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{{Infobox Senator
{{Infobox Senator
|name= Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
|name = Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
|image name=Henry Cabot Lodge II.jpg
|image name = Henry Cabot Lodge II.jpg
|jr/sr=United States Senator
|jr/sr = United States Senator
|state=[[Massachusetts]]
|state = [[Massachusetts]]
|term_start= January 3, 1937
|term_start = January 3, 1947
|term_end=February 3, 1944
|term_end = January 3, 1953
|preceded=[[Marcus A. Coolidge]]
|preceded = [[David I. Walsh]]
|succeeded=[[Sinclair Weeks|C. Sinclair Weeks]]
|succeeded = [[John F. Kennedy]]
|term_start2=January 3, 1947
|term_start1 = January 3, 1937
|term_end1 = February 3, 1944
⚫
|term_end2=January 3, 1953
|preceded2=[[David I. Walsh]]
|preceded1 = [[Marcus A. Coolidge]]
|succeeded1 = [[Sinclair Weeks|C. Sinclair Weeks]]
|succeeded2=[[John F. Kennedy]]
⚫
|ambassador_from2 = United States
|order4=3rd
⚫
|country2 = West Germany
⚫
|ambassador_from4=United States
|term_start2 = May 27, 1968
⚫
|country4= the United Nations
|term_start4 = January 12, 1953
|term_end2 = January 14, 1969
⚫
|president2 = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
⚫
|term_end4 = September 2, 1960
|president4= [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|predecessor2 = [[George C. McGhee]]
⚫
|successor2 = [[Kenneth Rush]]
|predecessor4 =[[Warren R. Austin]]
⚫
|ambassador_from3 = United States
⚫
|successor4 = [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth|James J. Wadsworth]]
⚫
|country3 = South Vietnam
⚫
|ambassador_from5=United States
|term_start3 = August 25, 1965
⚫
|country5= South Vietnam
|term_end3 = April 25, 1967
|term_start5 = 1963
|president3 = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|term_end5 = 1964
⚫
|predecessor3 = [[Maxwell D. Taylor]]
⚫
|president5= [[John F. Kennedy]]<br>[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
⚫
|successor3 = [[Ellsworth Bunker]]
|predecessor5 =[[Frederick E. Nolting, Jr.]]
|term_start4 = August 26, 1963
⚫
|successor5 = [[Maxwell D. Taylor]]
|term_end4 = June 28, 1964
|term_start6 =1965
|president4 = [[John F. Kennedy]]<br>[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|term_end6 = 1967
|president6= [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|predecessor4 = [[Frederick E. Nolting, Jr.]]
|predecessor6 =[[Maxwell D. Taylor]]
|successor4 = [[Maxwell D. Taylor]]
|order5 = 3rd
⚫
|successor6 = [[Ellsworth Bunker]]
|ambassador_from7=United States
|ambassador_from5 = United States
⚫
|country5 = the United Nations
⚫
|country7= West Germany
⚫
|term_start5 = January 12, 1953
|term_start7 =1968
⚫
|term_end5 = September 2, 1960
|term_end7 = 1969
|president7= [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|president5 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|predecessor7 =[[George C. McGhee]]
|predecessor5 = [[Warren R. Austin]]
⚫
|successor5 = [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth|James J. Wadsworth]]
⚫
|successor7 = [[Kenneth Rush]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1902|7|5}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1902|7|5}}
|birth_place=[[Nahant, Massachusetts]]
|birth_place = [[Nahant, Massachusetts]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1985|2|27|1902|7|5}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1985|2|27|1902|7|5}}
|death_place=[[Beverly, Massachusetts]]
|death_place = [[Beverly, Massachusetts]]
|spouse= Emily Esther Sears (m. 1926)
|spouse = Emily Esther Sears (m. 1926)
|children= [[George C. Lodge|George Cabot Lodge II]]<br>Henry Sears Lodge
|children = [[George C. Lodge|George Cabot Lodge II]]<br>Henry Sears Lodge
|parents= [[George Cabot Lodge]]<br>Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis
|parents = [[George Cabot Lodge]]<br>Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis
|nationality= [[United States|American]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|alma_mater= [[Harvard University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small>
|alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small>
|profession=
|profession =
|religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
|religion = [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
|party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|branch=[[United States Army]]
|branch = [[United States Army]]
|rank=[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]]
|rank = [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]]
|battles=[[World War II]]
|battles = [[World War II]]
}}
}}
'''Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.''' (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985), sometimes referred to as Henry Cabot Lodge II,<ref name=Dynasty>{{cite book|title=The Kennedys: End of a Dynasty|year=2009|publisher=''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''}}</ref> was a Republican [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]] and a [[Ambassadors from the United States|U.S. ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]], [[South Vietnam]], [[West Germany]], and the [[Holy See]] (as Representative). He was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 Presidential election]].
'''Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.''' (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985), sometimes referred to as Henry Cabot Lodge II,<ref name=Dynasty>{{cite book|title=The Kennedys: End of a Dynasty|year=2009|publisher=''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''}}</ref> was a Republican [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]] and a [[Ambassadors from the United States|U.S. ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]], [[South Vietnam]], [[West Germany]], and the [[Holy See]] (as Representative). He was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 Presidential election]].

Revision as of 02:19, 18 August 2015

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
United States Senator
from Massachusetts
In office
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953
Preceded byDavid I. Walsh
Succeeded byJohn F. Kennedy
In office
January 3, 1937 – February 3, 1944
Preceded byMarcus A. Coolidge
Succeeded byC. Sinclair Weeks
United States Ambassador to West Germany
In office
May 27, 1968 – January 14, 1969
PresidentLyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byGeorge C. McGhee
Succeeded byKenneth Rush
United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
In office
August 25, 1965 – April 25, 1967
PresidentLyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byMaxwell D. Taylor
Succeeded byEllsworth Bunker
In office
August 26, 1963 – June 28, 1964
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byFrederick E. Nolting, Jr.
Succeeded byMaxwell D. Taylor
3rd United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
January 12, 1953 – September 2, 1960
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byWarren R. Austin
Succeeded byJames J. Wadsworth
Personal details
Born(1902-07-05)July 5, 1902
Nahant, Massachusetts
DiedFebruary 27, 1985(1985-02-27) (aged 82)
Beverly, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
Political partyRepublican
SpouseEmily Esther Sears (m. 1926)
ChildrenGeorge Cabot Lodge II
Henry Sears Lodge
Parent(s)George Cabot Lodge
Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis
Alma materHarvard University (A.B.)
Military service
Branch/serviceUnited States Army
RankLieutenant colonel
Battles/warsWorld War II

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985), sometimes referred to as Henry Cabot Lodge II,[1] was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts and a U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, South Vietnam, West Germany, and the Holy See (as Representative). He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 Presidential election.

Early life

Lodge was born in Nahant, Massachusetts. His father was George Cabot Lodge, a poet, through whom he was a grandson of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, great-great grandson of Senator Elijah H. Mills, and great-great-great-grandson of Senator George Cabot. Through his mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis, he was a great-great grandson of Senator John Davis. He had two siblings: John Davis Lodge (1903–1985), also a politician, and Helena Lodge de Streel (b. 1905).[2][3]

Lodge attended St. Albans School and graduated from Middlesex School. In 1924, he graduated cum laude from Harvard University, where he was a member of the Hasty Pudding and the Fox Club.[4]

Career

Lodge worked in the newspaper business, before being elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1933.[citation needed]

Senator

In November 1936, Lodge was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican. He defeated James Michael Curley in an open Senate contest.[citation needed]

World War II

Lodge served with distinction during the war, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the war he saw two tours of duty: The first in 1942, while also serving as a U.S. Senator, and the second in 1944–5 after resigning from the Senate.[citation needed]

The first period was a continuation of Lodge's longtime service as an Army Reserve Officer. Lodge was a major in the 1st Armored Division. That tour ended in July 1942, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered congressmen serving in the military to resign one of the two positions, and Lodge, who chose to remain in the Senate, was ordered by Secretary of War Henry Stimson to return to Washington.[5]

After returning to Washington and winning re-election in November 1942, Lodge went to observe allied troops serving in Egypt and Libya,[6] and in that position was on hand for the British retreat from Tobruk.[5]

Lodge served the first year of his new Senate term, but then resigned his Senate seat on February 3, 1944 in order to return to active duty,[7] the first U.S. Senator to do so since the Civil War[8] He saw action in Italy and France. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, in the fall of 1944 Lodge single-handedly captured a four-man German patrol.[9] By March 1945 he was decorated with the French Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre with palm.[10] His American decorations included the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star Medal. At the end of the war in 1945 he served as a liaison and interpreter to U.S. Sixth Army Group commander General Jacob Devers in Devers' surrender negotiations with the German forces in western Austria.[citation needed]

After the war Lodge returned to Massachusetts and resumed his political career. He continued his status as an Army Reserve officer and rose to the rank of major general.[citation needed]

Return to Senate and the drafting of Eisenhower

In 1946 Lodge defeated Democratic Senator David I. Walsh and returned to the U.S. Senate. He soon emerged as a spokesman for the moderate, internationalist wing of the Republican Party. In late 1951, Lodge helped persuade General Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for the Republican presidential nomination. When Eisenhower finally consented, Lodge served as his campaign manager and played a key role in helping Eisenhower to win the nomination over Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, the candidate of the party's conservative faction.[citation needed]

In fall 1952, Lodge found himself fighting in a tight race for re-election with John F. Kennedy, then a US Representative from Massachusetts. Due to his efforts in helping Eisenhower, Lodge had neglected his own Senate campaign. In addition, some of Taft's supporters in Massachusetts were angered when Lodge supported Eisenhower, and they defected to Kennedy's campaign.[11] In November 1952 Lodge was defeated by Kennedy, Lodge received 48.5% of the vote to Kennedy's 51.5%. This was neither the first nor the last time a Lodge faced a Kennedy in a Massachusetts election: in 1916 Henry Cabot Lodge had defeated Kennedy's grandfather John F. Fitzgerald for the same Senate seat, and Lodge's son, George, was defeated in his bid for the seat by Kennedy's brother Ted in the 1962 election for John F. Kennedy's unexpired term.[citation needed]

Ambassador to United Nations

Lodge was named U.S. ambassador to the United Nations by President Eisenhower in February 1953, with his office elevated to Cabinet-level rank. In contrast to his grandfather (who had been a principal opponent of the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations), Lodge was supportive of the UN as an institution for promoting peace. As he famously said about it, "This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isn't created to take you to heaven." [12] Since that time, no one has even approached his record of seven years as ambassador to the UN. During his time as UN Ambassador, Lodge supported the Cold War policies of the Eisenhower Administration, and often engaged in debates with the UN representatives of the Soviet Union. During the CIA sponsored overthrowing of the legitimate Guatemalan Government, when Britain and France became concerned about the US being involved in the aggression, Lodge (as US Ambassador to the United Nations) threatened to withdraw US support to Great Britain on Egypt and Cyprus and France on Tunisia and Morocco unless they backed the US in their action.[13] When the Government was overthrown, The United Fruit Company re-established itself in Guatemala. These episodes tainted an otherwise distinguished career and painted Lodge as a face of US Imperialism and exceptionalism.[citation needed]

In 1959, he escorted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev on a highly publicized tour of the United States.

1960 Vice Presidential campaign

Lodge left the ambassadorship during the election of 1960 to run for Vice President on the Republican ticket headed by Richard Nixon, against Lodge's old foe, John F. Kennedy. Before choosing Lodge, Nixon had also considered Philip Willkie of Indiana, son of Wendell L. Willkie; U.S. Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan; and U.S. Senator Thruston B. Morton of Kentucky. Nixon finally settled on Lodge in the mistaken hope that Lodge's presence on the ticket would force Kennedy to divert time and resources to securing his Massachusetts base, but Kennedy won his home state handily. Nixon also felt that the name Lodge had made for himself in the United Nations as a foreign-policy expert would prove useful against the relatively inexperienced Kennedy. Nixon and Lodge lost the election in a razor-thin vote. The choice of Lodge proved to be questionable. He could not carry his home state for Nixon, and some conservative Republicans charged that Lodge had cost the ticket votes, particularly in the South, by his pledge (made without Nixon's approval) that if elected, Nixon would name at least one African American to a Cabinet post. He suggested Ralph Bunche as a "wonderful idea".[14]

President John F. Kennedy meets with Director General of the Atlantic Institute, Henry Cabot Lodge, in the Oval Office, White House, Washington, D.C., 1961.

Between 1961 and 1962, Lodge was the first director-general of the Atlantic Institute.[15]

Ambassador to South Vietnam

See also: Xa Loi Pagoda raids, Cable 243, Krulak Mendenhall mission, McNamara Taylor mission, and Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem

Kennedy appointed Lodge to the position of Ambassador to South Vietnam, which he held from 1963 to 1964. The new ambassador quickly determined that Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Republic of Vietnam, was both inept and corrupt, and that South Vietnam was headed for disaster unless Diem either reformed his administration or was replaced.[16] While the coup toppled the Diem government, it sparked a rapid succession of leaders in Vietnam, each unable to rally and unify their people, and each in turn overthrown by someone new. Removal of Diem caused more political instability in the South, since no strong, centralized and permanent government was in place to govern the nation, not to mention an increase in Viet Minh infiltration into the Southern populace and more attacks in the South. After supporting the coup of President Diem, Lodge then realized that the situation in the region deteriorated, and he suggested to the State Department that South Vietnam be made to relinquish its independence, and it be made a protectorate of the United States (like the former status of the Philippines) so as to bring governmental stability. The alternatives, he warned, were either increased military involvement by the U.S., or else total abandonment of South Vietnam by America.[17]

"Walking for President"

Republican primaries results by state
Lodge won three primaries as a "write-in" candidate without making any public appearances

In 1964, Lodge, while still Ambassador to South Vietnam, was the surprise write-in victor in the Republican New Hampshire primary, defeating declared presidential candidates Barry Goldwater and Nelson Rockefeller.[18] His entire campaign was organized by a small band of political amateurs working independently of the ambassador, who, believing they had little hope of winning him any delegates, did nothing to aid their efforts. But when they scored the New Hampshire upset, Lodge, along with the press and Republican party leaders, suddenly began to seriously consider his candidacy. Many observers remarked on the situation's similarity to 1952, when Eisenhower had unexpectedly defeated Senator Robert A. Taft, then leader of the Republican Party's conservative faction. However, Lodge (who refused to become an open candidate) did not fare as well in later primaries, and Goldwater ultimately won the presidential nomination.[citation needed]

Later career

He was re-appointed ambassador to South Vietnam by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, and served thereafter as Ambassador at Large (1967–1968) and Ambassador to West Germany (1968–1969). In 1969, he was appointed by President Richard Nixon to serve as head of the American delegation at the Paris peace negotiations, and he served occasionally as personal representative of the President to the Holy See from 1970 to 1977.[19]

Personal life

Henry Cabot Lodge and family

In 1926, Lodge married Emily Esther Sears. They had two children: George Cabot Lodge II (b. 1927) and Henry Sears Lodge (b. 1930).[20] George was in the federal civil service and is now a well-published professor emeritus at Harvard Business School. Henry married Elenita Ziegler of New York City and is a former sales executive.[21]

In 1966 he was elected an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.[22]

Lodge died in 1985 and was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[23] Two years after his death, Sears remarried Forrester A. Clark. She died in 1992 of lung cancer and is interred near her first husband in the Cabot Lodge family columbarium.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Kennedys: End of a Dynasty. Life. 2009. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ "LODGE, John Davis, (1903–1985)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  3. ^ "Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Photographs II". The Massachusetts Historical Society. MHS. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  4. ^ Gale, Mary Ellen (1960-11-04). "Lodge at Harvard: Loyal Conservation 'Who Knew Just What He Wanted to Do'". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2007-10-30. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b "For Services Rendered," Time Magazine, 1942-07-20.
  6. ^ "Into the Funnel," Time Magazine, 1942-07-42.
  7. ^ "Lodge in the Field," Time Magazine, 1944-02-14.
  8. ^ http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=l000394
  9. ^ "People," Time Magazine, 1944-10-09.
  10. ^ "Reservations," Time Magazine, 1945-03-19.
  11. ^ Whalen, Thomas J. (2000). Kennedy versus Lodge: The 1952 Massachusetts Senate Race. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-462-2.
  12. ^ Bartleby, Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James B. Simpson, 1988, news summaries January 28, 1954
  13. ^ ["Great Britain's Latin American Dilemma: The Foreign Office and the Overthrow of 'Communist Guatemala, June 1954" by John W Young, page 584]
  14. ^ The New York Times, October 14, 1960
  15. ^ Melvin Small (1998-06-01). "The Atlantic Council--The Early Years" (PDF). NATO.
  16. ^ Lodge, Henry Cabot (1979). Interview with Henry Cabot Lodge (Video interview (part 1 of 5)). Open Vault, WGBH Media Library and Archives.
  17. ^ Moyar, Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 273.
  18. ^ Union-Leader: Lodge's write-in victory
  19. ^ Petillo, Carol Morris. "Lodge, Henry Cabot". American National Biography Online. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. ^ MHS Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Photographs II
  21. ^ "Milestones, Aug. 8, 1960". Time. August 8, 1960.
  22. ^ Roster of the Society of the Cincinnati. 1974 edition. pg. 17.
  23. ^ Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr at Find a Grave
  24. ^ "Emily Lodge Clark, 86; Was Senator's Widow". The New York Times. June 10, 1992.
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Senator from Massachusetts (Class 2)
1937–1944
Served alongside: David I. Walsh 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Senator from Massachusetts (Class 1)
1947–1953
Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican vice presidential nominee
1960 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
1953–1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam
1963–1964 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam
1965–1967 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Ambassador to West Germany
1968–1969 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient
1960 		Succeeded by

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