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#REDIRECT [[Caraquet#History]]
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{{Rcat shell|
[[Caraquet]], a town in the Canadian province of [[New Brunswick]], has been inhabited for about six thousand years. The modern town was founded by the [[Breton language|Breton]] [[Gabriel Giraud dit Saint-Jean]] around 1731.
{{R to related topic}}

}}
== Toponymy ==
[[File:Canada New Brunswick location map 2.svg|thumb|Map of localisation of Caraquet]]
[[File:Carte topo Caraquet.svg|thumb|Topographical map of Caraquet.]]
[[File:La rencontre de deux rivières.JPG|thumb|The confluence of the Caraquet River (left) and the Rivière du Nord (right).]]
In the 17th century, the settlement was called Habitation Pichiguy (''Habitaçion Pichiguy''), a toponym derived either from the [[Basque language|Basque]] language or from the [[Algonquian–Basque pidgin|Basque-Algonquin]] [[pidgin]] used at the time for exchanges between [[Basques]] and [[Mi'kmaq]]s. Its meaning is uncertain..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Loewen |first=Brad |year=2012 |title=The Basques in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Adjacent Shores |url=https://www.academia.edu/5254166 |journal=Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal Canadien d'Archéologie |issue=36 |pages=351–404}}</ref>

The toponym Caraquet was first mentioned on 18 December 1664, during a trial in France between two groups of fishermen disputing the use of the port.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick |first=Canada |date=9 November 2012 |title=Publication archéologique – Archéologie – Tourisme, Patrimoine et Culture |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/fr/ministeres/tpc/patrimoine/content/archeologie/manuscrits.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www2.gnb.ca |language=fr}}</ref> Governor [[Nicolas Denys]] mentioned the toponym Caraquet in 1672, in his book ''[[Description géographique et historique des côtes de l'Amérique septentrionale, avec l'histoire naturelle de ce pays]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ganong |first=William Francis |title=The history of Caraquet and Pokemouche |publisher=New Brunswick Museum |year=1948}}</ref> He gives a brief description of two islands, mistakenly identified in his text as the îles de Tousquet but on his map as the îles de Caraquet – [[Caraquet Island]] and [[Pokesudie, New Brunswick|Pokesudie]] Island.<ref name=":2" /> Different spellings used over the years include Karaquet, Quaraqu, Carraquet and Caraquette.<ref group="note">A restaurant now bears the ''Caraquette'' name.</ref>

Four theories attempt to explain the origin of the name Caraquet. The first is that the name comes from a word in the [[Mi'kmaq language]], ''Kalaket'' or ''Pkalge'' depending on the source, meaning "the meeting of two rivers", in reference to the [[confluence]] of the [[Rivière du Nord (New Brunswick)|Rivière du Nord]] and the [[Caraquet River]] to the west of the town.''<ref name=":2" />''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Thériault |first=Paul-Émile |title=Clin d'œil sur nos communautés: Le Pkalge du Micmac ou la Carraque des Normands? |publisher=L'Acadie nouvelle |year=2005}}</ref> Today's Micmacs call the town ''Kalaket''.''<ref name=":2" />'' According to the second theory, the name refers to a type of boat, the [[Carrack]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Caraquet |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020221 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> According to historian Fidèle Thériault, this theory is the most plausible, as the Mi'kmaq language does not possess the "r" sound.<ref name=":3" /> The third theory, also introduced by Fidèle Thériault, relates it to the name of [[Bahía de Caráquez|the ''Bahía de Caráquez'']] in Ecuador. This Spanish origin could be explained by the Basque presence and the deformation of the name they gave to the [[Caraquet Island]].<ref name=":1" /> The fourth theory, less widespread, attempts to explain the origin of the name by the fact that two French [[Lieu-dit|''lieux-dits'']], one in [[Boursin]] and the other in [[Desvres]], bear the name Caraquet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Bouthillier |first=Claude |title=Le Grand Caraquet |publisher=L'Acadie nouvelle}}</ref>

The name is [[International Phonetic Alphabet|pronounced]] /'kara.kɛt/ in French.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canadian Oxford Dictionnary |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-541816-3 |last1=Barber |first1=Katherine |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

== Archaeology ==
The first professional archaeological digs in Caraquet were carried out by Charles Martijn in 1968 at the [[port of Caraquet]] but he found nothing. Further digs at the port in 1977 yielded no discoveries. Artifacts have been found by enthusiasts at Pointe à Brideau and Ruisseau à Chenard, around the harbor, but suggest that the Micmacs only used the site as a camp, a shortcut between [[Baie Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon Bay]] and [[Chaleur Bay]].''<ref name=":2" />'' Albert Ferguson carried out excavations on Caraquet Island in 1983 and, for the prehistoric period, found only a kind of stone [[Racloir|scraper]], which has not been dated. He points out that there are certainly prehistoric archaeological sites in Caraquet, but that they have been destroyed by [[erosion]], and that only underwater digs, [[Intertidal zone|excavations in the foreshore]], or the discovery of new sites in the sheltered hinterland could tell us more about the town's prehistory.<ref name=":1" />

Half of Caraquet Island was granted to Sieur Denis Riverin on 24 November 1696, for fishing by Pierre Rey Gaillard.<ref name=":1" />

== Permanent establishment (1711–1784) ==

=== Gabriel Giraud ===
[[File:Lieu Gabriel-Giraud 1.JPG|thumb|Gabriel Giraud's village site, today in Bas-Caraquet.]]
[[File:Cartes historiques Caraquet.jpg|thumb|Historical maps of Caraquet.]]
In 1713, under the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]], England gained control of the peninsular part of Acadia, with France retaining the territories to the north, including Caraquet. Around 1731, [[France|Frenchman]] [[Gabriel Giraud dit St-Jean]] was probably the first permanent settler in the region. He arrived around 1710 and was living in [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Miramichi]] by 1727. He was born in [[Brittany]] and lived on the east bank of Ruisseau Saint-Jean (now Isabelle), three-quarters of a [[League (unit)|league]] from the road, on the border between Caraquet and [[Bas-Caraquet, New Brunswick|Bas-Caraquet]]. He married a Micmac woman and they had at least two children, Angélique (married Joseph LaBouthillier) and Jean-Baptiste, also married to a Micmac woman. Their name has disappeared, but they have a few descendants, mainly in [[Gaspé Peninsula]].''<ref name=":2" />'' It seems that a few fishing families settled with the Girauds, forming the first nucleus of the village.

=== Seven Years' War ===
<gallery>
File:Monument fondation Caraquet.JPG|Monument commemorating the Great Upheaval
File:Monument déportation Caraquet.JPG
</gallery>The early years of Caraquet's history are closely linked to the [[Seven Years' War]]. To escape [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deportation]], hundreds of [[Acadian French|Acadians]] took refuge from 1756 at Camp d'Espérance on [[Beaubears Island]] in the [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Miramichi]]. They spent a terrible winter there, and some 2,000 died of hunger and disease. In 1757, part of the population decided to settle on the southern shore of [[Chaleur Bay]], between [[Bathurst, New Brunswick|Népisiguit]] and [[Neguac|Néguac]]. A village was founded in Caraquet by [[Alexis Landry]], [[Olivier Blanchard (sailor)|Olivier Blanchard]], Olivier Légère, Louis Brideau, and their families, at a place called [[Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage Sanctuary|Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arsenault |first=Bona |title=Histoire des Acadiens |year=2004 |isbn=2-7621-2613-4 |pages=370–371 |publisher=Les Editions Fides |language=fr}}</ref>

In a letter mailed from [[Restigouche River|Restigouche]] and dated 7 September 1760, commissioner Basagier wrote to [[Cardinal Mazarin]] that 150 people were living in Caraquet in 36 families..<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Albert-Blanchard |first=Corinne |title=Caraquet, Quelques bribes de son histoire |year=1967}}</ref> That same year, following the [[Battle of Restigouche|battle of the Restigouche]], Captain [[Antoine-Charles de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]] was given command of a [[privateer]] ship with a crew of 47 [[Normandy|Norman]] and [[Acadian French|Acadian]] men. In October, they chased a British ship, which they captured. They were then pursued by a British frigate. They took refuge in [[Saint-Simon Bay, New Brunswick|Saint-Simon Bay]] to avoid capture. They scuttled their boat at [[Lieu-dit|a place called]] La Chaloupe, near the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of Morais in [[Bas-Caraquet, New Brunswick|Bas-Caraquet]].<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Friolet |first=J. Antonin |title=Caraquet, Village au Soleil |year=1978 |pages=17–29 |language=fr}}</ref> Unable to return to Restigouche, they spent the winter in the region. In the spring of 1761, Saint-Simon returned to France, while some of his crew settled in Caraquet and [[Bas-Caraquet, New Brunswick|Bas-Caraquet]].<ref name=":20" /> Some later founded the village of [[Caraquet Parish, New Brunswick|Saint-Simon]].''<ref name=":2" />''

In July and August 1761, [[Pierre du Calvet]] conducted a census of the region for [[James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721)|Governor Murray]]. According to the census, 37 families (174 inhabitants) lived in Caraquet in three villages.''<ref name=":2" />'' There were also five inhabitants on Caraquet Island, but subsequent accounts seem to show that they were only seasonal fishermen.<ref name=":1" />

Following this census and in retaliation for the battle, Captain [[Roderick MacKenzie (British Army officer)|Roderick MacKenzie]] captured most of the Acadians in the region between Nipisiguit ([[Bathurst, New Brunswick|Bathurst]]) and [[Miscou Island|Miscou]]''<ref name=":2" />''. These people were imprisoned in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] (on [[George Island (southern hemisphere)|George Island]]) and at [[Fort Beauséjour|Fort Cumberland]]. Caraquet was relatively spared, as 150 of the 170 or so inhabitants were left behind due to lack of space on the boats, or fled. Those who escaped the attacks settled in other parts of [[Chaleur Bay]], such as [[Bonaventure, Quebec|Bonaventure]] or [[Miscou Island|Miscou]], on Landry Brook. The Girauds were suppliers to MacKenzie. Having not been deported, this would make Caraquet and [[Bas-Caraquet, New Brunswick|Bas-Caraquet]] one of the oldest permanent settlements in [[New Brunswick]] and eastern Canada. The British merchant [[Gamaliel Smethurst]] would later recount these events. He witnessed the deportation of [[Bathurst, New Brunswick|Nipisiguit]] and was subsequently abandoned by his captain. He made his way to Caraquet with the help of three Frenchmen hiding in the woods, probably members of [[Antoine-Charles de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]]'s crew. After haggling, [[Gabriel Giraud (Saint-Jean)|Gabriel Giraud]] gave him a canoe and help from the Micmacs to get to [[Fort Beauséjour|Fort Cumberland]].''<ref name=":2" />'' According to Gamaliel Smethurst, it was Jean-Baptiste Giraud, Gabriel's son, who wrote to MacKenzie asking him not to touch his compatriots.

=== Re-establishment of the town, followed by privateer attacks ===
In 1763, the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed, giving Great Britain the entire territory of [[Acadia]]. In 1764, the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763|Royal Proclamation]] allowed deported Acadians to settle on uninhabited land. The [[Alexis Landry|Landry]], Légère, [[Olivier Blanchard (sailor)|Blanchard]], Poirier, Cormier, Dugas, Gallien, Doiron, Gionet, Albert, Bouthillier, and Lanteigne families returned to Caraquet in 1766. The Dugués and Mallets decided instead to settle in [[Shippagan]].

In 1762, [[Raymond Bourdages (surgeon and merchant)|Raymond Bourdages]] of [[Bonaventure, Quebec|Bonaventure]] founded a fishing post in Caraquet. These possessions made many jealous. In 1776, during the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], American [[privateer]]s attacked merchants on Chaleur Bay, including the Bourdages post in Caraquet. [[John Allan (colonel)|John Allan]] stirred up the coastal Micmacs, and on 22 March 1779, 16 of their number attacked Caraquet.''<ref name=":2" />''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mimeault |first=Mario |title=Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne}}</ref>

== 19th century ==

=== Grand Concession ===
[[File:Grande Concession de Caraquet en 1784.png|thumb|Caraquet's great concession in 1784.]]
In 1784, François Gionest walked to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]. The Grande Concession, also known as the ''Grande Grant'',<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=265}}</ref> the legal occupation of land in Caraquet, was granted on 19 March, a concession of 14,150 acres (57 square kilometers) for 34 families. Some of this land is now part of Bertrand or Bas-Caraquet. By this time, several [[Normandy|Norman]] fishermen had settled in Caraquet. Some of the first settlers were Micmacs, so their descendants were of [[Multiracial people|mixed race]]. Other [[French Canadians|Canadians]] followed.''<ref name=":2" />'' From then on, Caraquet's population split into two distinct groups: the Acadians to the west, and the Métis, Québécois and Normans to the east. For around 50 years, there was a certain amount of hatred between the two groups, and no marriages.<ref name=":23" /> This split had disastrous consequences during the [[Louis Mailloux Affair|riots of 1875]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last=Lebreton |first=Clarence |title=La Révolte Acadienne |publisher=Les Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2002 |isbn=2-923016-03-3}}</ref>

=== Establishment of the Church and industrial fishing ===
[[File:Robert Young.jpg|thumb|Robert Young (1834-1904)]]
Priests began visiting the town in 1768. Previously, Caraquet residents celebrated white masses, led by [[Alexis Landry]]. The first church was built in [[Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage Sanctuary|Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage]] in 1791. A fire destroyed several buildings and food supplies on 28 August 1795; the population appealed to Quebec for help.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Document |journal=Les Cahiers, Société historique acadienne |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=125–126}}</ref> The [[Confraternity|Confrérie]] Notre-Dame des Agonisants was founded in 1804 by French missionary [[René-Pierre Joyer]]; it was probably the first French-speaking association in Acadia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basque |first=Maurice |title=La Société nationale de l'Acadie : au cœur de la réussite d'un peuple |publisher=Les Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2006 |isbn=2-89627-047-7 |pages=27}}</ref> In July 1811, Bishop [[Joseph-Octave Plessis]] visited Caraquet for a few days. He reported that meat was scarce and bread of poor quality, but that people fished well. He also said that the people to the west were pure, but that those to the east had a lesser reputation, that they went out in [[Paspébiac]], and that they had allied themselves with "savages", without being barbarians.<ref name=":23" /> Some people from Caraquet took part in the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=59}}</ref> Louis Gauthier, a veteran of the [[Battle of Waterloo]] with [[Grande Armée|Napoleon's Grande Armée]], settled in Caraquet after the war.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=186}}</ref> In 1817, Father [[Thomas Cooke (bishop)|Thomas Cooke]] became Caraquet's first resident priest. A second church was built in 1818. Being the only one in the region at the time, it contributed to the town's prosperity.<ref name=":25" />

A fishing post was founded on Caraquet Island in 1821 by Marcel Martin.<ref name=":1" /> In the 19th century, many [[Jersey]], Scottish, and English settlers came to Caraquet. Most left after a few years, or left very few descendants. Nevertheless, they controlled the local economy and politics for over a hundred years. The [[Charles Robin|Robin Company]] was established in 1837 and remained in business until 1958. A post office was inaugurated in 1850. By 1870, postal service to Caraquet was one of the worst in the province, with three mail deliveries a week from Bathurst. The arrival of the Intercolonial Railway improved postal service, but by 1909 the Acadian peninsula was still only served six times a week.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garvie |first=Philippe |date=1995 |title=Le réseau postal et son rôle dans l'articulation du système urbain au Nouveau-Brunswick entre 1870 et 1909 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303047 |journal=Acadiensis |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=98–113 |jstor=30303047 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref> English merchant [[Robert Young (Canadian politician)|Robert Young]] settled in Caraquet in 1850.<ref name=":25" /> Philip Rive and William Fruing followed a little later. In January 1857, three English boats were trapped in the ice behind Caraquet Island; the sailors were rescued by people from Caraquet and Bas-Caraquet.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=57}}</ref> Later in the year, [[Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens]] church is built. A major storm kills several sailors in July 1857.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=73}}</ref> A [[typhoid fever]] epidemic ravaged the town in the winter of 1863–1864.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Thériault|1985|p=74}}</ref> In 1865, Jean-Louis Landry opened the region's first flour [[Mill (grinding)|mill]]. It operated for 35 years.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Présentation des Études Préliminaires de la Ville de Caraquet |pages=13}}</ref> He also owned a wood mill and a [[wool]] carding mill.<ref name=":23" />

=== Louis Mailloux case ===
[[File:Affaire Louis Mailloux.svg|thumb|The main events in the Louis Mailloux Affair.]]
On 5 May 1871, the provincial government passed the Common School Act, which, among other things, put an end to religious education in [[school]]s. Supported by the province's Irish, a few members of parliament, and the clergy, the inhabitants protested and demanded a network of Catholic schools. This crisis led to the defeat of several provincial and federal MLAs, weakened [[John A. Macdonald]]'s government, and contributed to his downfall. Caraquet's fishermen were impoverished by the companies' method of payment, which involved [[Token coin|tokens]] that could only be exchanged at their stores. The companies only gave the fisherman enough to survive, not enough to emancipate himself. This situation, combined with the discontent caused by Bill 87, led to an uprising among some of the population. This degenerated into two weeks of [[riot]]ing. The police intervened with the help of the [[militia]]. Two people were killed in a shoot-out on 27 January 1875: John Gifford, a 22-year-old militiaman from [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Newcastle]], and 17-year-old Louis Mailloux.<ref name=":26" />

=== Industrial revolution ===
Engineer [[Sandford Fleming|Sanford Fleming]] proposed to the federal government that the Intercolonial Railway pass through the town and build a port at [[Pokesudie, New Brunswick|Pokesudie]]. The route was eventually diverted to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], but a more modest railroad was inaugurated in November 1887. In December, the ''[[Caraquet Flyer]]'' train derailed at [[Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage Sanctuary|Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage]], killing eight people. The opening of the railroad led to an economic boom in Caraquet.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Lebreton |first=Clarence |title=Le Caraquet Flyer |publisher=Éditions du Fleuve |year=1990 |isbn=2-89372-038-2}}</ref>

== 20th century ==

=== Political and economic instability ===
[[File:Port de Caraquet 11.JPG|thumb|The Marais area, in the west of the port, has undergone profound transformation since the late 1950s, and is home to many of the city's institutions.]]
The first municipal elections were unopposed. The abolition of the Gloucester County Municipality on 9 November 1966, had a beneficial effect on municipal election turnout. On 12 June 1967, the contest was very close in some wards, and some of the favorites lost the election. Prominent candidates included [[Lorenzo Morais]], [[Clarence LeBreton]], and [[Mathilda Blanchard]]. The distribution of sometimes virulent [[Flyer (pamphlet)|flyers]] and the formation of informal political parties were also on the rise. The mayoral race was led by two candidates from the same ward, Lucien Boudreau and Dr. Raymond Savoie, both incumbents in Ward No. 2. Dr. Savoie was the winner. The year also saw the creation of school boards, with 17 candidates standing for election.

During the Confederation Centennial celebrations in 1967, the new Musée acadien building was inaugurated. One of Mayor Savoie's major achievements was the construction of the Colisée Léopold-Foulem, inaugurated on 15 December 1968, and dedicated to Léopold Foulem and Donat Cormier, who had been involved in amateur sports for 35 years. In the 9 June 1969 election, the three candidates were the incumbent mayor, Rhéal Leblanc, and [[Lorenzo Morais]]. Savoie's council was weakened by the departure of two members in 1968, and Morais, the least promising candidate, won the election. Morais led the city with dynamism and firmness, but his popularity waned. The Polyavlente Louis-Mailloux was inaugurated in 1970.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=Francophone Sud |url=http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/comm/FrancophoneNordEst.pdf |website=Ministère de l'Éducation du Nouveau-Brunswick |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512191449/http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/comm/FrancophoneNordEst.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Only one of the councilors elected in 1969 stood for re-election in 1971, and many accused Morais of ruling without consultation. The campaign was difficult and confusing, but Morais won against Olivier Légère.

The Gorton Pew fish processing plant is bought out by local interests, including [[Lorenzo Morais]]. Boulevard and Portage Street were extended. Difficulties continued for Morais, as six of the eight councilors resigned between 1972 and 1974. Morais ran in the 1972 provincial election, where he became [[Caraquet (electoral district)|Caraquet]]'s first [[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|Conservative]] MNA in many years. Morais wanted to benefit his town but was forced to resign from the cabinet due to disagreements with other members. Despite the difficulties, Morais was re-elected to the municipal council in 1974 with only 26 more votes than Germain Blanchard. His council was again plagued by resignations.

The industrial park took shape on 12 June 1974, with the opening of the ''Cirtex'' [[Silk mill|spinning mill]]. The plant created 109 jobs outside the fishing season. The plant had already created a scandal in 1972 when Councillor [[Fidèle Thériault]] discovered that the municipality had offered $500 per job created to the promoter. Trouble flared up again when employees formed a union affiliated with the ''Union canadienne de l'industrie des pêches et des travailleurs affiliés'' (''Union of Canadian Fishermen and Allied Workers'' in English). After several threats from employees and the employer, a strike broke out on 3 December 1974. Under the leadership of [[Mathilda Blanchard]], the employees refused to give in. Mayor Morais resigned on 12 January, feeling that he no longer had the support of the population. Councillor Philibert Landry came to the employer's defense, prompting him to resign as well. Fidèle Thériault's accusations resurface at the council, prompting the resignation of two other councilors and the municipality's general manager. In the March 1975 by-election, Germain Blanchard, a popular school principal, won a large majority for mayor over Normand Sirois. The missing councilors are elected in the September by-election. The strike at the Cirtex factory continues into the autumn of 1975, making constant headlines. Lorenzo Morais demands Mathilda Blanchard's resignation. Blanchard refused, calling the situation in town a "reign of terror". The union was subsequently decertified and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. The plant finally closed in December 1976. The plant was owned by the Japanese company Ataka, and the closure of their oil refinery in Come by Chance, [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], had hurt their business too much.

Despite his victory, Germain Blanchard would be questioned in 1976. The resignation of Police Chief Edgar Landry prompted a group of citizens to denounce the municipal administration. A pamphlet distributed to all citizens addressed the resignation, the Cirtex factory, and 19 other issues, claiming that there was a conspiracy and a secret mayor. The council remained in place despite the accusations. In the 9 May 1977 election, [[Lorenzo Morais]] again ran for mayor against Germain Blanchard. The campaign focused on reopening the factory and expanding the port. The construction of a second shopping center at [[Pointe-Rocheuse]] did not meet with unanimous approval, but Morais had retained his support and the fight was close. Nevertheless, Blanchard was re-elected by a slim majority.

The [[Village Historique Acadien Provincial Park|Village Historique Acadien]] was inaugurated in 1977. The port was renovated for $3.5&nbsp;million, and the new [[town hall]] was inaugurated on 18 September 1978.<ref name=":25" /> The factory was bought by ''Chanel Fabrics'', who reopened it on 3 December 1979. A few years later, the plant had to close again, this time for economic reasons. The Blanchard administration introduced a land-use plan and zoning by-law. Despite a request by some councilors for an official inquiry into the municipality's administration, Blanchard's mandate was stable and the town was in the public eye.

École Marguerite-Bourgeoys was inaugurated in 1981.<ref name=":29" /> The daily ''[[l'Acadie Nouvelle]]'' was founded in 1984.

The 1980s and 1990s saw the end of [[English Canadians|English-Canadian]] control of the fishing industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives de Radio-Canada – Des poissons acadiens, enfin |url=http://archives.radio-canada.ca/IDC-0-72-2160-13147/arts_culture/james_bamber/clip4 |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210724/http://archives.radio-canada.ca/IDC-0-72-2160-13147/arts_culture/james_bamber/clip4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Vieux-Couvent, home to most of the region's cultural and community organizations, was destroyed by fire in 1992. Caraquet hosted the 15th [[Jeux de l'Acadie]] in 1994. The Caraquet police force was abolished in 2001 and replaced by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Acadie Nouvelle – 2 novembre 2001 |url=https://www.acadienouvelle.com/acadienouvelle/2001/11/2/La_derniere_632.cfm}}</ref> In 2003, following the [[crab crisis]], Micmac fishermen moved into Caraquet harbour to ensure their safety. The same year, a protest movement in [[New Brunswick]] and [[Quebec]] was formed to prevent the construction of an [[Incineration|incinerator]] by Bennet Environmental in [[Belledune]], to treat soil contaminated with [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[creosote]] oil. Risks to the environment and the health of residents of the [[Chaleur Bay]] communities were cited. Faced with public pressure, the New Brunswick government demanded several actions from the company, including a public consultation, before giving the green light to construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio-Canada – Opposition québécoise à l'implantation de l'incinérateur de Belledune |url=https://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/nouvelles/200307/14/011-belledune.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio-Canada – Incinérateur de Belledune : la réunion d'information tourne court |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/nouvelles/200307/25/001-belledunereunion.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio-Canada – L'opposition au projet de Bennett Environmental s'organise |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/nouvelles/200307/31/003-bennett.asp}}</ref>

=== Capital of Acadia ===
In 1993, Caraquet was one of 3 towns selected to participate in the Rural and Small Towns program. The downtown committee carried out several projects over the following years, including the development of plazas and the organization of activities. The Heritage Preservation Committee was created. The adoption of a heritage preservation by-law in 1999 made it a municipal committee. Posting regulations were modified, and a directory of historic sites and an information brochure were produced.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book |title=Coup d'œil 2001-05-31 |language=fr}}</ref> Caraquet declared itself the cultural capital of [[Acadia]] in 1993, adopted a cultural policy, and formed a cultural commission in 1994. The commission's goal was to "provide the cultural organizations and events in its territory with structures and tools for grouping and concertation that would support their development".

== Bibliography ==

=== Documentaries ===

* {{Cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Corinne Albert |title=Caraquet: quelques bribes de son histoire |publisher=Comité du centenaire de Caraquet |year=1967 |location=Caraquet}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Louise-Andrée |title=L'art du tintamarre: Caraquet 1979–2009 |last2=Cormier |first2=Yvon |publisher=Éditions Louise-Andrée |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-9811259-0-3 |location=Caraquet}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cormier |first1=Yvon |title=Festival acadien de Caraquet, cinquante ans de culture en fête |last2=Thériault |first2=Bernard |publisher=Les Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-89627-308-9 |location=Lévis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Friolet |first=J. Antonin |title=Caraquet, village au soleil |publisher=Fidèle Thériault |year=1978 |location=Fredericton}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ganong |first=William Francis |title=The History of Caraquet and Pokemouche |publisher=New Brunswick Museum |year=1948 |location=Saint John}}
* {{Cite book |last=Landry |first=Nicolas |title=Éléments d'histoire des pêches: La Péninsule acadienne du Nouveau-Brunswick (1890–1950) |publisher=Éditions du Septentrion |year=2005 |isbn=2-89448-443-7 |location=Sillery}}
* {{Cite book |last=Landry |first=Nicolas |title=Une communauté acadienne en émergence: Caraquet (Nouveau-Brunswick), 1760-1860 |publisher=Éditions Prise de parole |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-89423-245-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Landry |first=Nicolas |title=Un collège classique en Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick: Le Sacré-Cœur de Caraquet, Bathurst, 1899-1975 |publisher=Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-89627-384-3 |location=Lévis}}
* {{Cite book |last1=LeBreton |first1=Clarence |title=Caraquet 1961-1981: du plus long village du monde à la plus longue rue des Maritimes |last2=Thériault |first2=Bernard |publisher=Ville de Caraquet |year=1981 |location=Caraquet}}
* {{Cite book |last=LeBreton |first=Clarence |title=Caraquet: un album de famille, 1961–2011 |publisher=Éditions GID |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-89634-123-8 |location=Québec}}
* {{Cite book |last=LeBretona |first=Clarence |title=La Révolte acadienne |publisher=Les Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2002 |isbn=2-923016-03-3 |location=Moncton}}
* {{Cite book |last=LeBreton |first=Clarence |title=Le Caraquet Flyer: histoire de la Caraquet Gulf shore railway company, 1871-1920 |publisher=Les éditions du Fleuve |year=1990 |isbn=2-89372-038-2 |location=Montréal}}
* {{Cite book |last=LeBreton |first=Clarence |title=Le collège de Caraquet, 1892-1916 |publisher=Les Éditions du Fleuve |year=1991 |location=Montreal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Léger |first=Médard J. |title=Notes, documentaires sur certains aspects historiques de la région du Bas-Gloucester |publisher=Société historique acadienne |year=1962 |location=Moncton}}
* {{Cite book |last=Légère |first=Martin J. |title=Une idée qui vient de loin |publisher=Caisse populaire de Caraquet |year=1987 |location=Caraquet}}
* {{Cite book |last=Légère |first=Martin J. |title=Villa Beausejour Inc, historique 1967–1987 |publisher=Ser d'Imprimerie A Roy |year=1987}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robichaud |first=Donat |title=Éphémérides du Grand-Caraquet: incluant Bas-Caraquet, Caraquet, Haut-Caraquet |publisher=Paquetville, D Robichaud |year=2008 |location=Bertand}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saint-Cyr |first=Gérard |title=L'école et l'industrie des pêches du Nouveau-Brunswick |publisher=Éditions Faye |year=1998 |isbn=2-921824-09-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thériault |first=Fidèle |title=Les familles de Caraquet |publisher=Fidèle Thériault |year=1985 |location=Caraquet}}

=== Articles ===

* {{Cite journal |date=1979 |title=Société historique Nicolas-Denys |journal=Index des Mariages de Caraquet}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Cormier |first=Rhéal |date=2002 |title=Le field hockey dans le Bas-Gloucester |journal=Société historique Nicolas-Denys}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haché |first1=Louis |last2=Thériault |first2=Fidèle |last3=Robichaud |first3=D. O. |date=1996 |title=Le mystère du Saint Bocage |journal=Société historique Nicolas-Denys}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dugas |first1=Pauline |last2=Robichaud |first2=D. O. |last3=Thériault |first3=Fidèle |date=2003 |title=Prés et aboiteaux de la Rivière-du-Nord |journal=Société historique Nicolas-Denys}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=Omer |date=2001 |title=Hôtellerie de la Péninsule |journal=Société historique Nicolas-Denys}}

=== Plays ===

* {{Cite book |last=Branch |first=James E. |title=Vive nos écoles catholiques ou la résistance de Caraquet |publisher=Imprimerie l'Évangéline |year=1928 |location=Moncton}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Duguay |first1=Calixte |title=Moncton |last2=Boudreau |first2=Jules |last3=Mailloux |first3=Louis |publisher=Éditions d'Acadie |year=1994 |isbn=2-7600-0258-6}}

=== Novels, poetry and biographies ===

* {{Cite book |last=Gionet |first=Albert |title=Middle Caraquet: The Lean Years: A Memoir |publisher=Exposition Press of Florida |year=1987 |isbn=0-682-40353-9 |location=Pompano Beach}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haché |first=Odette |title=Le vécu de ma famille: poignée de souvenirs de 1909 à 2001 |publisher=Jeanne Cormier-Mourant |year=2001 |location=Caraquet}}
* {{Cite book |last=Landry |first=Edmond L. |title=Alexis |publisher=Les Éditions de la Francophonie |year=2003 |isbn=2-84964-022-0 |location=Lévis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Le Bouthillier |first=Claude |title=Le Feu du mauvais temps: roman historique |publisher=XYZ éditeur |year=2004 |isbn=2-84964-022-0 |location=Montreal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Léger |first=Édith |title=Du temps de la grise |publisher=Éditions Franc-jeu |year=1993 |isbn=2-921517-03-5 |location=Caraquet}}

=== Other sources used ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Keenlyside |first=David L. |date=1999 |title=Glimpses of Atlantic Canada's Past" |journal=Revista de Arqueología Americana |issue=16}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Landry |first1=Nicolas |title=Histoire de l'Acadie |last2=Lang |first2=Nicole |publisher=Septentrion |year=2001 |isbn=2-89448-177-2 |location=Sillery}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tuck |first=James A. |title=Maritime Provinces prehistory |publisher=National Museums of Canada |year=1984 |isbn=0-660-10759-7}}

=== Filmography ===
2007: ''On a tué l'enfant-Jésus'', documentary by [[Renée Blanchar]], [[National Film Board of Canada]], color, 62 min.

== See also ==

* [[History of the Acadians]]
* [[History of New Brunswick]]

== References and notes ==

=== References ===
{{reflist}}

=== Notes ===
<references group="note" />



[[Category:Histories of cities in Canada]]
[[Category:Caraquet]]
[[Category:Acadian history]]
[[Category:New France]]
[[Category:History of New Brunswick]]

Latest revision as of 01:14, 9 July 2024

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