IBM: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American multinational technology corporation}} |
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{Redirect|Big Blue}} |
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{{Use American English|date=February 2019}} |
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}} |
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{{Infobox company |
{{Infobox company |
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| trade_name = IBM |
| trade_name = IBM |
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| logo = IBM logo.svg |
| logo = IBM logo.svg |
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| logo_caption = Logo since 1972, designed by [[Paul Rand]] |
| logo_caption = Logo used since 1972, designed by [[Paul Rand]] |
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| logo_size = 200px |
| logo_size = 200px |
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| image = IBM CHQ - Oct 2014.jpg |
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| image = <!-- Do not add image back, see talk page for discussion --> |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = IBM CHQ in [[Armonk, New York]], in 2014 |
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| former_name = [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (1911–1924) |
| former_name = [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (1911–1924) |
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| type = [[Public company|Public]] |
| type = [[Public company|Public]] |
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| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|IBM}}|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}} |
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|IBM}}|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}} |
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| predecessors = [[Bundy Manufacturing Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Computing Scale Company of America|Computing Scale Company of America]]<br />[[International Time Recording Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Tabulating Machine Company|Tabulating Machine Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] |
| predecessors = [[Bundy Manufacturing Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Computing Scale Company of America|Computing Scale Company of America]]<br />[[International Time Recording Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Tabulating Machine Company|Tabulating Machine Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] |
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| ISIN = US4592001014 |
| ISIN = {{ISIN|US4592001014}} |
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| founders = [[George Winthrop Fairchild]]<br />[[Charles Ranlett Flint]]<br />[[Herman Hollerith]] |
| founders = [[George Winthrop Fairchild]]<br />[[Charles Ranlett Flint]]<br />[[Herman Hollerith]] |
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| area_served = 177 countries |
| area_served = 177 countries |
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| industry = [[Information technology]] |
| industry = [[Information technology]] |
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| products = [[Automation]]<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Cloud computing]]<br />[[Consulting]]<br />[[Blockchain]]<br />[[Computer hardware]]<br />[[Software]]<br />[[Quantum computing]] |
| products = [[Automation]]<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Cloud computing]]<br />[[Consulting]]<br />[[Blockchain]]<br />[[Computer hardware]]<br />[[Software]]<br />[[Quantum computing]] |
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| brands = {{hlist |[[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] |[[IBM Cognos Analytics]] |[[IBM Planning Analytics]] |[[SQL]] |[[Watson (computer)|Watson]] |[[IBM Information Management Software|Information Management Software]] |[[SPSS]] |[[ILOG]] |[[Tivoli Software]] |[[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]] |[[alphaWorks]] |[[IBM Mashup Center|Mashup Center]] |[[IBM PureQuery|PureQuery]] |[[Fortran]] |[[IBM Quantum Experience]] |[[IBM mainframe|Mainframe]] |[[IBM Power Systems|Power Systems]] |[[IBM storage]] |[[IBM Q System One]] |'''([[List of IBM products|Full List]])''' }} |
| brands = {{hlist |[[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] |[[IBM Cognos Analytics]] |[[IBM Planning Analytics]] |[[SQL]] |[[Watson (computer)|Watson]] | [[IBM Watsonx|Watsonx]]|[[IBM Information Management Software|Information Management Software]] |[[SPSS]] |[[ILOG]] |[[Tivoli Software]] |[[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]] |[[alphaWorks]] |[[IBM Mashup Center|Mashup Center]] |[[IBM PureQuery|PureQuery]] |[[Fortran]] |[[IBM Quantum Experience]] |[[IBM mainframe|Mainframe]] |[[IBM Power Systems|Power Systems]] |[[IBM storage]] |[[IBM Q System One]] |'''([[List of IBM products|Full List]])''' }} |
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| services = {{hlist|[[Outsourcing]]|[[Professional services]]|[[Managed services]]}} |
| services = {{hlist|[[Outsourcing]]|[[Professional services]]|[[Managed services]]}} |
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| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|61.860 billion|link=yes}} (2023) |
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|61.860 billion|link=yes}} (2023) |
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| owner = |
| owner = |
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| subsid = [[List of international subsidiaries of IBM|List of subsidiaries]] |
| subsid = [[List of international subsidiaries of IBM|List of subsidiaries]] |
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| founded = {{Start date and age| |
| founded = {{Start date and age|1924|06|16}} (as [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]])<br />[[Endicott, New York]], U.S.<ref name=certificate1911>{{citation|contribution=Certificate of Incorporation of Computing-Tabulating-Recording-Co|title=Appendix to Hearings Before the Committee on Patents, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fourth Congress, on H. R. 4523, Part III|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|date=1935|orig-date=Incorporation paperwork filed June 16, 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060912/https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|url-status=live}}</ref><!--<br />February 14, 1924 (current name)<br />1933 (current structure)--> |
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| hq_location = 1 Orchard Road |
| hq_location = 1 Orchard Road |
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| location_city = [[Armonk, New York]] |
| location_city = [[Armonk, New York]] |
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'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (using the [[trademark]] '''IBM'''), nicknamed '''Big Blue''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title=IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005172652/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]] and present in over 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Trust and responsibility. Earned and practiced daily. |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/corporate-social-responsibility/2019/06/trust-and-responsibility-earned-and-practiced-daily/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Impact |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|website=10-K|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|title=10-K|access-date=June 1, 2019|ref={{harvid|10-K|2018}}|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181213/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 19 research facilities across a dozen countries, having held the record for most annual [[United States|U.S.]] [[Patent|patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021.<ref name="patents">{{cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Prableen |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Top Patent Holders of 2020 |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130165223/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |website=nasdaq.com |publisher=Nasdaq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 5, 2022 |title=2021 Top 50 US Patent Assignees |url=https://www.ificlaims.com/rankings-top-50-2021.htm |access-date=August 22, 2022 |publisher=IFI CLAIMS Patent Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gil |first1=Darío |title=Why IBM is no longer interested in breaking patent records–and how it plans to measure innovation in the age of open source and quantum computing |url=https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |website=Fortune |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127155828/https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |language=en |date=January 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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IBM was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR), a [[holding company]] of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of [[ |
IBM was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR), a [[holding company]] of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of [[tabulating machine|punch-card tabulating systems]]. During the 1960s and 1970s, the [[IBM mainframe]], exemplified by the [[IBM System/360|System/360]], was the world's dominant [[computing platform]], with the company producing 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IBM {{!}} Founding, History, & Products {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Business-Machines-Corporation |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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IBM entered the [[microcomputer]] market in the 1980s with the [[IBM Personal Computer]], which soon became known as [[Personal computer|PC]], one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Larry |title=IBM PC |publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=0-470-86412-5 |publication-date=1 January 2003 |page=833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of the IBM PC {{!}} Low End Mac |url=https://lowendmac.com/2006/origin-of-the-ibm-pc/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=lowendmac.com}}</ref> the PC was not well protected by [[intellectual property]] laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market, while at the same time the openness of the PC platform has ensured PC's longevity as the most popular microcomputer standard. |
IBM entered the [[microcomputer]] market in the 1980s with the [[IBM Personal Computer]], which soon became known as [[Personal computer|PC]], one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Larry |title=IBM PC |publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=0-470-86412-5 |publication-date=1 January 2003 |page=833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of the IBM PC {{!}} Low End Mac |url=https://lowendmac.com/2006/origin-of-the-ibm-pc/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=lowendmac.com}}</ref> the PC was not well protected by [[intellectual property]] laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market, while at the same time the openness of the PC platform has ensured PC's longevity as the most popular microcomputer standard. |
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Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from [[Production (economics)|commodity production]], most notably selling its personal computer division to the [[Lenovo|Lenovo Group]] in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on computer services, software, [[ |
Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from [[Production (economics)|commodity production]], most notably selling its personal computer division to the [[Lenovo|Lenovo Group]] in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on [[Information technology|computer services]], [[software]], [[supercomputer]]s, and [[Scientific method#Scientific inquiry|scientific research]]. Since 2000, its supercomputers have [[TOP500|consistently ranked]] among the most powerful in the world, and in 2001 it became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artificial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud, Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> |
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As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several technological innovations, |
As one of the world's oldest and largest [[Technology company|technology companies]], IBM has been responsible for several [[Technological innovation|technological innovations]], including the <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE-->[[automated teller machine]] (ATM), [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[SQL|SQL programming language]], and the [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcode]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE--> The company has made inroads in advanced [[Integrated circuit|computer chips]], [[quantum computing]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[data infrastructure]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=2023-12-04 |title=IBM unveils new quantum computing chip to 'explore new frontiers of science' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/04/ibm-quantum-computer-heron |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sandy |title=The Evolution Of AI: From IBM And AWS To OpenAI and Anthropic |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/11/07/the-evolution-of-ai-from-ibm-and-aws-to-openai-and-anthropic/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Steve |title=IBM Realigns Its Storage Business To Match Data-Driven Enterprise Needs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2023/03/07/ibm-realigns-its-storage-business-to-match-data-driven-enterprise-needs/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] and six [[Turing Award|Turing Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2021 |title=About us |url=https://research.ibm.com/about |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Research |language=en}}</ref> |
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IBM is a [[Publicly-traded company|publicly traded company]] and one of 30 companies in the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. It is among the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|world's largest employers]], with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022.<ref name="Fortune 500">{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,<ref>{{cite web | last=Schofield | first=Jack | author-link=Jack Schofield (journalist) | date=January 21, 2018 | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | title=IBM shows growth after 22 straight quarters of declining revenues, but has it turned the corner? | work=ZDNET | publisher=Ziff-Davis | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310020412/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | archive-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref> IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and |
IBM is a [[Publicly-traded company|publicly traded company]] and one of 30 companies in the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. It is among the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|world's largest employers]], with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022.<ref name="Fortune 500">{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,<ref>{{cite web | last=Schofield | first=Jack | author-link=Jack Schofield (journalist) | date=January 21, 2018 | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | title=IBM shows growth after 22 straight quarters of declining revenues, but has it turned the corner? | work=ZDNET | publisher=Ziff-Davis | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310020412/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | archive-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref> IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and 67th [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|largest overall company by revenue in the United States]]. It is also consistently ranked among the world's most recognizable and valuable brands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Brand Ranking {{!}} All Brand Rankings where IBM is listed! |url=https://www.rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.rankingthebrands.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Main|History of IBM}} |
{{Main|History of IBM}} |
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IBM originated with several technological innovations developed and commercialized in the late 19th century. Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott|last1=Aswad|first1=Ed|last2=Meredith|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=0-7385-3700-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032106/https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=scienceandsociety.co.uk |publisher=UK Science Museum}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]] (1889);<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |url=https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214449/https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=columbia.edu |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a [[time clock]] to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape (1889).<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee Punch Clocks |url=https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011858/https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=floridatimeclock.com |publisher=Florida Time Clock}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.<ref name="certificate1911" /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |date=June 10, 1911 |title=Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital |page=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203320/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; and [[Toronto]], Canada.{{ |
IBM originated with several technological innovations developed and commercialized in the late 19th century. Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott|last1=Aswad|first1=Ed|last2=Meredith|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=0-7385-3700-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032106/https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=scienceandsociety.co.uk |publisher=UK Science Museum}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]] (1889);<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |url=https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214449/https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=columbia.edu |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a [[time clock]] to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape (1889).<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee Punch Clocks |url=https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011858/https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=floridatimeclock.com |publisher=Florida Time Clock}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.<ref name="certificate1911" /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |date=June 10, 1911 |title=Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital |page=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203320/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; and [[Toronto]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The origins of IBM {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/history/ctr-and-ibm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref> |
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Collectively, the companies manufactured a wide array of machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belden|first1=Thomas Graham|last2=Belden|first2=Marva Robins|year=1962|title=The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson|url=https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld/page/89 89–93]}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when [[Competition law|antitrust]] cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |title=Computer: A History of the Information Machine |last2=Aspray |first2=William F. |last3=Yost |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Tinn |first4=Honghong |last5=Díaz |first5=Gerardo Con |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-87875-2 |location=New York, NY |language=en}}</ref> Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref>Belden (1962) p. 105</ref> He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Chronological History of IBM, 1910s |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071136/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcosson|first=Isaac F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e9CAAAAIAAJ|title=Wherever Men Trade: The Romance of the Cash Register|year=1945|isbn=978-0-405-04713-8|oclc=243101|location=New York (NY)|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "[[Think ( |
Collectively, the companies manufactured a wide array of machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belden|first1=Thomas Graham|last2=Belden|first2=Marva Robins|year=1962|title=The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson|url=https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld/page/89 89–93]}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when [[Competition law|antitrust]] cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |title=Computer: A History of the Information Machine |last2=Aspray |first2=William F. |last3=Yost |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Tinn |first4=Honghong |last5=Díaz |first5=Gerardo Con |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-87875-2 |location=New York, NY |language=en}}</ref> Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref>Belden (1962) p. 105</ref> He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Chronological History of IBM, 1910s |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071136/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcosson|first=Isaac F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e9CAAAAIAAJ|title=Wherever Men Trade: The Romance of the Cash Register|year=1945|isbn=978-0-405-04713-8|oclc=243101|location=New York (NY)|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "[[Think (slogan)|THINK]]", became a mantra for each company's employees.<ref name="Story" /> During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|9000000|1919}}}} today) and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.<ref name="Story" /> Watson never liked the clumsy hyphenated name "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines" which had previously been used as the name of CTR's Canadian Division;<ref name="True story 1962 p.125">Belden (1962) p. 125</ref> the name was changed on February 14, 1924.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ngak |first1=Chenda |title=Made in the USA: American tech inventions |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/made-in-the-usa-american-tech-inventions/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=4 July 2012}}</ref> By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.<ref>(Rodgers, THINK, p. 83)</ref> |
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[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]] |
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]] |
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The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] made extensive use of Hollerith punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH ([[Dehomag]]), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. |
The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] made extensive use of Hollerith punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH ([[Dehomag]]), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. These census data were used to facilitate the round-up of Jews and other targeted groups, and to catalog their movements through the machinery of the [[Holocaust]], including internment in the concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=[[IBM and the Holocaust|IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation]] |publisher=Dialog Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-914153-10-8}}</ref> Nazi concentration camps operated a Hollerith department called Hollerith Abteilung, which had IBM machines, including calculating and sorting machines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Jacques R. |title=Big Business and Hitler |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4594-0987-3 |language=de}}</ref> |
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IBM produced 6% of the [[M1 Carbine]] rifles used in World War II, about 346,500 of them, between August 1943 and May. IBM never produced guns for civilian sales, only for the military. |
IBM produced 6% of the [[M1 Carbine]] rifles used in World War II, about 346,500 of them, between August 1943 and May. IBM never produced guns for civilian sales, only for the military. |
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IBM built the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]], an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube based [[IBM 701]], in 1952. The [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] introduced the hard disk drive in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the [[IBM 700/7000 series|7000]] and [[IBM 1400 series|1400]] series, beginning in 1958. |
IBM built the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]], an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube based [[IBM 701]], in 1952. The [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] introduced the hard disk drive in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the [[IBM 700/7000 series|7000]] and [[IBM 1400 series|1400]] series, beginning in 1958. |
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In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when [[Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)|Arthur L. Samuel]] of IBM's [[Poughkeepsie]], New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre ( |
In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when [[Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)|Arthur L. Samuel]] of IBM's [[Poughkeepsie]], New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre (travel reservation system)|SABRE reservation system]] for [[American Airlines]] and introduced the highly successful [[IBM Selectric|Selectric]] typewriter. |
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In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers. |
In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers. |
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In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|title=Monopolization: Corporate Strategy, the IBM Cases, and the Transformation of the Law|last=Sullivan|first=Lawrence A.|journal=[[Texas Law Review]]|date=April 1982|access-date=January 14, 2022|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–647|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192845/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|title=Monopolization: Corporate Strategy, the IBM Cases, and the Transformation of the Law|last=Sullivan|first=Lawrence A.|journal=[[Texas Law Review]]|date=April 1982|access-date=January 14, 2022|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–647|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192845/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Also in 1969, IBM engineer [[Forrest Parry]] invented the [[magnetic stripe card]] that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards |
Also in 1969, IBM engineer [[Forrest Parry]] invented the [[magnetic stripe card]] that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |url=https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220243/https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2011 |website=cummingsdesign.com |publisher=Cummingsdesign}}</ref> IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Corporate Finance|edition=9th, alternate|last1=Ross|last2=Westerfield|last3=Jordan|year=2010|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|page=746}}</ref> The [[IBM PC]], originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard. |
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In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Michael W. | date=November 10, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398331696/ | title='Break Up IBM,' Cry Some Investors Who See Value in Those Baby Blues | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=C1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ziegler | first=Bart | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/268053630/ | title=Big Blue still breaking up its bureaucracy | journal=Colorado Springs-Gazette | page=E3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> These included [[AdStar]], dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; [[Lexmark]], dedicated to small printers; and more.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/288539645/ |url-access=subscription | title=Facts, Figures on IBM's 13 Decentralized Firms |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune | page=D14 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Lexmark was acquired by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton & Dubilier]] in a [[leveraged buyout]] shortly after its formation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9173CF931A15751C1A967958260|title=The Executive Computer; Can I.B.M. Learn From a Unit It Freed?|work=The New York Times|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|date=December 22, 1991}}</ref> |
In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Michael W. | date=November 10, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398331696/ | title='Break Up IBM,' Cry Some Investors Who See Value in Those Baby Blues | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=C1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ziegler | first=Bart | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/268053630/ | title=Big Blue still breaking up its bureaucracy | journal=Colorado Springs-Gazette | page=E3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> These included [[AdStar]], dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; [[Lexmark]], dedicated to small printers; and more.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/288539645/ |url-access=subscription | title=Facts, Figures on IBM's 13 Decentralized Firms |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune | page=D14 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Lexmark was acquired by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton & Dubilier]] in a [[leveraged buyout]] shortly after its formation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9173CF931A15751C1A967958260|title=The Executive Computer; Can I.B.M. Learn From a Unit It Freed?|work=The New York Times|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|date=December 22, 1991}}</ref> |
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[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]] |
[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]] |
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In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer consulting and customer service division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmerman | first=Michael R. | author2=Lisa Dicarlo | date=December 14, 1998 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53396059/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Not Your Father's PC Company Anymore | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=15 | issue=50 | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> |
In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer consulting and customer service division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmerman | first=Michael R. | author2=Lisa Dicarlo | date=December 14, 1998 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53396059/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Not Your Father's PC Company Anymore | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=15 | issue=50 | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> A year later, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors [[Compaq]] and [[Dell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hansell |first=Saul |date=October 25, 1999 |title=The Strategy For I.B.M.: Loss-Leader PC Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/25/business/the-strategy-for-ibm-loss-leader-pc-sales.html |access-date=March 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greiner | first=Lynn | date=October 22, 1999 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225027589/ | title=Big Blue to combine PC division with PSG | journal=Computing Canada | publisher=Plesman Publications | volume=25 | issue=40 | page=6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> |
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On September 14, 2004, [[LG Corporation|LG]] and IBM announced that their business alliance in the [[South Korea]]n market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won Choi |first=Hae |date=September 15, 2004 |title=IBM, LG Electronics Call Halt To PC Joint Venture in Korea |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109516384011117260 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung-ha |first=Park |date=August 30, 2004 |title=LG, IBM to split by end of year |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM, LG Electronics to End Joint Venture |work=[[Forbes]] |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022180259/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |title=South Korea slams IBM with server slush fund charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> [[List of LG laptops#Xnote|Xnote]] was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop Retrospective |url=https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Laptop Retrospective |language=en-US}}</ref> |
On September 14, 2004, [[LG Corporation|LG]] and IBM announced that their business alliance in the [[South Korea]]n market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won Choi |first=Hae |date=September 15, 2004 |title=IBM, LG Electronics Call Halt To PC Joint Venture in Korea |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109516384011117260 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung-ha |first=Park |date=August 30, 2004 |title=LG, IBM to split by end of year |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM, LG Electronics to End Joint Venture |work=[[Forbes]] |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022180259/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |title=South Korea slams IBM with server slush fund charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> [[List of LG laptops#Xnote|Xnote]] was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop Retrospective |url=https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Laptop Retrospective |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In 2014 IBM announced it would sell its [[x86]] server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 29, 2014|title=Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105338/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|url-status=live}}</ref> while continuing to offer [[Power ISA]]-based servers. Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple + IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055744/https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215222753/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=marketbusinessnews.com |publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Twitter,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=November 2, 2014 |title=Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions |url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012816/https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2014 |publisher=Market Business News}}</ref> Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|date=May 6, 2015 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103944/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|date=November 3, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|work=Reuters|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204802/https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|date=January 6, 2016|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114905/https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Curtis Jr.|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|date=June 26, 2015|url=https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231350/https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM – and Apple should be nervous|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100141/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|date=June 14, 2016|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823095633/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|date=July 25, 2016|publisher=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|date=July 22, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015013059/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|url-status=live}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nusca|first=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235241/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2014 IBM announced it would sell its [[x86]] server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 29, 2014|title=Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105338/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|url-status=live}}</ref> while continuing to offer [[Power ISA]]-based servers. Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple + IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055744/https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215222753/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=marketbusinessnews.com |publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Twitter,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=November 2, 2014 |title=Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions |url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012816/https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2014 |publisher=Market Business News}}</ref> Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|date=May 6, 2015 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103944/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|date=November 3, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|work=Reuters|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204802/https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|date=January 6, 2016|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114905/https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Curtis Jr.|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|date=June 26, 2015|url=https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231350/https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM – and Apple should be nervous|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100141/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|date=June 14, 2016|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823095633/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|date=July 25, 2016|publisher=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|date=July 22, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015013059/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|url-status=live}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nusca|first=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235241/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|work=Bloomberg|title=IBM Buys Merge Healthcare to Boost Watson Health Cloud|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> data storage vendor [[Cleversafe]], and all digital assets from [[The Weather Company]], including [[Weather.com]] and the Weather Channel mobile app.<ref name=bloomberg-twcibm>{{cite news|title=IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=Bloomberg|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013172810/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt-ibmtwc>{{cite news|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref> Also that year, IBM employees created the film ''[[A Boy and His Atom]]'', which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service [[Ustream]] and formed a new cloud video unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM acquires Ustream, launches cloud video unit|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|publisher=USA Today|date=January 21, 2016|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015021210/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|title=IBM Acquires Ustream: Behind the Acquisition|first=Tilly|last=McLain|date=January 21, 2016|website=Ustream Online Video Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122013620/https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|archive-date=January 22, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|title=Big Blue isn't so big anymore|first=Matt|last=Egan|work=CNN Money|date=April 19, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073326/https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, [[Groupon]] sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|title=Groupon sues 'once-great' IBM over patent|first=Jonathan|last=Stempel|work=Reuters|date=May 9, 2016|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|work=Bloomberg|title=IBM Buys Merge Healthcare to Boost Watson Health Cloud|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> data storage vendor [[Cleversafe Inc.|Cleversafe]], and all digital assets from [[The Weather Company]], including [[Weather.com]] and the Weather Channel mobile app.<ref name=bloomberg-twcibm>{{cite news|title=IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=Bloomberg|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013172810/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt-ibmtwc>{{cite news|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref> Also that year, IBM employees created the film ''[[A Boy and His Atom]]'', which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service [[Ustream]] and formed a new cloud video unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM acquires Ustream, launches cloud video unit|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|publisher=USA Today|date=January 21, 2016|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015021210/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|title=IBM Acquires Ustream: Behind the Acquisition|first=Tilly|last=McLain|date=January 21, 2016|website=Ustream Online Video Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122013620/https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|archive-date=January 22, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|title=Big Blue isn't so big anymore|first=Matt|last=Egan|work=CNN Money|date=April 19, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073326/https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, [[Groupon]] sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|title=Groupon sues 'once-great' IBM over patent|first=Jonathan|last=Stempel|work=Reuters|date=May 9, 2016|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2015, IBM bought the digital part of [[The Weather Company]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|title=IBM Buys Digital Part of The Weather Company|first=David|last=Goldman|work=CNN Money|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220517/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire [[Red Hat]] for $34 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279 |url-access=subscription |title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat for About $33 Billion|last1=Greene|first1=Jay|date=October 28, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=October 29, 2018|last2=McMillan|first2=Robert|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005734/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ed|last2=Porter|first2=Kiel|last3=Barinka|first3=Alex|title=IBM to Acquire Linux Distributor Red Hat for $33.4 Billion |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902215121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to acquire Red Hat, completely changing the cloud landscape and becoming world's #1 hybrid cloud provider |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider |website=Red Hat |date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028191024/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future|website=Red Hat |date=July 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216104317/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2015, IBM bought the digital part of [[The Weather Company]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|title=IBM Buys Digital Part of The Weather Company|first=David|last=Goldman|work=CNN Money|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220517/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire [[Red Hat]] for $34 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279 |url-access=subscription |title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat for About $33 Billion|last1=Greene|first1=Jay|date=October 28, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=October 29, 2018|last2=McMillan|first2=Robert|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005734/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ed|last2=Porter|first2=Kiel|last3=Barinka|first3=Alex|title=IBM to Acquire Linux Distributor Red Hat for $33.4 Billion |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902215121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to acquire Red Hat, completely changing the cloud landscape and becoming world's #1 hybrid cloud provider |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider |website=Red Hat |date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028191024/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future|website=Red Hat |date=July 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216104317/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In February of 2020, IBM's [[John E. Kelly III|John Kelly III]] joined [[Brad Smith (American lawyer)|Brad Smith]] of [[Microsoft]] to sign a pledge with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] to ensure the ethical use and practice of [[Artificial Intelligence (AI)]].<ref name="Vatican">{{cite news |title=Cisco Systems joins Microsoft, IBM in Vatican pledge to ensure ethical use and development of AI |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-ai-artificial-intelligence-cisco-microsoft-ibm-79b279570b2e7a2d945c452852a19657 |access-date=April 24, 2024 |department=Technology |publisher=[[The Associated Press]] |date=April 24, 2024}}</ref> |
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{{anchor|Kyndryl}}IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM To Accelerate Hybrid Cloud Growth Strategy And Execute Spin-Off Of Market-Leading Managed Infrastructure Services Unit |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |date=Oct 8, 2020 |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220744/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, [[Kyndryl]], will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vengattil |first1=Munsif |title=IBM to break up 109-year old company to focus on cloud growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |date=October 9, 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015101518/https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jazmin |title=IBM spins off a quarter of the company to focus on the cloud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNN Business |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126022525/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=IBM shares rise on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073437/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Asa |last1=Fitch |first2=Dave |last2=Sebastian |title=IBM to Spin Off Services Unit to Accelerate Cloud-Computing Pivot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-access=subscription |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106020856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendor-Samuel |first1=Peter |title=IBM Splits Into Two Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/ |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorhead |first1=Patrick |title=IBM Spinning Off Infrastructure Managed Services Group To Focus On Cloud Is A Good Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/ |url-access=subscription |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070537/https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of Kyndryl.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |title=IBM names Martin Schroeter as CEO of $19B NewCo services spinoff |first=Maria |last=Deutscher |work=SiliconANGLE |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033317/https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |title=IBM names former financial chief Martin Schroeter as head of new IT infrastructure services company |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003803/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
{{anchor|Kyndryl}}IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM To Accelerate Hybrid Cloud Growth Strategy And Execute Spin-Off Of Market-Leading Managed Infrastructure Services Unit |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |date=Oct 8, 2020 |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220744/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, [[Kyndryl]], will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vengattil |first1=Munsif |title=IBM to break up 109-year old company to focus on cloud growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |date=October 9, 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015101518/https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jazmin |title=IBM spins off a quarter of the company to focus on the cloud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNN Business |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126022525/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=IBM shares rise on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073437/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Asa |last1=Fitch |first2=Dave |last2=Sebastian |title=IBM to Spin Off Services Unit to Accelerate Cloud-Computing Pivot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-access=subscription |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106020856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendor-Samuel |first1=Peter |title=IBM Splits Into Two Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/ |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorhead |first1=Patrick |title=IBM Spinning Off Infrastructure Managed Services Group To Focus On Cloud Is A Good Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/ |url-access=subscription |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070537/https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of Kyndryl.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |title=IBM names Martin Schroeter as CEO of $19B NewCo services spinoff |first=Maria |last=Deutscher |work=SiliconANGLE |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033317/https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |title=IBM names former financial chief Martin Schroeter as head of new IT infrastructure services company |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003803/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|access-date = March 7, 2022}}</ref> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<ref name="tribm">{{cite news |title=IBM finally shutters Russian operations, lays off staff |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/07/ibm_russia_closes/ |publisher=The Register |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> |
|access-date = March 7, 2022}}</ref> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<ref name="tribm">{{cite news |title=IBM finally shutters Russian operations, lays off staff |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/07/ibm_russia_closes/ |publisher=The Register |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> |
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In 2023, IBM acquired Manta Software Inc. to complement its data and |
In 2023, IBM acquired Manta Software Inc. to complement its data and A.I. governance capabilities for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Steve |title=IBM Extends Watson.x Governance & Compliance with Manta Acquisition |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2023/10/24/ibm-extends-watsonx-governance--compliance-with-manta-acquisition/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> On November 16, 2023, IBM suspended ads on Twitter after ads are found next to pro-Nazi content.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/ibm-suspends-ads-x-after-corporate-ads-appeared-next-pro-nazi-content-2023-11-16/|title=IBM suspends ads on X after corporate ads appeared next to pro-Nazi content|date=November 17, 2023 |work=Reuters |first1=Yuvraj |last1=Malik |first2=David |last2=Gaffen |editor-first1=Lisa |editor-last1=Shumaker |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206115339/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ibm-suspends-ads-x-after-corporate-ads-appeared-next-pro-nazi-content-2023-11-16/ |archive-date= Dec 6, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/business/dealbook/x-musk-tiktok-antisemitism-social-media.html|title=Advertisers Push Back at Social Media Firms over Antisemitism|work=The New York Times|date=November 17, 2023 |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Walt |first7=Vivienne |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117031136/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/business/dealbook/x-musk-tiktok-antisemitism-social-media.html |archive-date= Jan 17, 2024 }}</ref> |
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In December 2023, IBM announced it would acquire [[Software AG]]'s StreamSets and [[webMethods]] platforms for €2.13 billion ($2.33 billion).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=IBM to buy Software AG's enterprise integration platforms for $2.3 billion |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-buy-software-ags-enterprise-073610897.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> |
In December 2023, IBM announced it would acquire [[Software AG]]'s StreamSets and [[webMethods]] platforms for €2.13 billion ($2.33 billion).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=IBM to buy Software AG's enterprise integration platforms for $2.3 billion |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-buy-software-ags-enterprise-073610897.html |agency=Reuters |first1=Shivani |last1=Tanna |first2=Emma-Victoria |last2=Farr |editor-first1=Rashmi |editor-last1=Aich |editor-first2=Ed |editor-last2=Osmond |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== |
== Corporate affairs == |
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[[File:IBM CHQ - Oct 2014.jpg|thumb|IBM CHQ in [[Armonk, New York]] in 2014]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], a community {{convert|37|mi}} north of Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043253/https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> A nickname for the company is the "'''Colossus of Armonk'''".<ref name="salmans19820109">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | title=Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back | work=The New York Times | date=January 9, 1982 | access-date=January 2, 2015 | author=Salmans, Sandra | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827213057/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone edifice on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|title=IBM's New Headquarters Reflects A Change in Corporate Style|first=Laurence|last=Zuckerman|date=September 17, 1997|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201259/https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|title=On the Dedication of the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning – THINK Blog|date=October 2, 2018|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213458/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Property Overview|url=https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|publisher=Dolce Hotels and Resorts|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145017/https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|archive-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref> |
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=== Business trends === |
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⚫ | IBM operates in 174 countries {{as of|2016|lc=y}},<ref name="fortune20160201"/> with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the [[IBM Watson]] headquarters at [[Astor Place]] in Manhattan. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina]]; [[IBM Rochester|Rochester, Minnesota]]; and [[IBM Research - Almaden|Silicon Valley, California]]. |
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⚫ | IBM's market capitalization was valued at over $153 billion as of May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Market Cap 2010–2023 {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=Macrotrends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515200428/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap |archive-date= May 15, 2024 }}</ref> IBM ranked No. 38 on the 2020 [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231221341/https://fortune.com/fortune500/ |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, IBM was accused of using "financial engineering" to hit its quarterly earnings targets rather than investing for the longer term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sorkin |first=Andrew Ross |date=October 20, 2014 |title=The Truth About IBM's Buybacks |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410173205/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |work=DealBook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saft |first=James |date=October 21, 2014 |title=IBM and the financial engineering economy: James Saft |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Boring IBM Just Got a Lot More Interesting |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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The key trends of IBM are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/IBM-Aktie/US4592001014 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM 2008-2016 |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/IBM-Aktie/US4592001014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903204737/https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/IBM-Aktie/US4592001014 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref> |
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⚫ | IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include [[1250 René-Lévesque]] (Montreal, Canada) and [[One Atlantic Center]] (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies [[Pangu Plaza]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=5663141|title=Company Overview of IBM China Company Limited|website=Bloomberg|access-date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145229/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0347735D:CH|url-status=live}}</ref> the city's seventh tallest building and overlooking [[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest")]], home to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. |
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⚫ | [[IBM India|IBM India Private Limited]] is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. It has facilities in [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Gurugram]], [[Noida]], [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Surat]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Jamshedpur]]. |
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⚫ | Other notable buildings include the [[IBM Rome Software Lab]] (Rome, Italy), [[Hursley House]] (Winchester, UK), [[330 North Wabash]] (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the [[Cambridge Scientific Center]] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the [[IBM Toronto Software Lab]] (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the [[IBM Building (Seattle)]] (Seattle, Washington, United States), the [[IBM Hakozaki Facility]] (Tokyo, Japan), the [[IBM Yamato Facility]] (Yamato, Japan), the [[IBM Canada Head Office Building]] (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|title=Watson IoT Headquarters|date=May 17, 2017|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033836/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the [[IBM Somers Office Complex]] (Somers, New York), [[Spango Valley#The IBM Years|Spango Valley]] (Greenock, Scotland), and [[Tour Descartes]] (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by [[Marcel Breuer]], [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[I.M. Pei]] and [[Ricardo Legorreta]]. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]].<ref name="Honor">{{cite news|title=In the IBM Honoring the Corporation's Buildings|first=Benjamin|last=Forgey|date=March 24, 1990|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> |
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⚫ | IBM was recognized as one of the Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) in 2005, which recognized [[Fortune 500]] companies that provided employees with excellent [[Commuting|commuter]] benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|title=Environmental Protection|date=May 3, 2008|publisher=IBM|access-date=May 17, 2008|archive-date=September 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903084712/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in [[Endicott, New York#Pollution|Endicott, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|title=Village of Endicott Environmental Investigations|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025230912/https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63|title=In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors|date=March 15, 2004|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=New York Times Online|first=Samme|last=Chittum|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110211/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/nyregion/in-an-ibm-village-pollution-fears-taint-relations-with-neighbors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
==Finance== |
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⚫ | |||
|+ 10-Year Financials (2014-2023) |
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!Year |
!Year |
||
!Revenue<br /> |
!Revenue<br />(US$ bn) |
||
!Net income<br /> |
!Net income<br />(US$ bn) |
||
!Employees |
!Employees |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2014 |
|2014 |
||
|92.7 |
|||
|92,793 {{decrease}} |
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|12 |
|12.0 |
||
|379,592 |
|379,592 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2015 |
|2015 |
||
|81.7 |
|||
|81,741 {{decrease}} |
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|13 |
|13.1 |
||
|377,757 |
|377,757 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2016 |
|2016 |
||
|79.9 |
|||
|79,919 {{decrease}} |
|||
|11 |
|11.8 |
||
|380,300 |
|380,300 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2017 |
|2017 |
||
|79.1 |
|||
|79,139 {{decrease}} |
|||
|5 |
|5.7 |
||
|366,600 |
|366,600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2018 |
|2018 |
||
|79.5 |
|||
|79,591 {{increase}} |
|||
|8 |
|8.7 |
||
|350,600 |
|350,600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2019 |
|2019 |
||
|77.1 |
|||
|77,100 {{decrease}} |
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|9 |
|9.4 |
||
|352,600 |
|352,600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2020 |
|2020 |
||
|73.6 |
|||
|73,620 {{decrease}} |
|||
|5 |
|5.5 |
||
|345,900 |
|345,900 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|2021 |
|||
|57.3 |
|||
|57,350{{dagger}} {{increase}} |
|||
|5 |
|5.7 |
||
|282,100 |
|282,100 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2022 |
|2022 |
||
|60.5 |
|||
|60,530 {{increase}} |
|||
|1 |
|1.6 |
||
|288,300 |
|288,300 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2023 |
|2023 |
||
|61.8 |
|||
|61,860 {{increase}} |
|||
|7 |
|7.5 |
||
|282,200 |
|282,200 |
||
|- |
|||
⚫ | |||
|} |
|} |
||
=== Headquarters and offices === |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], a community {{convert|37|mi}} north of Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043253/https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> A nickname for the company is the "'''Colossus of Armonk'''".<ref name="salmans19820109">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | title=Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back | work=The New York Times | date=January 9, 1982 | access-date=January 2, 2015 | author=Salmans, Sandra | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827213057/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone edifice on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|title=IBM's New Headquarters Reflects A Change in Corporate Style|first=Laurence|last=Zuckerman|date=September 17, 1997|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201259/https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|title=On the Dedication of the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning – THINK Blog|date=October 2, 2018|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213458/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Property Overview|url=https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|publisher=Dolce Hotels and Resorts|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145017/https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|archive-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref> |
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⚫ | IBM operates in 174 countries {{as of|2016|lc=y}},<ref name="fortune20160201"/> with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the [[IBM Watson]] headquarters at [[Astor Place]] in Manhattan. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina]]; [[IBM Rochester|Rochester, Minnesota]]; and [[IBM Research - Almaden|Silicon Valley, California]]. |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include [[1250 René-Lévesque]] (Montreal, Canada) and [[One Atlantic Center]] (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies [[Pangu Plaza]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=5663141|title=Company Overview of IBM China Company Limited|website=Bloomberg|access-date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145229/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0347735D:CH|url-status=live}}</ref> the city's seventh tallest building and overlooking [[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest")]], home to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. |
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⚫ | [[IBM India|IBM India Private Limited]] is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. It has facilities in [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Gurugram]], [[Noida]], [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Surat]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Jamshedpur]]. |
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⚫ | Other notable buildings include the [[IBM Rome Software Lab]] (Rome, Italy), [[Hursley House]] (Winchester, UK), [[330 North Wabash]] (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the [[Cambridge Scientific Center]] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the [[IBM Toronto Software Lab]] (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the [[IBM Building (Seattle)]] (Seattle, Washington, United States), the [[IBM Hakozaki Facility]] (Tokyo, Japan), the [[IBM Yamato Facility]] (Yamato, Japan), the [[IBM Canada Head Office Building]] (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|title=Watson IoT Headquarters|date=May 17, 2017|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033836/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the [[IBM Somers Office Complex]] (Somers, New York), [[Spango Valley#The IBM Years|Spango Valley]] (Greenock, Scotland), and [[Tour Descartes]] (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by [[Marcel Breuer]], [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[I.M. Pei]] and [[Ricardo Legorreta]]. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]].<ref name="Honor">{{cite news|title=In the IBM Honoring the Corporation's Buildings|first=Benjamin|last=Forgey|date=March 24, 1990|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> |
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⚫ | IBM was recognized as one of the Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) in 2005, which recognized [[Fortune 500]] companies that provided employees with excellent [[Commuting|commuter]] benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|title=Environmental Protection|date=May 3, 2008|publisher=IBM|access-date=May 17, 2008|archive-date=September 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903084712/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in [[Endicott, New York#Pollution|Endicott, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|title=Village of Endicott Environmental Investigations|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025230912/https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63|title=In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors|date=March 15, 2004|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=New York Times Online|first=Samme|last=Chittum|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110211/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/nyregion/in-an-ibm-village-pollution-fears-taint-relations-with-neighbors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Products and services== |
==Products and services== |
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{{see also|List of IBM products}}<!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION--> |
{{see also|List of IBM products}}<!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION--> |
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[[File:Mira - Blue Gene Q at Argonne National Laboratory - Skin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Gene]] was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] in 2009.]] |
[[File:Mira - Blue Gene Q at Argonne National Laboratory - Skin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Gene]] was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] in 2009.]] |
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IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. {{as of|2016}}, these offerings fall into the categories of [[cloud computing]], artificial intelligence, commerce, data and [[analytics]], [[Internet of things]] (IoT),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2479438,00.asp|title=IBM Investing $3B in Internet of Things|work=PCMAG|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034048/https://www.pcmag.com/news/ibm-investing-3b-in-internet-of-things|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IT infrastructure]], [[Mobile computing|mobile]], digital workplace<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital workplace services |url=https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |website=IBM |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-in |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085750/https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[cybersecurity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Products|url=https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613073817/https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|url-status=live}}</ref> |
IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. {{as of|2016}}, these offerings fall into the categories of [[cloud computing]], artificial intelligence, [[commerce]], [[Data analysis|data]] and [[analytics]], [[Internet of things]] (IoT),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2479438,00.asp|title=IBM Investing $3B in Internet of Things|work=PCMAG|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034048/https://www.pcmag.com/news/ibm-investing-3b-in-internet-of-things|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IT infrastructure]], [[Mobile computing|mobile]], digital workplace<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital workplace services |url=https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |website=IBM |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-in |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085750/https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[cybersecurity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Products|url=https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613073817/https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[IBM Cloud]] includes [[infrastructure as a service]] (IaaS), [[software as a service]] (SaaS) and [[platform as a service]] (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid [[Cloud computing#Deployment models|cloud delivery models]]. For instance, the IBM [[Bluemix]] PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM [[SoftLayer]] is a [[dedicated server]], [[managed hosting]] and [[cloud computing]] provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Data Center Knowledge – SoftLayer: $78 Million in First Quarter Revenue|date=May 17, 2011|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032153/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using [[cryptographic splitting]] to secure customer data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|title=Cloud computing news: Security|publisher=ibm.com|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112148/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|url-status=live}}</ref> |
[[IBM Cloud]] includes [[infrastructure as a service]] (IaaS), [[software as a service]] (SaaS) and [[platform as a service]] (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid [[Cloud computing#Deployment models|cloud delivery models]]. For instance, the IBM [[Bluemix]] PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM [[SoftLayer]] is a [[dedicated server]], [[managed hosting]] and [[cloud computing]] provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Data Center Knowledge – SoftLayer: $78 Million in First Quarter Revenue|date=May 17, 2011|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032153/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using [[cryptographic splitting]] to secure customer data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|title=Cloud computing news: Security|publisher=ibm.com|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112148/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In November 2022, the company came out with a chip called the 433-qubit Osprey. ''Time'' called it "the world's most powerful quantum processor" and noted that if the processor's speed were represented in bits, the number would be larger than the total number of atoms in the universe.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How Quantum Computing Will Transform Our World |url=https://time.com/6249784/quantum-computing-revolution/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> |
In November 2022, the company came out with a chip called the 433-qubit Osprey. ''Time'' called it "the world's most powerful quantum processor" and noted that if the processor's speed were represented in bits, the number would be larger than the total number of atoms in the universe.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How Quantum Computing Will Transform Our World |url=https://time.com/6249784/quantum-computing-revolution/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> |
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In May 2023, IBM revealed [[IBM Watsonx|Watsonx]], a [[Generative AI]] toolkit that is powered by IBM's own [[IBM Granite|Granite]] models with option to use other publicly available [[Large language model|LLMs]]. Watsonx has multiple services for training and [[Fine-tuning (deep learning)|fine tuning]] models based on confidential data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/07/ibm-rolls-out-new-generative-ai-features-and-models/|title=IBM rolls out new generative AI features and models|first=Kyle|last=Wiggers|date=September 7, 2023|publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref> A year later, IBM [[Open source|open-sourced]] Granite code models and put them on [[Hugging Face]] for public use.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nine |first=Adrianna |date=May 7, 2024 |title=IBM Makes Granite AI Models Open-Source Under New InstructLab Platform |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/ibm-makes-granite-ai-models-open-source-under-new-instructlab-platform |work=[[ExtremeTech]]}}</ref> |
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In an effort to streamline its products and services, beginning in the 1990s, IBM has regularly sold off low margin assets while shifting its focus to higher-value, more profitable markets. In 1991, the company spun off its printer and keyboard manufacturing division to [[Lexmark]], in 2005 it sold its personal computer ([[ThinkPad]]/[[ThinkCentre]]) business to [[Lenovo]], in 2015 it adopted a "[[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]]" model with [[semiconductors]] design and offloaded manufacturing to [[GlobalFoundries]], and in 2021 it spun-off its managed infrastructure services unit into a new public company named [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=IBM to Spin off $19B Business to Focus on Cloud Computing |url=https://apnews.com/article/archive-cloud-computing-artificial-intelligence-d72c75969a5f3346f91090d3e4102359g |access-date=October 13, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=IBM to name infrastructure services business 'Kyndryl' after spinoff |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |url-status=live |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161342/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |archive-date=July 25, 2021 }}</ref> IBM also announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company [[Turbonomic]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM to Acquire Software Provider Turbonomic for Over $1.5 Billion |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |agency=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170347/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=April 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, IBM announced it would sell [[IBM Watson Health|Watson Health]] to private equity firm [[Francisco Partners]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Condon |first=Stephanie |date=January 21, 2022 |title=IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners |work=[[ZDNet]] |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121180824/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> IBM also started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer [[Rapidus]] in late 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership to Build Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Ecosystem in Japan |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-12-12-IBM-and-Rapidus-Form-Strategic-Partnership-to-Build-Advanced-Semiconductor-Technology-and-Ecosystem-in-Japan |date=2023-12-12 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GlobalFoundries sues IBM, says trade secrets were unlawfully given to Japan's Rapidus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html |date=2023-04-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> |
In an effort to streamline its products and services, beginning in the 1990s, IBM has regularly sold off low margin assets while shifting its focus to higher-value, more profitable markets. In 1991, the company spun off its printer and keyboard manufacturing division to [[Lexmark]], in 2005 it sold its personal computer ([[ThinkPad]]/[[ThinkCentre]]) business to [[Lenovo]], in 2015 it adopted a "[[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]]" model with [[semiconductors]] design and offloaded manufacturing to [[GlobalFoundries]], and in 2021 it spun-off its managed infrastructure services unit into a new public company named [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=IBM to Spin off $19B Business to Focus on Cloud Computing |url=https://apnews.com/article/archive-cloud-computing-artificial-intelligence-d72c75969a5f3346f91090d3e4102359g |access-date=October 13, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=IBM to name infrastructure services business 'Kyndryl' after spinoff |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |url-status=live |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161342/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |archive-date=July 25, 2021 }}</ref> IBM also announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company [[Turbonomic]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM to Acquire Software Provider Turbonomic for Over $1.5 Billion |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |agency=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170347/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=April 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, IBM announced it would sell [[IBM Watson Health|Watson Health]] to private equity firm [[Francisco Partners]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Condon |first=Stephanie |date=January 21, 2022 |title=IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners |work=[[ZDNet]] |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121180824/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> IBM also started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer [[Rapidus]] in late 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership to Build Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Ecosystem in Japan |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-12-12-IBM-and-Rapidus-Form-Strategic-Partnership-to-Build-Advanced-Semiconductor-Technology-and-Ecosystem-in-Japan |date=2023-12-12 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GlobalFoundries sues IBM, says trade secrets were unlawfully given to Japan's Rapidus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html |date=2023-04-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> |
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Famous [[invention]]s and developments by IBM include: <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->the [[automated teller machine|automated teller machine (ATM)]], [[DRAM|dynamic random access memory (DRAM)]], the [[Keypunch|electronic keypunch]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]], the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[SQL]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]] bar code, and the [[virtual machine]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=July 22, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200350/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major part of IBM research is the generation of [[patents]]. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.<ref name="patents"/> |
Famous [[invention]]s and developments by IBM include: <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->the [[automated teller machine|automated teller machine (ATM)]], [[DRAM|dynamic random access memory (DRAM)]], the [[Keypunch|electronic keypunch]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]], the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[SQL]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]] bar code, and the [[virtual machine]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=July 22, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200350/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major part of IBM research is the generation of [[patents]]. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.<ref name="patents"/> |
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Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=October 15, 1986|access-date=January 1, 2014|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193323/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Six IBM employees have won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Guy L.|doi=10.1145/1866739.1866752|title=An interview with Frances E. Allen|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=54|page=39|year=2011|s2cid=11847872 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology (USA)]] and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science (USA)]] have been awarded to IBM employees. |
Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=October 15, 1986|access-date=January 1, 2014|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193323/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Six IBM employees have won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Guy L.|doi=10.1145/1866739.1866752|title=An interview with Frances E. Allen|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=54|page=39|year=2011|s2cid=11847872 |doi-access=| issn = 0001-0782}}</ref> Ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology (USA)]] and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science (USA)]] have been awarded to IBM employees. |
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==Brand and reputation== |
==Brand and reputation== |
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In government, alumna [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline DeLaat|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts|title-link=Women in World History}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|access-date=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230121/https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">{{cite web|url=https://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/statepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin|title=Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994|page=157}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|title=Katherine Harris' Biography|work=[[Project Vote Smart]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|archive-date=January 24, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]]. |
In government, alumna [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline DeLaat|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts|title-link=Women in World History}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|access-date=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230121/https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">{{cite web|url=https://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/statepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin|title=Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994|page=157}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|title=Katherine Harris' Biography|work=[[Project Vote Smart]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|archive-date=January 24, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]]. |
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Other former IBM employees include [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]], noted musician [[Dave Matthews]],<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |title= |
Other former IBM employees include [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]], noted musician [[Dave Matthews]],<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |title=POP/JAZZ; A Band That Built a Career From the Ground Up |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 1998 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010074833/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harvey Mudd College]] president [[Maria Klawe]], [[Western Governors University]] president emeritus [[Robert Mendenhall]], former [[University of Kentucky]] president [[Lee T. Todd Jr.]], former [[University of Iowa]] president [[Bruce Harreld]], [[NFL]] referee [[Bill Carollo]],<ref name=NASO>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors — Officers|url=https://www.naso.org/board.htm|publisher=National Association of Sports Officials|access-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040843/https://www.naso.org/board.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Rangers F.C.]] chairman [[John McClelland (businessman)|John McClelland]], and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[J. M. Coetzee]]. [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] also served as the [[List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America|11th national president]] of the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. <!-- ONLY SUPER NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY--> |
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===Board and shareholders=== |
===Board and shareholders=== |
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The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of [[Anthem (company)|Anthem]], [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]], [[Johnson and Johnson]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], and [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]] as well as the president of [[Cornell University]] and a retired [[Admiral (United States)|U.S. Navy admiral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|title=Board of Directors|date=March 9, 2020|publisher=IBM|access-date=March 11, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708010734/https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of [[Anthem (company)|Anthem]], [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]], [[Johnson and Johnson]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], and [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]] as well as the president of [[Cornell University]] and a retired [[Admiral (United States)|U.S. Navy admiral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|title=Board of Directors|date=March 9, 2020|publisher=IBM|access-date=March 11, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708010734/https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Vanguard Group is the largest shareholder of IBM and as of March 31, 2023, held 15.7% of total shares outstanding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Business Machines Corporation Common Stock (IBM) Institutional Holdings |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/ibm/institutional-holdings |website=Nasdaq}}</ref> |
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In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McFarland|first1=Matt|title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffett increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|title=Warren Buffett says Berkshire Hathaway has sold completely out of IBM|first=Matthew J.|last=Belvedere|date=May 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504195836/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McFarland|first1=Matt|title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffett increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|title=Warren Buffett says Berkshire Hathaway has sold completely out of IBM|first=Matthew J.|last=Belvedere|date=May 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504195836/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Companies}} |
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* [[List of electronics brands]] |
* [[List of electronics brands]] |
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* [[List of largest Internet companies]] |
* [[List of largest Internet companies]] |
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* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]] |
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]] |
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* [[Quantum Energy Teleportation]] using IBM superconducting computers |
* [[Quantum Energy Teleportation]] using IBM superconducting computers |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
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<!----- Books listed here are mostly less than 25 years old -----------------> |
<!----- Books listed here are mostly less than 25 years old -----------------> |
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* {{cite book|author-first=Henry|author-last=Bakis|editor=F. E. Ian Hamilton|year=1987|title=Industrial change in advanced economies|publisher=Croom Helm|location=London|chapter=Telecommunications and the Global Firm|pages=130–160|isbn=978-0-7099-3828-6}} |
* {{cite book |author-first=Henry |author-last=Bakis |editor=F. E. Ian Hamilton |year=1987 |title=Industrial change in advanced economies |publisher=Croom Helm |location=London |chapter=Telecommunications and the Global Firm |pages=130–160 |isbn=978-0-7099-3828-6}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Roy A.|last=Bauer|year=1992|title=The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|display-authors=etal}} |
* {{cite book |first=Roy A. |last=Bauer |year=1992 |title=The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |display-authors=etal}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|year=2001|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation|title-link=IBM and the Holocaust|publisher=Dialog Press |isbn=0-914153-10-2}} |
* {{cite book |first=Edwin |last=Black |author-link=Edwin Black |year=2001 |title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation |title-link=IBM and the Holocaust |publisher=Dialog Press |isbn=0-914153-10-2}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Carroll|year=1993|title=Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM|url=https://archive.org/details/bigbluesunmaking00carr|url-access=registration|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=978-0-517-59197-0}} |
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Carroll |year=1993 |title=Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM |url=https://archive.org/details/bigbluesunmaking00carr |url-access=registration |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=978-0-517-59197-0}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Doug|last=Garr|year=1999|title=IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade|publisher=Harper Business}} |
* {{cite book |first=Doug |last=Garr |year=1999 |title=IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade |publisher=Harper Business}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Louis V. Jr.|last=Gerstner|author-link=Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|year=2002|title=Who Says Elephants can't Dance?|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-00-715448-8}} |
* {{cite book |first=Louis V. Jr. |last=Gerstner |author-link=Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. |year=2002 |title=Who Says Elephants can't Dance? |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-715448-8}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Peter E.|last=Greulich|year=2014|title=A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution|publisher=MBI Concepts Corporation|isbn=978-0-9833734-6-9}} |
* {{cite book |first=Peter E. |last=Greulich |year=2014 |title=A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution |publisher=MBI Concepts Corporation |isbn=978-0-9833734-6-9}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Harwood|year=2011|title=The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-7039-0}} |
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Harwood |year=2011 |title=The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-7039-0}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Heller|year=1994|title=The Fate of IBM|publisher=Little Brown}} |
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Heller |year=1994 |title=The Fate of IBM |publisher=Little Brown}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1987|title=IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed|publisher=Kogan Page}} |
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Mercer |year=1987 |title=IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed |publisher=Kogan Page}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1988|title=The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management|url=https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Dodd, Mead|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0/page/374 374]|isbn=978-0-396-09259-9}} |
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Mercer |year=1988 |title=The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management |url=https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Dodd, Mead |page=[https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0/page/374 374] |isbn=978-0-396-09259-9}} |
||
* {{cite book|first1=D. Quinn|last1=Mills|first2=G. Bruce|last2=Friesen|year=1996|title=Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM|publisher=Harvard Business School|isbn=0-87584-654-8}}. |
* {{cite book |first1=D. Quinn |last1=Mills |first2=G. Bruce |last2=Friesen |year=1996 |title=Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM |publisher=Harvard Business School |isbn=0-87584-654-8}}. |
||
* {{cite book|first=Emerson W.|last=Pugh|year=1996|title=Building IBM: Shaping an Industry|publisher=[[MIT Press]]}} |
* {{cite book |first=Emerson W. |last=Pugh |year=1996 |title=Building IBM: Shaping an Industry |publisher=[[MIT Press]]}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Slater|year=1999|title=Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner|publisher=McGraw Hill}} |
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Slater |year=1999 |title=Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner |publisher=McGraw Hill}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Ulrich|last=Steinhilper|author-link=Ulrich Steinhilper|year=2006|title=Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing|publisher=Independent Books |isbn=1-872836-75-5}} |
* {{cite book |first=Ulrich |last=Steinhilper |author-link=Ulrich Steinhilper |year=2006 |title=Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing |publisher=Independent Books |isbn=1-872836-75-5}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Ernest|last=von Simson|year=2009|title=The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4401-9258-6}} |
* {{cite book |first=Ernest |last=von Simson |year=2009 |title=The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4401-9258-6}} |
||
* {{cite book|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Watson|author-link=Thomas Watson, Jr.|year=1990|title=Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond|publisher=Bantam Books |url=https://archive.org/details/fathersoncomylif00wats_0|url-access=registration|isbn=0-553-29023-1}} |
* {{cite book |first=Thomas Jr. |last=Watson |author-link=Thomas Watson, Jr. |year=1990 |title=Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond |publisher=Bantam Books |url=https://archive.org/details/fathersoncomylif00wats_0 |url-access=registration |isbn=0-553-29023-1}} |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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{{Electronics industry in the United States}} |
{{Electronics industry in the United States}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Portalbar|Companies|Telecommunication|Electronics|Technology}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:IBM| ]] |
[[Category:IBM| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1911 establishments in New York (state)]] |
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[[Category:Technology companies established in |
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1911]] |
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[[Category:American companies established in |
[[Category:American companies established in 1911]] |
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[[Category:Cloud computing providers]] |
[[Category:Cloud computing providers]] |
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[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]] |
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]] |
Revision as of 22:10, 14 July 2024
International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue,[6] is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York and present in over 175 countries.[7][8] IBM is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 19 research facilities across a dozen countries, having held the record for most annual U.S. patents generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021.[9][10][11]
IBM was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), a holding company of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of punch-card tabulating systems. During the 1960s and 1970s, the IBM mainframe, exemplified by the System/360, was the world's dominant computing platform, with the company producing 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.[12]
IBM entered the microcomputer market in the 1980s with the IBM Personal Computer, which soon became known as PC, one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,[13][14] the PC was not well protected by intellectual property laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market, while at the same time the openness of the PC platform has ensured PC's longevity as the most popular microcomputer standard.
Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from commodity production, most notably selling its personal computer division to the Lenovo Group in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on computer services, software, supercomputers, and scientific research. Since 2000, its supercomputers have consistently ranked among the most powerful in the world, and in 2001 it became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.[12] As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.[15]
As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several technological innovations, including the automated teller machine (ATM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the SQL programming language, and the UPC barcode. The company has made inroads in advanced computer chips, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and data infrastructure.[16][17][18] IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six Nobel Prizes and six Turing Awards.[19]
IBM is a publicly traded company and one of 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. It is among the world's largest employers, with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022.[20] Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,[21] IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and 67th largest overall company by revenue in the United States. It is also consistently ranked among the world's most recognizable and valuable brands.[22]
History
IBM originated with several technological innovations developed and commercialized in the late 19th century. Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;[23] Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);[24] Herman Hollerith patented the Electric Tabulating Machine (1889);[25] and Willard Bundy invented a time clock to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape (1889).[26] On June 16, 1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.[1][27] The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto, Canada.[28]
Collectively, the companies manufactured a wide array of machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.[29] Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when antitrust cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.[30] Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.[31] He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".[32][33] His favorite slogan, "THINK", became a mantra for each company's employees.[32] During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million ($158 million today) and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.[32] Watson never liked the clumsy hyphenated name "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines" which had previously been used as the name of CTR's Canadian Division;[34] the name was changed on February 14, 1924.[35] By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.[36]
The Nazis made extensive use of Hollerith punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. These census data were used to facilitate the round-up of Jews and other targeted groups, and to catalog their movements through the machinery of the Holocaust, including internment in the concentration camps.[37] Nazi concentration camps operated a Hollerith department called Hollerith Abteilung, which had IBM machines, including calculating and sorting machines.[38]
IBM produced 6% of the M1 Carbine rifles used in World War II, about 346,500 of them, between August 1943 and May. IBM never produced guns for civilian sales, only for the military.
IBM built the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube based IBM 701, in 1952. The IBM 305 RAMAC introduced the hard disk drive in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the 7000 and 1400 series, beginning in 1958.
In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.
In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers.
On April 7, 1964, IBM launched the first computer system family, the IBM System/360. It spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their applications. It was followed by the IBM System/370 in 1970. Together the 360 and 370 made the IBM mainframe the dominant mainframe computer and the dominant computing platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early 1980s. They and the operating systems that ran on them such as OS/VS1 and MVS, and the middleware built on top of those such as the CICS transaction processing monitor, had a near-monopoly-level market share and became the thing IBM was most known for during this period.[39]
In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".[40]
Also in 1969, IBM engineer Forrest Parry invented the magnetic stripe card that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer George J. Laurer developed the Universal Product Code.[41] IBM and the World Bank first introduced financial swaps to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.[42] The IBM PC, originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard.
In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.[43][44] These included AdStar, dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; Lexmark, dedicated to small printers; and more.[45] Lexmark was acquired by Clayton & Dubilier in a leveraged buyout shortly after its formation.[46]
In September 1992, IBM completed the spin-off of their various non-mainframe and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions, combining them into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).[47][48] This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the drop to a fierce price war in the personal computer market over the summer of 1992.[49] The corporate restructuring was one of the largest and most expensive in history up to that point.[50] By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including Ambra Computer Corporation and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "clone" computers of IBM's own architecture and the latter responsible for IBM's PowerPC-based workstations.[51][52]
In 1993, IBM posted an $8 billion loss – at the time the biggest in American corporate history.[53] Lou Gerstner was hired as CEO from RJR Nabisco to turn the company around.[54] In 2002 IBM acquired PwC Consulting, the consulting arm of PwC which was merged into its IBM Global Services.[55][56]
In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer consulting and customer service division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.[57] A year later, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors Compaq and Dell.[58] Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.[59]
On September 14, 2004, LG and IBM announced that their business alliance in the South Korean market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.[60][61][62][63] Xnote was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.[64]
In 2005, the company sold all of its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo[65] and, in 2009, it acquired software company SPSS Inc. Later in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which was exhibited on Jeopardy! where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy Kenexa and Texas Memory Systems,[66] and a year later it also acquired SoftLayer Technologies, a web hosting service, in a deal worth around $2 billion.[67] Also that year, the company designed a video surveillance system for Davao City.[68]
In 2014 IBM announced it would sell its x86 server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.[69] while continuing to offer Power ISA-based servers. Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including Apple Inc.,[70][71] Twitter,[72] Facebook,[73] Tencent,[74] Cisco,[75] UnderArmour,[76] Box,[77] Microsoft,[78] VMware,[79] CSC,[80] Macy's,[81] Sesame Workshop,[82] the parent company of Sesame Street, and Salesforce.com.[83]
In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,[84] data storage vendor Cleversafe, and all digital assets from The Weather Company, including Weather.com and the Weather Channel mobile app.[85][86] Also that year, IBM employees created the film A Boy and His Atom, which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service Ustream and formed a new cloud video unit.[87][88] In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.[89] The following month, Groupon sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.[90]
In 2015, IBM bought the digital part of The Weather Company,[91] Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire Red Hat for $34 billion,[92][93][94] which was completed on July 9, 2019.[95]
In February of 2020, IBM's John Kelly III joined Brad Smith of Microsoft to sign a pledge with the Vatican to ensure the ethical use and practice of Artificial Intelligence (AI).[96]
IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.[97] The new company, Kyndryl, will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.[98][99][100] IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.[101][102][103] IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of Kyndryl.[104][105]
On March 7, 2022, a few days after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, IBM CEO Arvind Krishna published a Ukrainian flag and announced that "we have suspended all business in Russia". All Russian articles were also removed from the IBM website.[106] On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.[107]
In 2023, IBM acquired Manta Software Inc. to complement its data and A.I. governance capabilities for an undisclosed amount.[108] On November 16, 2023, IBM suspended ads on Twitter after ads are found next to pro-Nazi content.[109][110]
In December 2023, IBM announced it would acquire Software AG's StreamSets and webMethods platforms for €2.13 billion ($2.33 billion).[111]
Corporate affairs
Business trends
IBM's market capitalization was valued at over $153 billion as of May 2024.[112] IBM ranked No. 38 on the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[113] In 2014, IBM was accused of using "financial engineering" to hit its quarterly earnings targets rather than investing for the longer term.[114][115][116]
The key trends of IBM are (as at the financial year ending December 31):[117][118]
Year | Revenue (US$ bn) |
Net income (US$ bn) |
Employees |
---|---|---|---|
2014 | 92.7 | 12.0 | 379,592 |
2015 | 81.7 | 13.1 | 377,757 |
2016 | 79.9 | 11.8 | 380,300 |
2017 | 79.1 | 5.7 | 366,600 |
2018 | 79.5 | 8.7 | 350,600 |
2019 | 77.1 | 9.4 | 352,600 |
2020 | 73.6 | 5.5 | 345,900 |
2021[a] | 57.3 | 5.7 | 282,100 |
2022 | 60.5 | 1.6 | 288,300 |
2023 | 61.8 | 7.5 | 282,200 |
Headquarters and offices
IBM is headquartered in Armonk, New York, a community 37 miles (60 km) north of Midtown Manhattan.[119] A nickname for the company is the "Colossus of Armonk".[120] Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a 283,000-square-foot (26,300 m2) glass and stone edifice on a 25-acre (10 ha) parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.[121] There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning[122] (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.[123]
IBM operates in 174 countries as of 2016[update],[2] with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the IBM Watson headquarters at Astor Place in Manhattan. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include Austin, Texas; Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina; Rochester, Minnesota; and Silicon Valley, California.
IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include 1250 René-Lévesque (Montreal, Canada) and One Atlantic Center (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies Pangu Plaza,[124] the city's seventh tallest building and overlooking Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest"), home to the 2008 Summer Olympics.
IBM India Private Limited is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at Bangalore, Karnataka. It has facilities in Coimbatore, Chennai, Kochi, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Gurugram, Noida, Bhubaneshwar, Surat, Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Jamshedpur.
Other notable buildings include the IBM Rome Software Lab (Rome, Italy), Hursley House (Winchester, UK), 330 North Wabash (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the Cambridge Scientific Center (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the IBM Toronto Software Lab (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the IBM Building (Seattle) (Seattle, Washington, United States), the IBM Hakozaki Facility (Tokyo, Japan), the IBM Yamato Facility (Yamato, Japan), the IBM Canada Head Office Building (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters[125] (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the IBM Somers Office Complex (Somers, New York), Spango Valley (Greenock, Scotland), and Tour Descartes (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by Marcel Breuer, Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei and Ricardo Legorreta. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum.[126]
IBM was recognized as one of the Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005, which recognized Fortune 500 companies that provided employees with excellent commuter benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.[127] In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in Endicott, New York.[128][129]
Products and services
IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. As of 2016[update], these offerings fall into the categories of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, commerce, data and analytics, Internet of things (IoT),[130] IT infrastructure, mobile, digital workplace[131] and cybersecurity.[132]
IBM Cloud includes infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid cloud delivery models. For instance, the IBM Bluemix PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM SoftLayer is a dedicated server, managed hosting and cloud computing provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.[133] IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using cryptographic splitting to secure customer data.[134]
Hardware designed by IBM for these categories include IBM's Power microprocessors, which were designed into many console gaming systems, including Xbox 360,[135] PlayStation 3, and Nintendo's Wii U.[136][137] IBM Secure Blue is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,[138] and in 2014, the company revealed TrueNorth, a neuromorphic CMOS integrated circuit and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.[139] In 2016, the company launched all-flash arrays designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.[140]
IT outsourcing also represents a major service provided by IBM, with more than 60 data centers worldwide.[141] IBM Developer is IBM's source for emerging software technologies, and SPSS is a software package used for statistical analysis. IBM's Kenexa suite provides employment and retention solutions[buzzword], and includes the BrassRing, an applicant tracking system used by thousands of companies for recruiting.[142] IBM also owns The Weather Company, which provides weather forecasting and includes weather.com and Weather Underground.[143]
Smarter Planet is an initiative that seeks to achieve economic growth, near-term efficiency, sustainable development, and societal progress,[144][145] targeting opportunities such as smart grids,[146] water management systems,[147] solutions to traffic congestion,[148] and greener buildings.[149]
Services provisions include Redbooks, which are publicly available online books about best practices with IBM products, and developerWorks, a website for software developers and IT professionals with how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads, code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals.[150]
IBM Watson is a technology platform that uses natural language processing and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of unstructured data.[151] Watson was debuted in 2011 on the American game show Jeopardy!, where it competed against champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in a three-game tournament and won. Watson has since been applied to business, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to assist with considering treatment options for oncology patients and for doing melanoma screenings.[152] Several companies use Watson for call centers, either replacing or assisting customer service agents.[153]
In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial quantum computer: IBM Q System One.[154]
IBM also provides infrastructure for the New York City Police Department through their IBM Cognos Analytics to perform data visualizations of CompStat crime data.[155]
In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build the first quantum computer in Germany. The computer should allow researchers to harness the technology without falling foul of the EU's increasingly assertive stance on data sovereignty.[156]
In June 2020, IBM announced that it was exiting the facial recognition business. In a letter to congress,[157] IBM's Chief Executive Officer Arvind Krishna told lawmakers, "now is the time to begin a national dialogue on whether and how facial recognition technology should be employed by domestic law enforcement agencies."[158]
In May 2022, IBM announced the company had signed a multi-year Strategic Collaboration Agreement with Amazon Web Services to make a wide variety of IBM software available as a service on AWS Marketplace. Additionally, the deal includes both companies making joint investments that make it easier for companies to consume IBM's offering and integrate them with AWS, including developer training and software development for select markets.[159]
In November 2022, the company came out with a chip called the 433-qubit Osprey. Time called it "the world's most powerful quantum processor" and noted that if the processor's speed were represented in bits, the number would be larger than the total number of atoms in the universe.[160]
In May 2023, IBM revealed Watsonx, a Generative AI toolkit that is powered by IBM's own Granite models with option to use other publicly available LLMs. Watsonx has multiple services for training and fine tuning models based on confidential data.[161] A year later, IBM open-sourced Granite code models and put them on Hugging Face for public use.[162]
In an effort to streamline its products and services, beginning in the 1990s, IBM has regularly sold off low margin assets while shifting its focus to higher-value, more profitable markets. In 1991, the company spun off its printer and keyboard manufacturing division to Lexmark, in 2005 it sold its personal computer (ThinkPad/ThinkCentre) business to Lenovo, in 2015 it adopted a "fabless" model with semiconductors design and offloaded manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, and in 2021 it spun-off its managed infrastructure services unit into a new public company named Kyndryl.[163][164] IBM also announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company Turbonomic for $1.5 billion.[165] In 2022, IBM announced it would sell Watson Health to private equity firm Francisco Partners.[166] IBM also started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer Rapidus in late 2022,[167] which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.[168]
Research
Research has been part of IBM since its founding, and its organized efforts trace their roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at Columbia University in New York City, converting a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, IBM Research constitutes the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 12 labs on 6 continents.[169] IBM Research is headquartered at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York, and facilities include the Almaden lab in California, Austin lab in Texas, Australia lab in Melbourne, Brazil lab in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, China lab in Beijing and Shanghai, Ireland lab in Dublin, Haifa lab in Israel, India lab in Delhi and Bangalore, Tokyo lab, Zurichlab and Africa lab in Nairobi.
In terms of investment, IBM's R&D expenditure totals several billion dollars each year. In 2012, that expenditure was approximately $6.9 billion.[170] Recent allocations have included $1 billion to create a business unit for Watson in 2014, and $3 billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $4 billion towards growing the company's "strategic imperatives" (cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social) in 2015.[171]
IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998.[172] The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers.[173] IBM has also released code under different open-source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately $40 million at the time of the donation),[174] the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).
Famous inventions and developments by IBM include: the automated teller machine (ATM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), the electronic keypunch, the financial swap, the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, RISC, the SABRE airline reservation system, SQL, the Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, and the virtual machine. Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a scanning tunneling microscope to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.[175] A major part of IBM research is the generation of patents. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.[9]
Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: Leo Esaki, of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the scanning tunneling microscope;[176] and Georg Bednorz and Alex Müller, also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in superconductivity. Six IBM employees have won the Turing Award, including the first female recipient Frances E. Allen.[177] Ten National Medals of Technology (USA) and five National Medals of Science (USA) have been awarded to IBM employees.
Brand and reputation
IBM is nicknamed Big Blue partly due to its blue logo and color scheme,[178][179] and also in reference to its former de facto dress code of white shirts with blue suits.[178][180] The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with its current "8-bar" logo designed in 1972 by graphic designer Paul Rand.[181] It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo, since period photocopiers did not render narrow (as opposed to tall) stripes well. Aside from the logo, IBM used Helvetica as a corporate typeface for 50 years, until it was replaced in 2017 by the custom-designed IBM Plex.
IBM has a valuable brand as a result of over 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has been the exclusive technology partner for the Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf, with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), the first course cam (1998), the first iPhone app with live streaming (2009), and first-ever live 4K Ultra High Definition feed in the United States for a major sporting event (2016).[182] As a result, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty became the third female member of the Master's governing body, the Augusta National Golf Club.[183] IBM is also a major sponsor in professional tennis, with engagements at the U.S. Open, Wimbledon, the Australian Open, and the French Open.[184] The company also sponsored the Olympic Games from 1960 to 2000,[185] and the National Football League from 2003 to 2012.[186]
In 2012, IBM's brand was valued at $75.5 billion and ranked by Interbrand as the third-best brand worldwide.[187] That same year, it was also ranked the top company for leaders (Fortune), the number two green company in the U.S. (Newsweek),[188] the second-most respected company (Barron's),[189] the fifth-most admired company (Fortune), the 18th-most innovative company (Fast Company), and the number one in technology consulting and number two in outsourcing (Vault).[190] In 2015, Forbes ranked IBM as the fifth-most valuable brand,[191] and for 2020, the Drucker Institute named IBM the No. 3 best-managed company.[192] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, IBM donated $250,000 to Polish Humanitarian Action and the same amount to People in Need, Czech Republic.[193]
In terms of ESG, IBM reported its total CO2e emissions (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020 at 621 kilotons (-324 /-34.3% year-on-year).[194] In February 2021, IBM committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2030.[195]
People and culture
Employees
IBM has one of the largest workforces in the world, and employees at Big Blue are referred to as "IBMers". The company pioneered in several employment practices unheard of at the time. IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935), training for women (1935), paid vacations (1937), and training for disabled people (1942). IBM hired its first black salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, CEO Thomas J. Watson, Jr. published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Human Rights Campaign has rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness every year since 2003,[196] with IBM providing same-sex partners of its employees with health benefits and an anti-discrimination clause. Additionally, in 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using genetic information in employment decisions. In 2017, IBM was named to Working Mother's 100 Best Companies List for the 32nd consecutive year.[197]
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to recognize employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., general management (GMLDP), human resources (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM employees for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),[198] which gives top employees a month to do humanitarian work abroad.[199] For certain interns, IBM also has a program called Extreme Blue that partners with top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.[200]
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).[201] Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of Master Inventor. The company's most prestigious designation is that of IBM Fellow. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM employees annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses-paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.[202] During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO Louis V. Gerstner Jr. relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.[203] The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying it stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,[204] others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,[205] and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.[206] In terms of labor relations, the company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,[207] although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.[208] In Japan, IBM employees also have an American football team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games, competing in the Japanese X-League as the "Big Blue".[209]
In 2015, IBM started giving employees the option of choosing Mac as their primary work device, next to the option of a PC or a Linux distribution.[210] In 2016, IBM eliminated forced rankings and changed its annual performance review system to focus more on frequent feedback, coaching, and skills development.[211]
IBM alumni
Many IBM employees have achieved notability outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include Apple Inc. CEO Tim Cook,[212] former EDS CEO and politician Ross Perot, Microsoft chairman John W. Thompson, SAP co-founder Hasso Plattner, Gartner founder Gideon Gartner, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) CEO Lisa Su,[213] Cadence Design Systems CEO Anirudh Devgan,[214] former Citizens Financial Group CEO Ellen Alemany, former Yahoo! chairman Alfred Amoroso, former AT&T CEO C. Michael Armstrong, former Xerox Corporation CEOs David T. Kearns and G. Richard Thoman,[215] former Fair Isaac Corporation CEO Mark N. Greene,[216] Citrix Systems co-founder Ed Iacobucci, ASOS.com chairman Brian McBride, former Lenovo CEO Steve Ward, and former Teradata CEO Kenneth Simonds.
In government, alumna Patricia Roberts Harris served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first African American woman to serve in the United States Cabinet.[217] Samuel K. Skinner served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation and as the White House Chief of Staff. Alumni also include U.S. Senators Mack Mattingly and Thom Tillis; Wisconsin governor Scott Walker;[218] former U.S. Ambassadors Vincent Obsitnik (Slovakia), Arthur K. Watson (France), and Thomas Watson Jr. (Soviet Union); and former U.S. Representatives Todd Akin,[219] Glenn Andrews, Robert Garcia, Katherine Harris,[220] Amo Houghton, Jim Ross Lightfoot, Thomas J. Manton, Donald W. Riegle Jr., and Ed Zschau.
Other former IBM employees include NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino, Canadian astronaut and former Governor General Julie Payette, noted musician Dave Matthews,[221] Harvey Mudd College president Maria Klawe, Western Governors University president emeritus Robert Mendenhall, former University of Kentucky president Lee T. Todd Jr., former University of Iowa president Bruce Harreld, NFL referee Bill Carollo,[222] former Rangers F.C. chairman John McClelland, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature J. M. Coetzee. Thomas Watson Jr. also served as the 11th national president of the Boy Scouts of America.
Board and shareholders
The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of Anthem, Dow Chemical, Johnson and Johnson, Royal Dutch Shell, UPS, and Vanguard as well as the president of Cornell University and a retired U.S. Navy admiral.[223] Vanguard Group is the largest shareholder of IBM and as of March 31, 2023, held 15.7% of total shares outstanding.[224]
In 2011, IBM became the first technology company Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway invested in.[225] Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffett increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.[226]
See also
- List of electronics brands
- List of largest Internet companies
- List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
- Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region
- Top 100 US Federal Contractors
- Quantum Energy Teleportation using IBM superconducting computers
Notes
References
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Further reading
- Bakis, Henry (1987). "Telecommunications and the Global Firm". In F. E. Ian Hamilton (ed.). Industrial change in advanced economies. London: Croom Helm. pp. 130–160. ISBN 978-0-7099-3828-6.
- Bauer, Roy A.; et al. (1992). The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400). Oxford University Press.
- Black, Edwin (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Dialog Press. ISBN 0-914153-10-2.
- Carroll, Paul (1993). Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-59197-0.
- Garr, Doug (1999). IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade. Harper Business.
- Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. (2002). Who Says Elephants can't Dance?. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-715448-8.
- Greulich, Peter E. (2014). A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution. MBI Concepts Corporation. ISBN 978-0-9833734-6-9.
- Harwood, John (2011). The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7039-0.
- Heller, Robert (1994). The Fate of IBM. Little Brown.
- Mercer, David (1987). IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed. Kogan Page.
- Mercer, David (1988). The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management. Dodd, Mead. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-396-09259-9.
- Mills, D. Quinn; Friesen, G. Bruce (1996). Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM. Harvard Business School. ISBN 0-87584-654-8..
- Pugh, Emerson W. (1996). Building IBM: Shaping an Industry. MIT Press.
- Slater, Robert (1999). Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner. McGraw Hill.
- Steinhilper, Ulrich (2006). Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing. Independent Books. ISBN 1-872836-75-5.
- von Simson, Ernest (2009). The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4401-9258-6.
- Watson, Thomas Jr. (1990). Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-29023-1.
External links
- Official website
- IBM companies grouped at OpenCorporates
- Business data for IBM:
- IBM
- 1911 establishments in New York (state)
- Technology companies established in 1911
- American companies established in 1911
- Cloud computing providers
- Collier Trophy recipients
- Companies based in Westchester County, New York
- Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
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- Companies in the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats
- Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
- Computer companies of the United States
- Computer hardware companies
- Computer systems companies
- Data companies
- Data quality companies
- Display technology companies
- Electronics companies of the United States
- Information technology consulting firms of the United States
- Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
- National Medal of Technology recipients
- Outsourcing companies
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- Storage Area Network companies
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- International information technology consulting firms