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Revision as of 18:27, 18 May 2014
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In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2[Phylogenetics 1] is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-P209.[Phylogenetics 2] J-M172 originates between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the region just north of Arabia known as the Levant.[2][7] J-M172 is linked to the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia and the Aegean.[8] The present-day ethnicities who have the strongest amounts of J2 include pre-Arabised Mesopotamians and Levantine peoples, Mediterranean/Aegean peoples, Greco-Anatolians, and/or Caucasians.
It is further divided into two complementary clades, J-M410 and J-M12 (M12, M102, M221, M314).
Origins
The precise region and date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 may still benefit from further research to get a more exact date-range and location. Zalloua and Wells 2004 and al-Zaheri 2003 uncovered the earliest known migration of J2, from Sumeria to Canaan.[2][7] In what may or may not have been a reference to that particular migration from Sumeria to Canaan, Genesis 11:27-28 [3] says that the family of Abraham came from Ur, a Sumerian city; likewise, Sumeria has a myth of a flood, same gods in the Sumerian pantheon as some of those in the Canaanite religion and a creation myth similar to those of the Israelites.[9] In 2001, Nebel et al found that, "According to Underhill et al. (2000), Eu 9 (H58) evolved from Eu 10 (H71) through a T→G transversion at M172 (emphasis added)," and that in today's populations, Eu 9 (the post-mutation form of M172) is strongest in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Levant, whilst Eu 10 becomes stronger and replaces the frequency of Eu 9 as one moves south into the Arabian Peninsula,[10] so that Eastern Europeans from the Caucasus met with Arabs near and between Mesopotamia (formerly Sumeria) and the Negev Desert, as Arabisation spread from Arabia to the Levant and Turkey, as well as many peoples (e.g. Jews, Armenians, Lebanese) having returned from diasporas.
The parent haplogroup of J-M172 (J-P209) began 31,700 ± 12,800 Years Before Present (YBP);[1] Zalloua & Wells 2004 noted that J-M172 existed at least during the founding of Jericho (circa 10,500 YBP).[2]
Per research by Di Giacomo 2004, J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe" from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture.[8] As to the timing of its spread into Europe, Di Giacomo points to events which post-date the Neolithic, in particular the demographic floruit associated with the rise of the Ancient Greek world. Semino et al. derived older age estimates for overall J2 (having used the Zhivitovksy method c.f. Di Giacomo), postulating its initial spread with Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, its subclade distribution, showing localized peaks in the Southern Balkans, southern Italy, north/central Italy and the Caucasus, does not conform to a single 'wave-of-advance' scenario, betraying a number of still poorly understood post-Neolithic processes which created its current pattern. Like Di Giacomo, the Bronze Age southern Balkans was suggested by Semino 2004 to have been an important vector of spread.[1]
Distribution
Haplogroup J-M172 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus (Nasidze 2003), Anatolia, the Balkans, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau(Semino 2004).
The highest reported frequency of J-M172 ever was 87.4%, among Ingush in Malgobek (Balanovsky 2011) .
More specifically it is found in Iraq (Al-Zahery 2003) , Kuwait (Qassemi 2009) , Syria (Luis 2004) , Lebanon (Zalloua 2008l) , Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004) , Georgia (Nasidze 2003), Azerbaijan (Di Giacomo 2004), North Caucasus (Nasidze 2004) , Armenia (Wells 2001) , Iran (Nasidze 2004) , Israel (Semino 2004), Palestine (Semino 2004), Cyprus (Capelli 2005) , Greece (Martinez 2007) , Albania (Semino 2000) , Italy (Capelli 2007) , and Spain (Di Giacomo 2003) , and more frequently in Iraqis 43.6%Al-Zahery 2011 , Chechens 51.0%-58.0% (Balanovsky 2011) , Georgians 21% (Wells 2001) -72% (Wells 2001) , Lebanese 25%(Semino 2004), Ossetians 24%(Nasidze 2004) , Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008) , Syrians 23% (Luis 2004) , Turks 13% (Cinnioglu 2004) -40% (Semino 2000) , Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009) -37%(Capelli 2005) , Armenians 21% (Wells 2001) -24% (Nasidze 2004) , Circassians 21.8%,(Balanovsky 2011) Iranians 10% (Nasidze 2004) -25%, (Wells 2001) Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008) -24%, (Semino 2000) Italians 9%-36% (Capelli 2007) , Sephardi Jews 15%(Nebel 2001) -29%, (Semino 2004) Maltese 21%(Capelli 2005) , Palestinians 17%(Semino 2004), Saudis 16% (Abu-Amero 2009) , Jordanians 14%, Omanis 10%-15% (Di Giacomo 2004) and (Luis 2004) , and North Indian Shia Muslim 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009) .
North Africa
Country/Region | Sampling | N | J-M172 | Study |
Tunisia | Tunisia | 62 | 8 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Algeria | Oran | 102 | 4.9 | Robino 2008 |
Egypt | 124 | 7.6 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Egypt | 147 | 12.0 | Abu-Amero 2009 | |
Morocco | 221 | 4.1 | Fregel 2009 | |
North Africa | Algeria, Tunisia | 202 | 3.5 | Fregel 2009 |
Europe
Country/Region | Sampling | N | J-M172 | Study |
Albania | 55 | 19.9 | Battaglia 2009 | |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | Serbs | 81 | 8.7 | Battaglia 2009 |
Cyprus | 164 | 12.9 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Greece | Crete | 143 | 35 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Iberia | 655 | 7 | Fregel 2009 | |
Iberia | 1140 | 7.7 | Adams 2008 | |
Italy | Sicily | 212 | 22.6 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Italy | Mainland | 699 | 20 | Capelli 2007 |
Italy | Central Marche | 59 | 35.6 | Capelli 2007 |
Italy | West Calabria | 57 | 35.1 | Capelli 2007 |
Italy | Val Badia | 34 | 8.8 | Capelli 2007 |
Malta | 90 | 21.1 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Portugal | North, Center, South | 303 | 6.9 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Portugal | Tras-os-Montes (Jews) | 57 | 24.5 | Nogueiro 2010 |
Sardinia | 81 | 9.9 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Spain | Mallorca | 62 | 8.1 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Spain | Sevilla | 155 | 7.8 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Spain | Leon | 60 | 5 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Spain | Ibiza | 54 | 3.7 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Spain | Cantabria | 70 | 2.9 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Spain | Galicia | 292 | 13 | Brion 2004 |
Spain | Canary Islands | 652 | 10.5 | Fregel 2009 |
In Europe, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M172 drops as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean. In Italy, J-M172 is found with regional frequencies ranging between 9% and 36% (Capelli 2007) . In Greece, it is found with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 48%. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J-M172 according to a recent study, (Cinnioglu 2004) with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 40% (Semino 2000) . Combined with J-M267, up to half of the Turkish population belongs to Haplogroup J-P209.
It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete. Haplogroup J-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) (King 2008) .
North Caucasus
Country/Region | Sampling | N | J-M172 | Study |
Caucasus | Abkhaz | 58 | 13.8 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Avar | 115 | 6 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Chechen | 330 | 57 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Circassians | 142 | 21.8 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Dargins | 101 | 1 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Ingush | 143 | 88.8 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Kaitak | 33 | 3 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Kubachi | 65 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Lezghins | 81 | 2.5 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Ossets | 357 | 16 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | Shapsug | 100 | 6 | Balanovsky 2011 |
Caucasus | 1525 | 28.1 | Balanovsky 2011 |
J-M172 is found at very high frequencies in certain peoples of the Caucasus: among the Ingush 87.4% (Balanovsky 2011) , Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011) , Georgians 21%-72%, (Wells 2001) , Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48%, (Wells 2001) Abkhaz 25%, (Nasidze 2004) Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008) , Ossetians 24% (Nasidze 2004) , Armenians 21% (Wells 2001) -24% (Nasidze 2004) , Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011) , and other groups ( Nasidze 2004 and Nasidze 2003).
West Asia
Country/Region | Sampling | N | J-M172 | Study |
Jewish | Ashkenazim Jewish | 442 | 19 | Behar 2004 |
Iran | 92 | 25 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Iraq | 154 | 43.6 | Al-Zahery 2011 | |
Israel | Akka | 101 | 18.6 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Jordan | 273 | 14.6 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Lebanon | 951 | 29.4 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Oman | 121 | 10.0 | Abu-Amero 2009 | |
Pakistan | 176 | 11.9 | Abu-Amero 2009 | |
Pakistan | Chitral District | Firasat 2007 | ||
Qatar | 72 | 8.3 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Saudi Arabia | 157 | 15.9 | Abu-Amero 2009 | |
Syria | Syria | 554 | 20.8 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Turkey | 523 | 24.2 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
UAE | 164 | 10.3 | El-Sibai 2009 | |
Yemen | 62 | 9.6 | El-Sibai 2009 |
Sephardi Jews have about 15% (Nebel 2001) -29% (Semino 2004), of haplogroup J-M172, and Ashkenazi Jews have 15% (Shen 2004) -23% (Semino 2004). It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers (Malaspina 2001) that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J-L26, defined by the deletion at DYS413. However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J-M267 (see Cohen modal haplotype).
Haplogroup J-M172 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J-M267, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. It was believed that the source population of J-M172 originated from the Levant/Syria (Syrid-J-M172), and that its occurrence among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia was a sign of the neolithic agriculturalists. However, as stated it is now more likely to have originated in regions farther to the north, with the first metallurgists of the Middle East.
South Asia
Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J-M410, 10.6% in J-M267 and 4.4% in J2b (Eaaswarkhanth 2009) .
Subclade distribution
Haplogroup J-M172 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J-M410, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J-M12, defined by the M12 genetic marker.
J-M172
J-M172 is typical of populations of the Near East, Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa.[citation needed]
J-M410
J-M410 is found in Georgia, North Ossetia.
J-M47
J-M47 is found with low frequency in Georgia, (Battaglia 2008) southern Iran (Regueiro 2006) , Qatar (Cadenas 2008) Saudi Arabia (AbuAmero 2009) , Syria (Di Giacomo 2004), Tunisia (Arredi 2004) , Turkey (Di Giacomo 2004 and Cinnioglu 2004 ), the UAE, (Cadenas 2008) , and Central Asia/Siberia (Underhill 2000) .
J-M67
J-M67 (Called J2f in older papers) has its highest frequencies associated with Nakh peoples. Found at very high (majority) frequencies among Ingush in Malgobek (87.4%), Chechens in Dagestan (58%), Chechens in Chechnya (56.8%) and Chechens in Malgobek, Ingushetia (50.9%) (Balanovsky 2011) . In the Caucasus, it is found at significant frequencies among Georgians (13.3%) (Semino 2004), Iron Ossetes (11.3%), South Caucasian Balkars (6.3%) (Semino 2004), Digor Ossetes (5.5%), Abkhaz (6.9%), and Cherkess (5.6%) (Balanovsky 2011) . It is also found at notable frequencies in the Mediterranean and Middle East, including Cretans (10.2%), North-central Italians (9.6%), Southern Italians (4.2%; only 0.8% among N. Italians), Anatolian Turks (2.7-5.4%), Greeks (4-4.3%), Albanians (3.6%), Ashkenazi Jews (4.9%), Sephardis (2.4%), Catalans (3.9%), Andalusians (3.2%), Calabrians (3.3%), Albanian Calabrians (8.9%) (see Di Giacomo 2004 and Semino 2004).
J-M319
J-M319 is found with low to moderate frequency in Cretan Greeks (Martinez 2007 and King 2008 ), Iraqi Jews (Shen 2004) , and Moroccan Jews (Shen 2004) .
J-M158
J-M158 (location under L24 uncertain) J-M158 is found with low frequency in Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004) , South Asia (Sengupta 2006 and Underhill 2000 ), Indochina (Underhill 2000) , and Iberian Peninsula.
Phylogenetics
In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J-12f2a | 9 | VI | Med | 23 | Eu10 | H4 | B | J* | J | J | J | - | - | - | - | - | - | J |
J-M62 | 9 | VI | Med | 23 | Eu10 | H4 | B | J1 | J1a | J1a | J1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | Private |
J-M172 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2* | J2 | J2 | J2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2 |
J-M47 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2a | J2a | J2a1 | J2a4a | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1a |
J-M68 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2b | J2b | J2a3 | J2a4c | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1c |
J-M137 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2c | J2c | J2a4 | J2a4h2a1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1h2a1a |
J-M158 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2d | J2d | J2a5 | J2a4h1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1h1 |
J-M12 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2e* | J2e | J2b | J2b | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2b |
J-M102 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2e1* | J2e1 | J2b | J2b | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2b |
J-M99 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2e1a | J2e1a | J2b2a | J2b2a | - | - | - | - | - | - | Private |
J-M67 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2f* | J2f | J2a2 | J2a4b | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1b |
J-M92 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2f1 | J2f1 | J2a2a | J2a4b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | J2a1b1 |
J-M163 | 9 | VI | Med | 24 | Eu9 | H4 | B | J2f2 | J2f2 | J2a2b | J2a4b2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Private |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M172. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.[Phylogenetics 3][Phylogenetics 4]
The Genomic Research Center draft tree
This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-M172 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013) . For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.
- M172, L228
- M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
- M289
- L26, L27, L927
- M47, M322
- M67, L558
- M319
- M339
- M419
- P81
- L24, L207.1
- L88.2, L198
- L250.2, L251.2
- L267
- P329.2
- L581
- M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
- M205
- M241
- M99
- M280
- M321
- P84
- L283
- M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree
This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008) . Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[11]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013) |
The ISOGG tree
Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree (as of January 2013). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.
- M172, L228
- M410
- DYS413<8
- M47, M322
- M67,S51
- M68
- M319
- M339
- M419
- P81
- L24/S286, L207.1
- L88.2, L198
- L581/S398
- P279
- DYS413<8
- L282, M12, M102, M221, M314
- M205
- M241
- L283
- M410
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA J Subclades
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
- ^ a b c Semino, Ornella (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". AJHG. 74 (5): 1023–34. PMID 15069642.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Zalloua & Wells: National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. [1] and [2].
- ^ The extent of differentiation of Hg J, observed both with the biallelic and microsatellite markers, points to the Middle East as its likely homeland. In this area, J-M172 and J-M267 are equally represented and show the highest degree of internal variation, indicating that it is most likely that these subclades also arose in the Middle East. (Di Giacomo 2004)
- ^ C. Capelli, N. Redhead, V. Romano et al., "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Annals of Human Genetics (2005)
- ^ Y haplogroup J in Iran by Alfred A. Aburto Jr.
- ^ A genetic study published led by Firasat (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies.
- ^ a b "N. Al-Zahery et al. "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations" (2003)" (PDF). Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ a b Di Giacomo, F (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. PMID 15322918.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ White, C.M.; "In Search of... The Origin of Nations," pg. 311. AuthorHouse; 1 June 2003.
- ^ Nebel, Almut; Filon D.; Brinkmann B.; Mujamder P.; Faerman M.; Oppenheim A. (Nov 2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". AJHG. 69(5): 1095–1112. See especially Figure Six. Semino 2000 is a source which also states that Eu 9 descends from Eu 10 (Eu 10 is a different subclade of Haplogroup J (mtDNA)).
- ^ "Y-DNA Haplotree". Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.
Bibliography
- ^ Renfrew, A.C. (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5
- ^ A. Nebel 2001, The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East, Americal Journal of Human Genetics 69(5):1095-112.
- ^ P. Malaspina 2001, A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area, Ann Hum Genet.2001 Jul;65(Pt 4):339-49.
External links
- Migration of Indians Across Continents spanning generations: A Case History of the Saluja Family.
- In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts
Journals
- Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Al-Zahery, N.; Semino, O.; Benuzzi, G.; Magri, C.; Passarino, G.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S. (2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
- Al-Zahery, Nadia; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Grugni, Viola; Hamod, Mohammed A; Kashani, Baharak; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Augusta S; Semino, Ornella (2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: A survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 288. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|display-authors=9
(help) - Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; et al. (2011). "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–20. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
- Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
- Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Romano, V.; Cali, F.; Lefranc, G.; Delague, V.; Megarbane, A.; Felice, A. E.; et al. (2006). "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (2): 207–25. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. PMID 16626331.
- Capelli, Cristian; Brisighelli, Francesca; Scarnicci, Francesca; Arredi, Barbara; Caglia’, Alessandra; Vetrugno, Giuseppe; Tofanelli, Sergio; Onofri, Valerio; et al. (2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic–Neolithic encounter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 228–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346.
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
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Phylogenetic notes
- ^ This table shows the historic names for J-M172 in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-M172 Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 9 Underhill 2000 VI Hammer 2001 Med Karafet 2001 24 Semino 2000 Eu9 Su 1999 H4 Capelli 2001 B YCC 2002 (Longhand) J2* YCC 2005 (Longhand) J2 YCC 2008 (Longhand) J2 YCC 2010r (Longhand) J2 - ^ This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-P209
(AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304)Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 9 Underhill 2000 VI Hammer 2001 Med Karafet 2001 23 Semino 2000 Eu10 Su 1999 H4 Capelli 2001 B YCC 2002 (Longhand) J* YCC 2005 (Longhand) J YCC 2008 (Longhand) J YCC 2010r (Longhand) J - ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html
- ^ http://thegeneticatlas.com/J2_Y-DNA.htm