisher=ABC Bookworld|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> She married Hamilton Moffatt of the Hudson's Bay Company and resided in Victoria as of 1906.<ref name="walbran"/> |
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==Human habitation== |
==Human habitation== |
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Ancient shell [[midden]]s and house depressions on the islands are an indicator of human occupation dating back possibly 6,000 years.<ref>{{cite journal | |
Ancient shell [[midden]]s and house depressions on the islands are an indicator of human occupation dating back possibly 6,000 years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Moreno-Mayar | first1=J. Víctor | last2=Potter | first2=Ben A. | last3=Vinner | first3=Lasse | last4=Steinrücken | first4=Matthias | last5=Rasmussen | first5=Simon | last6=Terhorst | first6=Jonathan | last7=Kamm | first7=John A. | last8=Albrechtsen | first8=Anders | last9=Malaspinas | first9=Anna-Sapfo | last10=Sikora | first10=Martin | last11=Reuther | first11=Joshua D. | last12=Irish | first12=Joel D. | last13=Malhi | first13=Ripan S. | last14=Orlando | first14=Ludovic | last15=Song | first15=Yun S. | last16=Nielsen | first16=Rasmus | last17=Meltzer | first17=David J. | last18=Willerslev | first18=Eske | title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]| volume=553 | issue=7687 | date=January 3, 2018 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature25173 | pages=203–207 | url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7887/1/UpwardSun_Nature%20paper%20MS%20DEC17.pdf | pmid=29323294 | bibcode=2018Natur.553..203M | s2cid=4454580 }}</ref> Some of the oldest archaeological sites on the North Coast are located on the islands,<ref name=parks /> including the earliest-known use of a rectangular house in the region.<ref name=PLoS>{{cite journal|last=Cui Y|author2=Lindo J |author3=Hughes CE |author4=Johnson JW |author5=Hernandez AG |title=Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes|journal=PLOS ONE|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066948 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e66948|display-authors=etal |pmid=23843972 |pmc=3700925|bibcode=2013PLoSO...866948C |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Traditionally, the Lucy Islands are included in the territory of the [[Gitwilgyoots]], a [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]-speaking tribe that wintered in the Prince Rupert area at the time of European contact. In late spring, during the seasonal round, the Gitwilgyoots moved to the outer islands west of Prince Rupert for a period of marine fishing, shellfish gathering and sea mammal hunting before returning to the [[Skeena River]] in early summer for the [[salmon]] runs.<ref name=PLoS /> |
Traditionally, the Lucy Islands are included in the territory of the [[Gitwilgyoots]], a [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]-speaking tribe that wintered in the Prince Rupert area at the time of European contact. In late spring, during the seasonal round, the Gitwilgyoots moved to the outer islands west of Prince Rupert for a period of marine fishing, shellfish gathering and sea mammal hunting before returning to the [[Skeena River]] in early summer for the [[salmon]] runs.<ref name=PLoS /> |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Map Lucy Islands BC.jpg|thumb|300px|Location of Lucy Islands in Chatham Sound]] --> |
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Map Lucy Islands BC.jpg|thumb|300px|Location of Lucy Islands in Chatham Sound]] --> |
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In the winter of 1984/5, strong winds felled two trees above a shell midden and exposed ancient human remains of a child, a young adult female and an older male. With the approval of the [[Metlakatla First Nation]], the remains were analysed by the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]. A [[Genetic testing|genetic]] study published in ''[[PLOS ONE]]'' in 2013 linked the 5,500-year-old female remains to 2,500-year-old remains found on nearby [[Dodge Cove|Dodge Island]]. The groundbreaking study, the first to use new techniques to analyse the complete [[mitochondrial genome]], also found that a living Tsimshian woman from the |
In the winter of 1984/5, strong winds felled two trees above a shell midden and exposed ancient human remains of a child, a young adult female and an older male. With the approval of the [[Metlakatla First Nation]], the remains were analysed by the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]. A [[Genetic testing|genetic]] study published in ''[[PLOS ONE]]'' in 2013 linked the 5,500-year-old female remains to 2,500-year-old remains found on nearby [[Dodge Cove|Dodge Island]]. The groundbreaking study, the first to use new techniques to analyse the complete [[mitochondrial genome]], also found that a living Tsimshian woman from the Metlakatla First Nation near Prince Rupert had a [[matrilineal]] DNA link to the 5,500-year-old female remains from the Lucy Islands. The study's findings may indicate an enduring occupation of the geographical region by local First Nations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boswell|first=Randy|title=Breakthrough DNA study links B.C. woman and 5,500-year-old "grandmother"|url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Breakthrough+study+links+woman+year+grandmother/8622720/story.html|access-date=6 July 2013|newspaper=Vancouver Sun|date=5 July 2013}}</ref> |
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By the 20th century, the sole residents of the Lucy Islands were [[lighthouse keeper]]s. The original light above their residence was replaced by a tower built in 1907 on the east point of the main island. The [[Canadian Coast Guard]] destaffed the lighthouse in 1988.<ref name=birds>{{cite web|title=Lucy Islands|url=http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=BC122&lang=EN|publisher=Canadian Important Bird Areas| |
By the 20th century, the sole residents of the Lucy Islands were [[lighthouse keeper]]s. The original light above their residence was replaced by a tower built in 1907 on the east point of the main island. The [[Canadian Coast Guard]] destaffed the lighthouse in 1988.<ref name=birds>{{cite web|title=Lucy Islands|url=http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=BC122&lang=EN|publisher=Canadian Important Bird Areas|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> |
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==Protected area== |
==Protected area== |
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In 2008, the provincial government established the new Lucy Islands Conservancy under the ''[[Protected Areas of British Columbia Act]]''. It protects critical seabird nesting habitat and supports contemporary marine food harvesting as well as popular recreation opportunities.<ref name=parks /> |
In 2008, the provincial government established the new Lucy Islands Conservancy under the ''[[Protected Areas of British Columbia Act]]''. It protects critical seabird nesting habitat and supports contemporary marine food harvesting as well as popular recreation opportunities.<ref name=parks /> |
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The conservancy protects the 28 [[hectare]]s of land throughout the archipelago as well as 178 hectares of [[foreshore]] out to 200 metres from the natural boundary of the sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Areas of British Columbia Act |
The conservancy protects the 28 [[hectare]]s of land throughout the archipelago as well as 178 hectares of [[foreshore]] out to 200 metres from the natural boundary of the sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Areas of British Columbia Act – Schedule E|url=http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/LOC/freeside/--%20P%20--/Protected%20Areas%20of%20British%20Columbia%20Act%20SBC%202000%20c.%2017/00_Act/00017_07.xml#Elucyislands|publisher=Queen's Printer, British Columbia|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> |
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The |
The conservancy is collaboratively managed by BC Parks with the Metlakatla and [[Lax-kw'alaams First Nation]]s. The partnership replaced a rotten and hazardous boardwalk to permit recreational visits while protecting archaeological and bird-nesting features.<ref name=parks /> |
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==Seabirds== |
==Seabirds== |
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The islands are home to a significant avian population<ref name="birds" /> and were cited by the Metlakatla Governing Council as an area of concern in their Joint Review Panel submission that opposed the proposed [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines]] project.<ref name="metlakatla" /> |
The islands are home to a significant avian population<ref name="birds" /> and were cited by the Metlakatla Governing Council as an area of concern in their Joint Review Panel submission that opposed the proposed [[Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines]] project.<ref name="metlakatla" /> |
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The conservancy is a nationally significant breeding site for [[rhinoceros auklet]]s, that dig long |
The conservancy is a nationally significant breeding site for [[rhinoceros auklet]]s, that dig long burrows where they make their nests.<ref name="parks" /> Lucy Islands is the sixth-largest colony in the province. The 25,300 nesting pairs (1983) also represent about 5.4% of the global population.<ref name="birds" /> |
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In 1983, as many as 197 [[pigeon guillemot]]s (or 1.9% of the estimated national population) were recorded among the islands. By the following year, just 54 pigeon guillemots were recorded. [[glaucous-winged gull]]s and [[black oystercatcher]]s have also been recorded at the site.<ref name=birds /> |
In 1983, as many as 197 [[pigeon guillemot]]s (or 1.9% of the estimated national population) were recorded among the islands. By the following year, just 54 pigeon guillemots were recorded. [[glaucous-winged gull]]s and [[black oystercatcher]]s have also been recorded at the site.<ref name=birds /> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama?featureid=df36cc0fd05411d892e2080020a0f4c9 Map of Lucy Islands] |
*[https://archive.today/20130708062958/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama?featureid=df36cc0fd05411d892e2080020a0f4c9 Map of Lucy Islands], Atlas of Canada, Accessed 7 July 2013. |
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*[http://weather.gc.ca/marine/weatherConditions-currentConditions_e.html?mapID=01&siteID=02300&stationID=WLC Current Weather Conditions Lucy Islands Lighstation], Environment Canada weather reports. |
*[http://weather.gc.ca/marine/weatherConditions-currentConditions_e.html?mapID=01&siteID=02300&stationID=WLC Current Weather Conditions Lucy Islands Lighstation], Environment Canada weather reports. |
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{{British Columbia parks}} |
{{British Columbia parks}} |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in British Columbia]] |
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[[Category:First Nations history in British Columbia]] |
[[Category:First Nations history in British Columbia]] |
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[[Category:Archipelagoes of British Columbia]] |
[[Category:Archipelagoes of British Columbia]] |
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[[Category:Protected areas of British Columbia]] |
[[Category:Protected areas of British Columbia]] |
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[[Category:Tsimshian]] |
[[Category:Tsimshian]] |
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[[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:54, 1 May 2024
 Lucy Island Lighthouse, built 1907 | |
  Lucy Islands | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Chatham Sound |
| Coordinates | 54°18′01″N 130°37′08″W / 54.30028°N 130.61889°W |
| Area | 73.95 km2 (28.55 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 59 m (194 ft) |
| Administration | |
Canada | |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
The Lucy Islands (known as Lax Spinna, meaning "on shoulders", in Tsimshian[1]) are a small archipelago off the North Coast of the province of British Columbia in Canada.[2] The low-lying and heavily forested (Sitka spruce) group, named after its largest island, Lucy Island, constitutes a provincially protected conservancy area that contains some of the North Coast's oldest archeological sites, a nationally significant seabird population, and a prominent 20th-century lighthouse.[3]
Location[edit]
The Lucy Islands Conservancy is an archipelago located about 15 km west of the North Coast's largest city, the port of Prince Rupert. The archipelago lies in the middle of Chatham Sound, north of the juncture with Hecate Strait, and between the much-larger Melville Island and Digby Island.[2][4]
Naming[edit]
The islands were named by Captain George Henry Richards of HMS Hecate circa 1862 to honour Lucy McNeill, daughter of Hudson's Bay Company official William Henry McNeill[5] and his first wife, Mathilda, a Kaigani Haida chief. Lucy was a "miraculously unfettered Victorian female", according to B.C. memoirist Helen Meilleur. "She was so adaptable that she could occupy the VIP cabin aboard the Labouchere ... and then set off in a canoe for weeks of weather-exposed travel to Indian villages."[6] She married Hamilton Moffatt of the Hudson's Bay Company and resided in Victoria as of 1906.[5]
Human habitation[edit]
Ancient shell middens and house depressions on the islands are an indicator of human occupation dating back possibly 6,000 years.[7] Some of the oldest archaeological sites on the North Coast are located on the islands,[3] including the earliest-known use of a rectangular house in the region.[8]
Traditionally, the Lucy Islands are included in the territory of the Gitwilgyoots, a Tsimshian-speaking tribe that wintered in the Prince Rupert area at the time of European contact. In late spring, during the seasonal round, the Gitwilgyoots moved to the outer islands west of Prince Rupert for a period of marine fishing, shellfish gathering and sea mammal hunting before returning to the Skeena River in early summer for the salmon runs.[8]
In the winter of 1984/5, strong winds felled two trees above a shell midden and exposed ancient human remains of a child, a young adult female and an older male. With the approval of the Metlakatla First Nation, the remains were analysed by the Canadian Museum of Civilization. A genetic study published in PLOS ONE in 2013 linked the 5,500-year-old female remains to 2,500-year-old remains found on nearby Dodge Island. The groundbreaking study, the first to use new techniques to analyse the complete mitochondrial genome, also found that a living Tsimshian woman from the Metlakatla First Nation near Prince Rupert had a matrilineal DNA link to the 5,500-year-old female remains from the Lucy Islands. The study's findings may indicate an enduring occupation of the geographical region by local First Nations.[9]
By the 20th century, the sole residents of the Lucy Islands were lighthouse keepers. The original light above their residence was replaced by a tower built in 1907 on the east point of the main island. The Canadian Coast Guard destaffed the lighthouse in 1988.[4]
Protected area[edit]
In 2008, the provincial government established the new Lucy Islands Conservancy under the Protected Areas of British Columbia Act. It protects critical seabird nesting habitat and supports contemporary marine food harvesting as well as popular recreation opportunities.[3]
The conservancy protects the 28 hectares of land throughout the archipelago as well as 178 hectares of foreshore out to 200 metres from the natural boundary of the sea.[10]
The conservancy is collaboratively managed by BC Parks with the Metlakatla and Lax-kw'alaams First Nations. The partnership replaced a rotten and hazardous boardwalk to permit recreational visits while protecting archaeological and bird-nesting features.[3]
Seabirds[edit]
The islands are home to a significant avian population[4] and were cited by the Metlakatla Governing Council as an area of concern in their Joint Review Panel submission that opposed the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines project.[1]
The conservancy is a nationally significant breeding site for rhinoceros auklets, that dig long burrows where they make their nests.[3] Lucy Islands is the sixth-largest colony in the province. The 25,300 nesting pairs (1983) also represent about 5.4% of the global population.[4]
In 1983, as many as 197 pigeon guillemots (or 1.9% of the estimated national population) were recorded among the islands. By the following year, just 54 pigeon guillemots were recorded. glaucous-winged gulls and black oystercatchers have also been recorded at the site.[4]
- Seabirds of Lucy Islands
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Rhinoceros auklet
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Pigeon guillemot pair
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Pair of glaucous-winged gulls
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Black oystercatcher with leg band
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Written evidence of the intervenors Metlakatla First Nation" (PDF). Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Metlakatla Governing Council. December 20, 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Lucy Island". BC Geographical Names. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e BC Parks: Annual Report 2010/11 (PDF). BC Parks. 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Lucy Islands". Canadian Important Bird Areas. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ a b Walbran, John T. (1909). British Columbia coast names, 1592–1906 : to which are added a few names in adjacent United States territory, their origin and history. Ottawa, Ontario: Govt. Printing Bureau. p. 308.
- ^ Scott, Andrew. "Review – Raincoast Place Names: A Complete Reference for Coastal British Columbia". BC Bookworld. ABC Bookworld. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (January 3, 2018). "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" (PDF). Nature. 553 (7687): 203–207. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..203M. doi:10.1038/nature25173. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29323294. S2CID 4454580.
- ^ a b Cui Y; Lindo J; Hughes CE; Johnson JW; Hernandez AG; et al. (2013). "Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e66948. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866948C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066948. PMC 3700925. PMID 23843972.
- ^ Boswell, Randy (5 July 2013). "Breakthrough DNA study links B.C. woman and 5,500-year-old "grandmother"". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ "Protected Areas of British Columbia Act – Schedule E". Queen's Printer, British Columbia. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
External links[edit]
- Map of Lucy Islands, Atlas of Canada, Accessed 7 July 2013.
- Current Weather Conditions Lucy Islands Lighstation, Environment Canada weather reports.
