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{{Redirect|Go-On|the Uverworld song|Go On (Uverworld song)}}
'''Go-on''' (呉音, literally "give" & "sound"）are one of the different readings of a [[kanji]]. They are old pronunciations of kanji, taken from China to Japan prior to the establishment of the [[Kenzuishi]] envoy to the [[Sui Dynasty]]. They are said to display many of the characteristics of [[Middle Chinese]].
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{nihongo|'''''Go-on'''''|呉音||{{IPA-ja|ɡo.oɴ}},<ref group=note>Also {{IPA-ja|ɡoꜜoɴ|}}.</ref> "sounds from the [[Wu (region)|Wu region]]"}} are one of the several possible ways of reading [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[kanji]]. They are based on the classical pronunciations of [[Chinese characters]] of the then-[[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]] eastern [[Jiankang]]<ref name="Pulleyblank">{{cite book|author=Edwin G Pulleyblank|title=Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation: In Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWGIxP1R4P4C&pg=PA487|date=1991|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4467-3|pages=487–}}</ref> (now [[Nanjing]]) dialect.


''Go-on'' preceded the {{nihongo|''[[kan-on]]''|漢音}} readings. Both ''go-on'' and ''kan-on'' exhibit characteristics of [[Middle Chinese]].
<!--


== History and uses ==
5, 6世紀に導入され、一般的に中国の[[南北朝時代 (中国)|南北朝時代]]、[[南朝]]の発音が直接、あるいは[[朝鮮半島]]（[[百済]]）経由で伝わったと考えられているが、これは[[倭の五王]]が[[南朝]][[宋 (南朝)|宋]]に[[朝貢]]したことや朝鮮半島から[[儒教]]や[[仏教]]など多くの文物を輸入したという歴史的経緯が根拠となるのであろう。しかし、呉音が本当に南方系統の発音かどうかについて、それを実証できるような史料はない。
{{citation needed span|date=March 2023|''Go-on'' readings were introduced into Japan during the 5th and 6th centuries}}, when China was divided into separate [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]. They may have been imported either directly from the Southern dynasty or from the [[Korean Peninsula]]. There was an influx of thinkers from China and [[Korea]] to Japan at that time, including practitioners of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]]. However, there is no historical documentation to demonstrate that ''go-on'' readings are actually based on Southern Chinese.


Shibatani has noted that ''go-on'' readings make up the first of three waves of Chinese loans to the Japanese language, the others being ''kan-on'' and ''tou-sou-on'' (meaning Tang Song sound), with ''go-on'' being mainly associated with [[Buddhism]].<ref name="Shibatani">{{cite book|author = Masayoshi Shibatani|title = The Languages of Japan|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sD-MFTUiPYgC&q=go%27on&pg=PA121|date = 2008|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-0521369183|pages = 121–}}</ref>
呉音は[[仏教]]用語や[[律令]]用語でよく使われ、漢音導入後も駆逐されず、現在にいたるまで漢音と併用して使われている。なお『[[古事記]]』の[[万葉仮名]]には呉音が使われている。


''Go-on'' readings are particularly common for Buddhist and legal terminology, especially those of the [[Nara period|Nara]] and [[Heian period]]s. These readings were also used for the Chinese characters of the ancient Japanese syllabary used in the ''[[Kojiki]]''.
== 名称 ==
かなり定着していたことから古くは'''和音'''（やまとごえ・わおん）と呼ばれ、[[平安時代]]中期以降、呉音と呼ばれるようになったが、これらの語は漢音の普及を推進する側からの蔑称であったらしい。中国の唐代、首都長安ではその地域の音を秦音と呼び、それ以外の地域の音、特に長江以南の音を「呉音」とか「呉楚之音」と呼んでいた。帰国した留学生たちが、これにもとづいて長安の音を正統とし、日本に以前から定着していた音を呉音と呼んだものと考えられる。


When ''kan-on'' readings were introduced to Japan, their ''go-on'' equivalents did not disappear entirely. Even today, ''go-on'' and ''kan-on'' readings still both exist. Many characters have both pronunciations. For instance, the name ''[[Prince Shōtoku|Shōtoku]]'' (which is ''go-on'') is pronounced as such in some derived placenames, but as ''[[Seitoku University|Seitoku]]'' (which is ''kan-on'') in others.
また'''対馬音'''（つしまごえ・つしまおん）・'''百済音'''（くだらごえ・くだらおん）という名称もあるが、[[欽明天皇]]の時、[[百済]]の尼僧、[[法明]]が[[対馬]]に来て呉音で[[維摩経]]を読んで[[仏教]]を伝えたという伝承によるものである。


However, some ''go-on'' sounds are now lost. Even though monolingual [[Japanese dictionary|Japanese dictionaries]] list a complete inventory of ''go-on'' for all characters, some were actually reconstructed using the ''[[fanqie]]'' method or were inferred to be the same as their modern [[homophone]]s.<ref name='Miyake'>{{cite book|last=Miyake|first=Marc Hideo |authorlink=Marc Hideo Miyake|title=Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bp_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-40373-8|page=104}}</ref>
== 字音の確定 ==
常用字でない漢字音について、漢音はその認定が中国の[[韻書]]などの[[反切]]資料を中心に行われるのに対して、呉音は日本に古くから伝わる仏典資料や律令などの歴史的史料が中心になるため、その認定が難しい部分があり、各漢和字典ごとに異なっている場合が多い。


== 特徴 ==
==Names==
''Go-on'' readings were formerly referred to as {{Nihongo|'''''[[Wa (Japan)|Wa]]-on'''''|和音||lit. "Japanese sound"}}. The term ''''go-on'''' was first introduced in the mid-Heian, likely by people who wished to promote ''kan-on'' readings.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} During the [[Tang dynasty]], people in Chang'an referred to their own way of reading characters as {{Nihongo|''qínyīn''|秦音|shin'on|lit. "[[Shaanxi|Qin]] sound"}} and all other readings, particularly those originating south of the [[Yangtze]], as {{Nihongo|''wúyīn''|呉音|go'on|lit. "[[Wu (region)|Wu]] sound"}} or one of many other similar names.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} It is thought{{By whom|date=January 2023}} that Japanese students studying in China adopted this practice, and, taking the position that the Chang'an-based manner of elocution were the correct ones, they also began to refer to the previously imported, unfashionable kanji readings as "''go-on''".
呉音は雑多なものを含んでいると考えられ、漢音ほどの整った体系を備えていないが、以下のような特徴がある。
*頭子音の[[清濁]]の対立構造を反映し、清音と濁音を区別している。
*頭子音（[[声母]]）の[[鼻音]]は[[漢音]]が[[口音]]で伝えられたものが多いのに対し、鼻音のまま伝えられている。
*末子音（[[韻尾]]）を表す規則が一定していない。呉音でも[ŋ]を表すのに「ウ」や「イ」が使われることが多いが、公（ク）のように省略されているものもある。一方、双六（ス'''ゴ'''ロク）や三位（サン'''ミ'''）のように、熟語の途中で末子音が現れるものもある。
*素（ソ・ス）・奴（ノ・ヌ）・都（ト・ツ）のようにオ段音とウ段音の両方を持つものがある。これは当時の中国語が[o]と[u]を区別する体系を持っていなかったために表記するのにどちらでもよかったからだと考えられる。
*[[切韻]]の音韻体系のうち、[[等呼]]の違いを一等韻にはア段音を使い、二等韻にはエ段音を使うことで区別している。[[漢音]]では両者ともア段音として区別していない。


''Go-on'' readings were also occasionally referred to as {{Nihongo|''[[Tsushima Island|Tsushima]]-on''|対馬音}} and {{Nihongo|''Kudara-on''|百済音||literally "[[Baekje]] sound"}} because of a story that claims a Baekjean [[bhikkhuni|nun]] named {{nihongo|Hōmei|法明|}} had taught Buddhism in Tsushima by reading the ''[[Vimalakirti Sutra|Vimalakīrti Sutra]]'' entirely in ''go-on''.<ref name='Miyake'/>
-->

==Characteristics==
''Go-on'' readings are generally less orderly than ''kan-on'' readings, but can be characterized as follows.
* [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced consonant]]s in [[Middle Chinese]] were distinguished from [[Voicelessness|unvoiced consonant]]s when they occurred in syllable-initial positions.
* Syllable-initial [[nasal consonant]]s are pronounced as nasals (''m-'', ''n-'') in Middle Chinese, but in ''kan-on'', they are interpreted as voiced plosives (''b-'', ''d-'').
* In some characters, ''-o'' and ''-u'' are both acceptable and widespread, e.g., 素 (''so'', ''su''), 奴 (''do'', ''nu'') and 都 (''to'', ''tsu'').

<!-- table is from here -->
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Examples <small>(rare readings in parentheses)</small>
|-
! Kanji
! Meaning
! Go-on
! Kan-on
! [[Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]]<ref>{{citation
| title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
| first = William H. | last = Baxter | author-link = William H. Baxter
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992
| isbn = 978-3-11-012324-1
| postscript =
}}</ref>
|-
! style="font-weight: normal;" | {{Wikt-lang|ja|明}}
| bright
| ''myō''
| ''mei''
| ''mjaeng''
|-
! style="font-weight: normal;" | {{Wikt-lang|ja|京}}
| capital
| ''kyō''
| ''kei''
| ''kjaeng''
|-
! style="font-weight: normal;" | {{Wikt-lang|ja|上}}
| up
| ''jō''
| ''shō''
| ''dzyangX''
|-
! style="font-weight: normal;" | {{Wikt-lang|ja|下}}
| below
| ''ge''
| ''ka''
| ''haeX'', ''haeH''
|-
|}
<!-- table end -->

==See also==
* ''[[Kan-on]]'': a later pronunciation
* ''[[Tō-on]]'': an even later pronunciation
* [[Checked tone]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
Most of the content of this article comes from the equivalent [[:ja:呉音|Japanese-language article]], accessed on June 5, 2006.
{{reflist}}
{{Japanese language}}


[[Category:Kanji]]
[[Category:Kanji]]

Revision as of 01:18, 7 June 2024

"Go-On" redirects here. For the Uverworld song, see Go On (Uverworld song).

Go-on (呉音, Japanese pronunciation: [ɡo.oɴ],[note 1] "sounds from the Wu region") are one of the several possible ways of reading Japanese kanji. They are based on the classical pronunciations of Chinese characters of the then-prestigious eastern Jiankang[1] (now Nanjing) dialect.

Go-on preceded the kan-on (漢音) readings. Both go-on and kan-on exhibit characteristics of Middle Chinese.

History and uses

Go-on readings were introduced into Japan during the 5th and 6th centuries[citation needed], when China was divided into separate Northern and Southern dynasties. They may have been imported either directly from the Southern dynasty or from the Korean Peninsula. There was an influx of thinkers from China and Korea to Japan at that time, including practitioners of both Buddhism and Confucianism. However, there is no historical documentation to demonstrate that go-on readings are actually based on Southern Chinese.

Shibatani has noted that go-on readings make up the first of three waves of Chinese loans to the Japanese language, the others being kan-on and tou-sou-on (meaning Tang Song sound), with go-on being mainly associated with Buddhism.[2]

Go-on readings are particularly common for Buddhist and legal terminology, especially those of the Nara and Heian periods. These readings were also used for the Chinese characters of the ancient Japanese syllabary used in the Kojiki.

When kan-on readings were introduced to Japan, their go-on equivalents did not disappear entirely. Even today, go-on and kan-on readings still both exist. Many characters have both pronunciations. For instance, the name Shōtoku (which is go-on) is pronounced as such in some derived placenames, but as Seitoku (which is kan-on) in others.

However, some go-on sounds are now lost. Even though monolingual Japanese dictionaries list a complete inventory of go-on for all characters, some were actually reconstructed using the fanqie method or were inferred to be the same as their modern homophones.[3]

Names

Go-on readings were formerly referred to as Wa-on (和音, lit. "Japanese sound"). The term 'go-on' was first introduced in the mid-Heian, likely by people who wished to promote kan-on readings.[citation needed] During the Tang dynasty, people in Chang'an referred to their own way of reading characters as qínyīn (秦音, shin'on, lit. "Qin sound") and all other readings, particularly those originating south of the Yangtze, as wúyīn (呉音, go'on, lit. "Wu sound") or one of many other similar names.[citation needed] It is thought[by whom?] that Japanese students studying in China adopted this practice, and, taking the position that the Chang'an-based manner of elocution were the correct ones, they also began to refer to the previously imported, unfashionable kanji readings as "go-on".

Go-on readings were also occasionally referred to as Tsushima-on (対馬音) and Kudara-on (百済音, literally "Baekje sound") because of a story that claims a Baekjean nun named Hōmei (法明) had taught Buddhism in Tsushima by reading the Vimalakīrti Sutra entirely in go-on.[3]

Characteristics

Go-on readings are generally less orderly than kan-on readings, but can be characterized as follows.

  • voiced consonants in Middle Chinese were distinguished from unvoiced consonants when they occurred in syllable-initial positions.
  • Syllable-initial nasal consonants are pronounced as nasals (m-, n-) in Middle Chinese, but in kan-on, they are interpreted as voiced plosives (b-, d-).
  • In some characters, -o and -u are both acceptable and widespread, e.g., 素 (so, su), 奴 (do, nu) and 都 (to, tsu).
Examples (rare readings in parentheses)
Kanji Meaning Go-on Kan-on Middle Chinese[4]
明 bright myō mei mjaeng
京 capital kyō kei kjaeng
上 up jō shō dzyangX
下 below ge ka haeX, haeH

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also [ɡoꜜoɴ].

References

Most of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language article, accessed on June 5, 2006.

  1. ^ Edwin G Pulleyblank (1991). Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation: In Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. UBC Press. pp. 487–. ISBN 978-0-7748-4467-3.
  2. ^ Masayoshi Shibatani (2008). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-0521369183.
  3. ^ a b Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-134-40373-8.
  4. ^ Baxter, William H. (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-012324-1
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