Jump to content

Ghurid dynasty: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
rv, massive changes done without discussion or consensus. Information on Talk page indicates a Persianized culture and expansion of Persian culture
Tofaan (talk | contribs)
201 edits
Undid revision 436144554 by Kansas Bear (talk)We have done enough discussion. So please don't remove it, we must look from Neutral point of view! Thanks for your understanding.
Line 31: Line 31:
|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
|legislature =
|legislature =
|title_leader =
|title_leader = Sultan
|leader1 =
|leader1 = [[Ala'uddin Suri]]
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 = [[Ghiyasuddin Ghori]]
|leader3 = [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|leader4 = [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|year_leader1 = 1148-1157
|year_leader2 = 1157-1202
|year_leader3 = 1202-1206
|year_leader4 = 1206-1210
|year_deputy1 =
|year_deputy1 =
|common_languages = an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], perhaps [[East_Iranian_languages#Northeastern|Northeast Iranian]] or [[Middle Persian]]
|common_languages = an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], perhaps [[East_Iranian_languages#Northeastern|Northeast Iranian]] possibly [[Pashto]] or [[Middle Persian]]
|currency =
|currency =
}}
}}
{{wrapper}}

| [[File:Ghiyasuddin Suri.jpg|thumb|250px|Written on script in [[French language|French]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] languages as follow; Sultan [[Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori|Ghiyasuddin Ghori]] an Afghan emperor (1192 AD).]]
⚫
The '''Ghurids''' or '''Ghorids''' ({{lang-fa|سلسله غوریان}}; self-designation: '''Shansabānī''') were a medieval Muslim dynasty of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian origin]] that ruled during the 12th and 13th centuries in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternAfghans.htm Kingdoms of South Asia - Afghanistan in Far East Kingdoms: Persia and the East]</ref> At its zenith, their empire, that was centered in [[Ghōr Province|Ghōr]] (now a province in [[Afghanistan]]), stretched over an area that included the whole of modern Afghanistan, the eastern parts of [[Iran]] and the northern section of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as far as [[Delhi]]. The Ghurids were succeeded in Persia by the [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty]] and in North India by the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].
|-
| [[File:Shahabuddin Suri.jpg|thumb|250px|Written in French and Urdu script as follows; Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahabuddin]] of Ghor, an Afghan emperor (1173 AD).]]
|-
⚫
| [[File:Asia 1200ad.jpg|thumb|250px|Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Ghurid Sultanate and its neighbors.]]
|}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
⚫
The '''Ghurids''' or '''Ghorids''' ([[Pashto]]/{{lang-fa|غوریان}}; self-designation: '''Shansabānī''') were a medieval Muslim dynasty of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian origin]] that ruled during the 12th and 13th centuries in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternAfghans.htm Kingdoms of South Asia - Afghanistan in Far East Kingdoms: Persia and the East]</ref> At its zenith, their empire, that was centered in [[Ghōr Province|Ghōr]] (now a province in [[Afghanistan]]), stretched over an area that included the whole of modern Afghanistan, the eastern parts of [[Iran]] and the northern section of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as far as [[Delhi]]. The Ghurids were succeeded in Persia by the [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty]] and in North India by the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].


== Origins ==
== Origins ==
Line 45: Line 58:


=== Language ===
=== Language ===
The language of the Ghurids is subject to some controversy. What is known with certainty is that it was considerably different from the [[Persian language|New Persian literary language]] of the [[Ghaznavid dynasty|Ghaznavid]] court. Nevertheless, like the [[Samanids]] and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of the [[Persian literature|New Persian literature]], [[Persian poetry|poetry]], and [[Persian culture|culture]], and promoted these in their courts as their own. There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise (as claimed in the [[Pata Khazana|Paṭa Khazāna]]) that the Ghurids were [[Pashto|Pashto-speaking]]<ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the <u>Gh</u>ūids were Pa<u>sh</u>to-speaking [...] the Paṭa Khazāna “Treasury of secrets”, claims to include Pa<u>sh</u>to poetry from the <u>Gh</u>ūid period, but the significance of this work has not yet been evaluated ..."''</ref>, and there is no evidence that the inhabitants of [[Ghor]] were originally Pashto-speaking.<ref name=EofI-Afghanistan />
The language of the Ghurids is subject to some controversy. What is known with certainty is that it was considerably different from the [[Persian language|New Persian literary language]] of the [[Ghaznavid dynasty|Ghaznavid]] court. Nevertheless, like the [[Samanids]] and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[literature]], [[poetry]], and [[culture]], and promoted these in their courts. A recent translation of [[Pata Khazana|Paṭa Khazāna]] (“The Hidden Treasure” or “Treasury of Secrets”) into English from Pashto claims that the Ghurids were [[Pashto|Pashto-speaking]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] from Ghor, Afghanistan.<ref>[[Pata Khazana|Paṭa Khazāna]]</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
[[File:Asia 1200ad.jpg|thumb|250px|Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Ghurid Sultanate and its neighbors.]]
Ghurids were bounded to Ghaznavids and [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuks]] almost 150 years before 1148. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shāh poisoned a local Ghūrid leader, Quṭb ud-Dīn, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazna after a family quarrel. In revenge, the Ghūrid chief ʿAlāʾ-ud-Dīn Ḥusayn sacked and burned the city of Ghazna and put the city into fire for seven days and seven nights. It earned him the title of ''Jahānsūz'', meaning "''the world burner"''.<ref name="Iranica-Ghaznavids">Encyclopedia Iranica, ''Ghaznavids'', Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f6/v10f608.html LINK])</ref> The Ghaznavids retook the city with [[Ahmed Sanjar|Seljuk]] help, but lost it to [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk]] [[freebooter]]s.<ref name="Iranica-Ghaznavids"/>
Ghurids were bounded to Ghaznavids and [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuks]] almost 150 years before 1148. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shāh poisoned a local Ghūrid leader, Quṭb ud-Dīn, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazna after a family quarrel. In revenge, the Ghūrid chief ʿAlāʾ-ud-Dīn Ḥusayn sacked and burned the city of Ghazna and put the city into fire for seven days and seven nights. It earned him the title of ''Jahānsūz'', meaning "''the world burner"''.<ref name="Iranica-Ghaznavids">Encyclopedia Iranica, ''Ghaznavids'', Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f6/v10f608.html LINK])</ref> The Ghaznavids retook the city with [[Ahmed Sanjar|Seljuk]] help, but lost it to [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk]] [[freebooter]]s.<ref name="Iranica-Ghaznavids"/>


Line 54: Line 66:


== Cultural influences ==
== Cultural influences ==
The Ghurids were great patrons of [[Persian culture]] and [[Persian literature|literature]] and lay the basis for a [[Persianization|Persianized]] state in [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. They also transferred the [[Persian architecture|Khurasanian architecture]] of their native lands to India, of which several great examples have been preserved to this date (see gallery). However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost.
The Ghurids were great patrons of [[Islamic culture]] and [[Islamic literature|literature]] and lay the basis for an [[Islamization]] state in [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. They also transferred the [[architecture|Afghan architecture]] of their native lands to India, of which several great examples have been preserved to this date (see gallery). However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost.


Out of the Ghurid state grew the [[Delhi Sultanate]] which established the Persian language as the ''lingua franca'' of the region - a status it retained until the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the 19th century.
Out of the Ghurid state grew the [[Delhi Sultanate]] which established the Persian language as the ''lingua franca'' of the region - a status it retained until the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the 19th century.
Line 75: Line 87:
* Qutb ad-Din Hasan b. Muhammad (vassal of the Ghaznavids)
* Qutb ad-Din Hasan b. Muhammad (vassal of the Ghaznavids)
* Izz ad-Din Abu l-Muluk Husain (I.) b. Hasan (1100–1146, initially a vassal of the Ghaznavids, later on a vassal of the Seljuq sultan [[Sanjar]])
* Izz ad-Din Abu l-Muluk Husain (I.) b. Hasan (1100–1146, initially a vassal of the Ghaznavids, later on a vassal of the Seljuq sultan [[Sanjar]])
* Saif ad-Din Suri b. Husain (1146–1149, vassal of the Seljuqs)
* Saif ad-Din Suri b. Husain (1143–1147, vassal of the Seljuqs)
* Baha ad-Din Sam (I.) b. Husain (1149, vassal of the Seljuqs)
* Baha ad-Din Sam (I.) b. Husain (1147, father of Ghiasuddin and Muizuddin)
* Ala ad-Din Jahan-Suz Husain (II.) b. Husain (1149–1161, vassal of the Seljuqs)
* Saif ad-Din Muhammad b. Husain (1146–1148, death in the first battle of Ghazna)
* Saif ad-Din Muhammad b. Husain (1161–1163)
* Ala ad-Din Jahan-Suz Husain (II.) b. Husain (1148–1157, the victor of second battle of Ghazna)
* [[Ghiyasuddin Ghori|Ghiyath ad-Din Abu l-Fath Muhammad b. Sam]] (1163–1203)
* [[Ghiyasuddin Ghori|Muhammad Ghiyasuddin b. Sam]] (1157–1202)
* [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muizz ad-Din Muhammad b. Sam]] (1203–1206, in Ghazna since 1173)
* [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Muizuddin b. Sam]] (1202–1206, in Ghazna since 1173)
* Ghiyath ad-Din Mahmud b. Muhammad (1206–1212, vassal of the [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty|Khwarizm-Shah]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Ala ad-Din Muhammad]])
* Ghiyath ad-Din Mahmud b. Muhammad (1206–1212, vassal of the [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty|Khwarizm-Shah]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Ala ad-Din Muhammad]])
* Baha ad-Din Sam (II.) b. Mahmud (1212–1213, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)
* Baha ad-Din Sam (II.) b. Mahmud (1212–1213, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)

Revision as of 13:42, 25 June 2011

Ghurid Sultanate
Shansabānī
1148–1215
CapitalHerat, Ghor, Ghazni, Lahore
Common languagesan Iranian language, perhaps Northeast Iranian possibly Pashto or Middle Persian
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentSultanate
Sultan 
• 1148-1157
Ala'uddin Suri
• 1157-1202
Ghiyasuddin Ghori
• 1202-1206
Muhammad of Ghor
• 1206-1210
Qutbuddin Aibak
History 
• Established
1148
• Disestablished
1215
 Succeeded by
Delhi Sultanate

|

File:Ghiyasuddin Suri.jpg
Written on script in French and Urdu languages as follow; Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghori an Afghan emperor (1192 AD).

|-

|

Written in French and Urdu script as follows; Sultan Shahabuddin of Ghor, an Afghan emperor (1173 AD).

|-

|

Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Ghurid Sultanate and its neighbors.

|}

Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley Civilisation 2200–1800 BC
Oxus Civilization 2100–1800 BC
Gandhara Kingdom 1500–535 BC
Median Empire 728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek Kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian Kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite Kingdom 320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns 380–560
Hephthalite Empire 410–557
Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
Tibetan Empire 660–842
Umayyads 661–750
Zunbils 680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Ghurids before 879–1215
Seljuks 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1215–1231
Mongol Invasion 1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245
Qarlughids 1224–1266
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1507
Arghuns 1520–1591
Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic 1973–1978
Saur Revolution 1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

The Ghurids or Ghorids (Pashto/Persian: غوریان; self-designation: Shansabānī) were a medieval Muslim dynasty of Iranian origin that ruled during the 12th and 13th centuries in Khorasan.[1] At its zenith, their empire, that was centered in Ghōr (now a province in Afghanistan), stretched over an area that included the whole of modern Afghanistan, the eastern parts of Iran and the northern section of the Indian subcontinent, as far as Delhi. The Ghurids were succeeded in Persia by the Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty and in North India by the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Origins

In the 19th century, some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, tended to classify them as a Pashtun tribe,[2][3][4] but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship, and, as explained by Morgenstierne in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, is for "various reasons very improbable".[5] Instead, the consensus in modern scholarship (incl. Morgenstierne, Bosworth, Dupree, Gibb, Ghirshman, Longworth Dames and others) holds that the dynasty was most likely of Tajik origin.[6][7][8] Bosworth further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, Āl-e Šansab (Persianized: Šansabānī), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally Middle Persian name Wišnasp, perhaps hinting at a (Sassanian) Persian origin.[9]

Language

The language of the Ghurids is subject to some controversy. What is known with certainty is that it was considerably different from the New Persian literary language of the Ghaznavid court. Nevertheless, like the Samanids and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of the Afghan literature, poetry, and culture, and promoted these in their courts. A recent translation of Paṭa Khazāna (“The Hidden Treasure” or “Treasury of Secrets”) into English from Pashto claims that the Ghurids were Pashto-speaking Pashtuns from Ghor, Afghanistan.[10]

History

Ghurids were bounded to Ghaznavids and Seljuks almost 150 years before 1148. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shāh poisoned a local Ghūrid leader, Quṭb ud-Dīn, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazna after a family quarrel. In revenge, the Ghūrid chief ʿAlāʾ-ud-Dīn Ḥusayn sacked and burned the city of Ghazna and put the city into fire for seven days and seven nights. It earned him the title of Jahānsūz, meaning "the world burner".[11] The Ghaznavids retook the city with Seljuk help, but lost it to Oghuz Turk freebooters.[11]

In 1173, Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori reconquered the city of Ghazna and assisted his brother Ghiyasuddin—to whom he was a loyal subordinate—in his contest with Khwarezmid Empire for the lordship of Khorāsān. Shahabuddin Ghori captured Multan and Uch in 1175 and annexed the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186. After the death of his brother Ghiyas-ud-Din in 1202, he became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near Jhelum (in modern-day Pakistan). A confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders, and the Khwarezmids were able to take over the Ghūrids' empire in about 1215. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Shahabuddin Ghori's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. On his death, the importance of Ghazna and Ghur dissipated and they were replaced by Delhi as the Islamic capital for the Ghurid Sultans in India.[12]

Cultural influences

The Ghurids were great patrons of Islamic culture and literature and lay the basis for an Islamization state in India. They also transferred the Afghan architecture of their native lands to India, of which several great examples have been preserved to this date (see gallery). However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost.

Out of the Ghurid state grew the Delhi Sultanate which established the Persian language as the lingua franca of the region - a status it retained until the fall of the Mughal Empire in the 19th century.

  • The two mausoleums of Chisht (the western was built in 1167)
    The two mausoleums of Chisht (the western was built in 1167)
  • The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)
    The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)
  • The Minaret of Jam (finished in 1174/75) – UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002
    The Minaret of Jam (finished in 1174/75) – UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002
  • Inscription on the Minaret of Jam, showing the name and titles of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad
    Inscription on the Minaret of Jam, showing the name and titles of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad
  • Ornamental bands on the Minaret of Jam, bearing the 19th Sura of the Koran
    Ornamental bands on the Minaret of Jam, bearing the 19th Sura of the Koran
  • Ruins of the Shah-i Mashhad madrasa (built in 1176)
    Ruins of the Shah-i Mashhad madrasa (built in 1176)

Ghurid rulers

History of Greater Iran
Pre-Islamic
BCE / BC
Prehistory
Kura–Araxes culture c. 3400 – c. 2000
Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800
Elamite dynasties 2800–550
Jiroft culture
Mannaea
Lullubi/Zamua
Gutians
Cyrtian
Corduene
Bactria–Margiana Complex 2200–1700
Avestan period c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th century
Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609
Urartu 860–590
Median Empire 728–550
Scythian Kingdom 652–625
Achaemenid Empire 550–330
Ancient kingdom of Armenia 331 BCE – 428 CE
Seleucid Empire 330–150
Caucasian Iberia c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250–125
Parthian Empire 248 BCE–224 CE
Caucasian Albania 2nd century BCE –
8th century CE
Roman Empire 27 BCE – 330 CE
CE / AD
Kushan Empire 30–275
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Afrighid dynasty 305–995
Hephthalite Empire 425–557
Kabul Shahi kingdom 565–879
Dabuyid dynasty 642–760
Bagratid Armenia 880s – 1045
Alania 8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
Kingdom of Georgia 1008–1490
Islamic
Rashidun Caliphate 637–651
Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
Shirvanshah 799–1607
Tahirid dynasty 821–873
Dulafid dynasty 840–897
Zaydis of Tabaristan 864–928
Saffarid dynasty 861–1003
Samanid Empire 819–999
Sajid dynasty 889/90–929
Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043
Buyid dynasty 934–1055
Sallarid dynasty 941–1062
Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187
Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231
Sultanate of Rum 1077–1307
Salghurids 1148–1282
Ilkhanate 1256–1353
Kart dynasty 1231–1389
Ottoman Empire 1299–1923
Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393
Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357
Jalairid Sultanate 1339–1432
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508
Safavid Empire 1501–1722
Mughal Empire 1526–1857
Hotak dynasty 1722–1729
Afsharid Iran 1736–1750
Zand dynasty 1750–1794
Durrani Empire 1794–1826
Qajar Iran 1794–1925

Primary line in Ghur, Ghazna, North-India and Khorasan

  • Muhammad b. Suri Shansabani (until 1011)
  • Abu Ali b. Muhammad (1011 until the 1030's, vassal of the Ghaznavids)
  • Abbas b. Shith (vassal of the Ghaznavids)
  • Muhammad b. Abbas (after 1059, vassal of the Ghaznavids)
  • Qutb ad-Din Hasan b. Muhammad (vassal of the Ghaznavids)
  • Izz ad-Din Abu l-Muluk Husain (I.) b. Hasan (1100–1146, initially a vassal of the Ghaznavids, later on a vassal of the Seljuq sultan Sanjar)
  • Saif ad-Din Suri b. Husain (1143–1147, vassal of the Seljuqs)
  • Baha ad-Din Sam (I.) b. Husain (1147, father of Ghiasuddin and Muizuddin)
  • Saif ad-Din Muhammad b. Husain (1146–1148, death in the first battle of Ghazna)
  • Ala ad-Din Jahan-Suz Husain (II.) b. Husain (1148–1157, the victor of second battle of Ghazna)
  • Muhammad Ghiyasuddin b. Sam (1157–1202)
  • Muhammad Muizuddin b. Sam (1202–1206, in Ghazna since 1173)
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mahmud b. Muhammad (1206–1212, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)
  • Baha ad-Din Sam (II.) b. Mahmud (1212–1213, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)
  • Ala ad-Din Atsiz b. Husain (1213–1214, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)
  • Ala ad-Din Muhammad b. Ali Shudja ad-Din b. Ali Ala ad-Din b. Husain (1214–1215, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)

Secondary line in Bamiyan, Tukharistan, Badakhshan, Shughnan, Vakhsh und Chaghaniyan

  • Fakhr ad-Din Masud b. Husain (1145–1163)
  • Shams ad-Din Muhammad b. Masud (1163–1192)
  • Baha ad-Din Abu 'l-Muayyid Sam b. Muhammad (1192–1206)
  • Jalal ad-Din Ali b. Sam (1206–1215, vassal of the Khwarizm-Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kingdoms of South Asia - Afghanistan in Far East Kingdoms: Persia and the East
  2. ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Link: "...the prevalent and apparently the correct opinion is, that both they and their subjects were Afghans. " & "In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan." p.598-599
  3. ^ A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma, Wheeler, James Talboys, (LINK): "The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan."
  4. ^ Balfour, Edward. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Link: "IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynaasty, was a native of Afghansitan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, - the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. " p.392
  5. ^ G. Morgenstierne (1999). "AFGHĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
  6. ^ M. Longworth Dames, G. Morgenstierne, and R. Ghirshman (1999). "AFGHĀNISTĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Text ""... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If were are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable ..."" ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, (LINK): ". . . The Ghurids came from the Šansabānī family. The name of the eponym Šansab/Šanasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wišnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). . . . The chiefs of Ḡūr only achieve firm historical mention in the early 5th/11th century with the Ghaznavid raids into their land, when Ḡūr was still a pagan enclave. Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks. . . . The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan, and latterly fulfilled a valuable role as transmitters of this heritage to the newly conquered lands of northern India, laying the foundations for the essentially Persian culture which was to prevail in Muslim India until the 19th century. . . ."
  8. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: "... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..."
  9. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, (LINK); with reference to Justi, "Namenbuch", p. 282
  10. ^ Paṭa Khazāna
  11. ^ a b Encyclopedia Iranica, Ghaznavids, Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, (LINK)
  12. ^ Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghurid_dynasty&oldid=436145315"