Hamilton O. Smith: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American biologist}} |
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{{infobox scientist |
{{infobox scientist |
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|name = Hamilton O. Smith |
|name = Hamilton O. Smith |
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|image = Hamilton Smith.jpg |
|image = Hamilton Smith, 2.jpg |
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|caption = Smith in |
|caption = Smith in 2012 |
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|birth_date = |
|birth_date = {{birthdate and age|1931|8|23}} |
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|birth_place = |
|birth_place = [[New York City]]<ref name = birthplace/> |
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|nationality = [[United States|American]] |
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|ethnicity = |
|ethnicity = |
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|field = [[Photography]] |
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|work_institutions =[[Washington University School of Medicine]] |
|work_institutions =[[Washington University School of Medicine]] |
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|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]], BA<br/>[[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]], MD |
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]], BA<br/>[[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]], MD |
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'''Hamilton Othanel Smith''' (born August 23, 1931 in New York)<ref name = birthplace>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1978/smith/facts/ |
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⚫ | |title = Hamilton O. Smith Facts}}</ref> is an American [[microbiologist]] and Nobel laureate.<ref name="Gitschier 2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gitschier | first1 = J. | title = A Half-Century of Inspiration: An Interview with Hamilton Smith | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002466 | journal = [[PLOS Genetics]]| volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e1002466 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22253610| pmc = 3257296 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources: |
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*{{Cite journal | last1 = Raju | first1 = T. N. | title = The Nobel Chronicles | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76606-X | journal = [[The Lancet]]| volume = 354 | issue = 9189 | page = 1567| year = 1999 | pmid = 10551539| s2cid = 53257399 }} |
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| last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A. |
| last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A. |
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| last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A. |
| last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A. |
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| pmid = 7776712 |
| pmid = 7776712 |
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| doi=10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3 |
| doi=10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3 |
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}} |
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*{{Cite journal |
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| last1 = Berg | first1 = K. |
| last1 = Berg | first1 = K. |
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| title = The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978. Nobel prize to a controversial research field |
| title = The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978. Nobel prize to a controversial research field |
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| year = 1978 |
| year = 1978 |
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| pmid = 725894 |
| pmid = 725894 |
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}} |
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*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1001/jama.240.20.2137 | title = Molecular genetics takes Nobel Prize | journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association| publisher=[[American Medical Association]]| volume = 240 | issue = 20 | pages = 2137–2138 | year = 1978 | pmid = 359842 }} |
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*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/275684a0 | title = Brazil learns its ecological lessons–the hard way | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]| volume = 275 | issue = 5682 | pages = 689–90 | year = 1978 | pmid = 360075| bibcode = 1978Natur.275..684.| s2cid = 4221192 }}</ref> |
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Smith |
Smith graduated from [[University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois]]. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], but in 1950 transferred to the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Mathematics in 1952 [http://cal.berkeley.edu]. He received his medical degree from [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] in 1956. Between 1956 and 1957 Smith worked for the [[Washington University in St. Louis]] Medical Service. In 1975, he was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] he spent at the [[University of Zurich]]. |
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In 1970, Smith and Kent W. Wilcox discovered the first type II [[restriction enzyme]],<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Smith H, Wilcox KW | title = A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae *1I. Purification and general properties | journal = [[Journal of Molecular Biology]] | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 379–391 | year = 1970 | pmid = 5312500 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X}}</ref> |
In 1970, Smith and Kent W. Wilcox discovered the first type II [[restriction enzyme]],<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Smith H, Wilcox KW | title = A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae *1I. Purification and general properties | journal = [[Journal of Molecular Biology]] | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 379–391 | year = 1970 | pmid = 5312500 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X}}</ref> which is now known as HindII.<ref name="Gitschier 2012"/> Smith went on to discover DNA [[methylase]]s that constitute the other half of the bacterial host restriction and modification systems, as hypothesized by [[Werner Arber]] of Switzerland.<ref name="Gitschier 2012"/> |
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He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1978 for discovering type II [[restriction enzyme]]s with [[Werner Arber]] and [[Daniel Nathans]] as co-recipients. |
He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1978 for discovering type II [[restriction enzyme]]s with [[Werner Arber]] and [[Daniel Nathans]] as co-recipients. |
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He later became a leading figure in the nascent field of [[genomics]], when in 1995 he and a team at [[The Institute for Genomic Research]] sequenced the first [[bacteria]]l [[genome]], that of ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1330118|year=1992|last1=Smith|first1=H. O.|title=A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties. 1970|journal=Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.)|volume=24|pages=38–50|last2=Wilcox|first2=K. W.}}</ref> ''H. influenza'' was the same organism in which Smith had discovered restriction enzymes in the late 1960s. He subsequently played a key role in the sequencing of many of the early genomes at The Institute for Genomic Research, and in the assembly of the [[human genome]] at [[Celera Genomics]], which he joined when it was founded in 1998. |
He later became a leading figure in the nascent field of [[genomics]], when in 1995 he and a team at [[The Institute for Genomic Research]] sequenced the first [[bacteria]]l [[genome]], that of ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1330118|year=1992|last1=Smith|first1=H. O.|title=A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties. 1970|journal=Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.)|volume=24|pages=38–50|last2=Wilcox|first2=K. W.}}</ref> ''H. influenza'' was the same organism in which Smith had discovered restriction enzymes in the late 1960s. He subsequently played a key role in the sequencing of many of the early genomes at The Institute for Genomic Research, and in the assembly of the [[human genome]] at [[Celera Genomics]], which he joined when it was founded in 1998. |
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More recently, he has directed a team at the [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] that works towards creating a partially [[synthetic biology|synthetic]] bacterium, ''[[Mycoplasma laboratorium]]''. In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, [[Phi X 174]] [[bacteriophage]]. |
More recently, he has directed a team at the [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] that works towards creating a partially [[synthetic biology|synthetic]] bacterium, ''[[Mycoplasma laboratorium]]''. In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, [[Phi X 174]] [[bacteriophage]]. Smith is scientific director of privately held [[Synthetic Genomics]], which was founded in 2005 by [[Craig Venter]] to continue this work. Synthetic Genomics is working to produce [[biofuel]]s on an industrial-scale using recombinant [[algae]] and other microorganisms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2009/06/04/craig-venter-has-algae-biofuel-in-synthetic-genomics-pipeline/|title=Craig Venter Has Algae Biofuel in Synthetic Genomics' Pipeline - Xconomy|work=Xconomy|date=4 June 2009 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}} |
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}} |
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{{1978 Nobel Prize winners}} |
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{{Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research}} |
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Biotechnologists]] |
[[Category:Biotechnologists]] |
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[[Category:Human Genome Project scientists]] |
[[Category:Human Genome Project scientists]] |
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[[Category:Washington University School of Medicine faculty]] |
Latest revision as of 13:22, 19 June 2024
Hamilton O. Smith | |
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Smith in 2012 | |
Born | |
Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley, BA Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, MD |
Known for | Restriction enzymes |
Awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Molecular biology, biochemistry, genomics |
Institutions | Washington University School of Medicine |
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931 in New York)[1] is an American microbiologist and Nobel laureate.[2][3]
Smith graduated from University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, but in 1950 transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned his B.A. in Mathematics in 1952 [1]. He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1956. Between 1956 and 1957 Smith worked for the Washington University in St. Louis Medical Service. In 1975, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship he spent at the University of Zurich.
In 1970, Smith and Kent W. Wilcox discovered the first type II restriction enzyme,[4] which is now known as HindII.[2] Smith went on to discover DNA methylases that constitute the other half of the bacterial host restriction and modification systems, as hypothesized by Werner Arber of Switzerland.[2]
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for discovering type II restriction enzymes with Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans as co-recipients.
He later became a leading figure in the nascent field of genomics, when in 1995 he and a team at The Institute for Genomic Research sequenced the first bacterial genome, that of Haemophilus influenzae.[5] H. influenza was the same organism in which Smith had discovered restriction enzymes in the late 1960s. He subsequently played a key role in the sequencing of many of the early genomes at The Institute for Genomic Research, and in the assembly of the human genome at Celera Genomics, which he joined when it was founded in 1998.
More recently, he has directed a team at the J. Craig Venter Institute that works towards creating a partially synthetic bacterium, Mycoplasma laboratorium. In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, Phi X 174 bacteriophage. Smith is scientific director of privately held Synthetic Genomics, which was founded in 2005 by Craig Venter to continue this work. Synthetic Genomics is working to produce biofuels on an industrial-scale using recombinant algae and other microorganisms.[6]
References
[edit]This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference[2]
- ^ a b "Hamilton O. Smith Facts".
- ^ a b c d Gitschier, J. (2012). "A Half-Century of Inspiration: An Interview with Hamilton Smith". PLOS Genetics. 8 (1): e1002466. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002466. PMC 3257296. PMID 22253610.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel Chronicles". The Lancet. 354 (9189): 1567. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76606-X. PMID 10551539. S2CID 53257399.
- Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (1995). "Hamilton Smith--Nobel Prize winner in medicine or physiology". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 70 (6). Elsevier: 540. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3. PMID 7776712.
- Berg, K. (1978). "The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978. Nobel prize to a controversial research field". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 98 (34–36): 1741–1742. PMID 725894.
- "Molecular genetics takes Nobel Prize". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 240 (20). American Medical Association: 2137–2138. 1978. doi:10.1001/jama.240.20.2137. PMID 359842.
- "Brazil learns its ecological lessons–the hard way". Nature. 275 (5682): 689–90. 1978. Bibcode:1978Natur.275..684.. doi:10.1038/275684a0. PMID 360075. S2CID 4221192.
- ^ Smith H, Wilcox KW (1970). "A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae *1I. Purification and general properties". Journal of Molecular Biology. 51 (2): 379–391. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. PMID 5312500.
- ^ Smith, H. O.; Wilcox, K. W. (1992). "A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties. 1970". Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.). 24: 38–50. PMID 1330118.
- ^ "Craig Venter Has Algae Biofuel in Synthetic Genomics' Pipeline - Xconomy". Xconomy. 4 June 2009.
Further reading
[edit]- Lagerkvist, U (October 1978). "To split a gene". Läkartidningen (in Swedish). 75 (43): 3892–4. PMID 279742.
External links
[edit]- Hamilton O. Smith on Nobelprize.org
- American microbiologists
- Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
- 21st-century American biologists
- Phage workers
- Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
- American Nobel laureates
- University of California, Berkeley alumni
- Johns Hopkins University alumni
- Nobel laureates affiliated with Missouri
- 1931 births
- Living people
- University Laboratory High School (Urbana, Illinois) alumni
- Biotechnologists
- Human Genome Project scientists
- Washington University School of Medicine faculty