Isotopes of barium: Difference between revisions
→top: Ba-130 was found radioactive in 2001 |
→List of isotopes: Updating to NUBASE2020 for 114–153 |
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{{Short description|Nuclides with atomic number of 56 but with different mass numbers}} |
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{{infobox barium isotopes}} |
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{{Infobox barium isotopes}} |
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Naturally occurring [[barium]] (<sub>56</sub>Ba) is a mix of six stable [[isotope]]s and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001.<ref name=Ba130>{{cite journal |last=Meshik |first=A.P. |last2=Hohenberg |first2=C.M. |last3=Pravdivtseva |first3=O.V. |last4=Kapusta |first4=Y.S. |title=Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba and <sup>132</sup>Ba: Geochemical measurements |date=2001 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=035205–1—035205–6 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205}}</ref> This nuclide decays by double-[[electron capture]] (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos); with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10<sup>21</sup> years (about 10<sup>11</sup> times the age of the universe). |
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Naturally occurring [[barium]] (<sub>56</sub>Ba) is a mix of six stable [[isotope]]s and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001.<ref name="Ba130">{{cite journal |last=Meshik |first=A.P. |last2=Hohenberg |first2=C.M. |last3=Pravdivtseva |first3=O.V. |last4=Kapusta |first4=Y.S. |title=Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba and <sup>132</sup>Ba: Geochemical measurements |date=2001 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=035205–1–035205–6 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1063702 |bibcode=2001PhRvC..64c5205M }}</ref> This nuclide decays by [[double electron capture]] (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10<sup>21</sup> years (about 10<sup>11</sup> times the age of the universe). |
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There are a total of thirty-three known [[radioisotope]]s in addition to <sup>130</sup>Ba |
There are a total of thirty-three known [[radioisotope]]s in addition to <sup>130</sup>Ba. The longest-lived of these is <sup>133</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 10.51 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives shorter than two weeks. The longest-lived [[nuclear isomer|isomer]] is <sup>133m</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 38.9 hours. The shorter-lived <sup>137m</sup>Ba (half-life 2.55 minutes) arises as the decay product of the common fission product [[caesium-137]]. |
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Barium-114 is predicted to undergo [[cluster decay]], emitting a nucleus of stable [[Carbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]] to produce <sup>102</sup>Sn. However this decay is not yet observed; the upper limit on the branching ratio of such decay is 0.0034%. |
Barium-114 is predicted to undergo [[cluster decay]], emitting a nucleus of stable [[Carbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]] to produce <sup>102</sup>Sn. However this decay is not yet observed; the upper limit on the branching ratio of such decay is 0.0034%. |
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== List of isotopes == |
== List of isotopes == |
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{{anchor|Barium-114|Barium-115|Barium-116|Barium-117|Barium-118|Barium-119|Barium-120|Barium-121|Barium-122|Barium-123|Barium-124|Barium-125|Barium-126|Barium-127|Barium-128|Barium-129|Barium-130|Barium-131|Barium-132|Barium-133|Barium-134|Barium-135|Barium-136|Barium-137|Barium-138|Barium-139|Barium-140|Barium-141|Barium-142|Barium-143|Barium-144|Barium-145|Barium-146|Barium-147|Barium-148|Barium-149|Barium-150|Barium-151|Barium-152|Barium-153}} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |
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! rowspan="2" | nuclide<br />symbol |
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<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).--> |
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! Z([[proton|p]]) |
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! N([[neutron|n]]) |
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{{Isotopes table |
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! <br />isotopic mass (u)<br /> |
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|symbol=Ba |
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! rowspan="2" | half-life<ref group="n">Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)</ref> |
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|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II |
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! rowspan="2" | decay<br>mode(s)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}</ref><ref group="n">Abbreviations:<br>CD: [[Cluster decay]]<br>EC: [[Electron capture]]<br>IT: [[Isomeric transition]]</ref> |
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|notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, daughter-nst, CD, EC, IT, n, p |
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! rowspan="2" | daughter<br>isotope(s)<ref group="n">Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the [[age of the universe]])</ref> |
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}} |
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! rowspan="2" | nuclear<br>spin and<br>parity |
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! rowspan="2" | representative<br />isotopic<br />composition<br />(mole fraction) |
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! rowspan="2" | range of natural<br />variation<br />(mole fraction) |
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|- |
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! colspan="3" | excitation energy |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan=4|<sup>114</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=4|<sup>114</sup>Ba |
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| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 58 |
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 58 |
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| rowspan=4|113. |
| rowspan=4|113.95072(11) |
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| rowspan=4| |
| rowspan=4|460(125) ms |
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| [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup> |
| [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] (79%) |
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| <sup> |
| <sup>114</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=4|0+ |
| rowspan=4|0+ |
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| rowspan=4| |
| rowspan=4| |
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| rowspan=4| |
| rowspan=4| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[alpha decay|α]] (. |
| [[alpha decay|α]] (0.9%) |
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| <sup>110</sup>Xe |
| <sup>110</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup> ( |
| β<sup>+</sup>, [[proton emission|p]] (20%) |
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| <sup> |
| <sup>113</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[cluster decay|CD]] (<.0034%) |
| [[cluster decay|CD]] (<.0034%) |
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| <sup>102</sup>Sn, '''[[carbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]]''' |
| <sup>102</sup>Sn, '''[[carbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]]''' |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59 |
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| rowspan=2|114. |
| rowspan=2|114.94748(22)# |
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| rowspan=2|0.45(5) s |
| rowspan=2|0.45(5) s |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>115</sup>Cs |
| <sup>115</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|5/2+# |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, p |
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (>15%) |
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| <sup>114</sup>Xe |
| <sup>114</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 58: | Line 55: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60 |
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| rowspan=2|115. |
| rowspan=2|115.94162(22)# |
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| rowspan=2|1.3(2) s |
| rowspan=2|1.3(2) s |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> (97%) |
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| <sup>116</sup>Cs |
| <sup>116</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=2|0+ |
| rowspan=2|0+ |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, p |
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (3%) |
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| <sup>115</sup>Xe |
| <sup>115</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 72: | Line 69: | ||
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 |
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 |
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| rowspan=3|116. |
| rowspan=3|116.93832(27) |
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| rowspan=3|1.75(7) s |
| rowspan=3|1.75(7) s |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> (87%) |
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| <sup>117</sup>Cs |
| <sup>117</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=3|(3/2 |
| rowspan=3|(3/2+) |
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| rowspan=3| |
| rowspan=3| |
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| rowspan=3| |
| rowspan=3| |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, |
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (13%) |
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| <sup>116</sup>Xe |
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|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, α (0.024%) |
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| <sup>113</sup>I |
| <sup>113</sup>I |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| <sup>118</sup>Ba |
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| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| <sup>116</sup>Xe |
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| style="text-align:right" | 62 |
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|- |
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| 117.93323(22)# |
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| rowspan=2|<sup>118</sup>Ba |
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| 5.2(2) s |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 62 |
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| rowspan=2|117.93304(21)# |
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| rowspan=2|5.2(2) s |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>118</sup>Cs |
| <sup>118</sup>Cs |
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| |
| 0+ |
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| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, p |
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| <sup>117</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan=2|<sup>119</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=2|<sup>119</sup>Ba |
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Line 105: | Line 99: | ||
| rowspan=2|118.93066(21) |
| rowspan=2|118.93066(21) |
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| rowspan=2|5.4(3) s |
| rowspan=2|5.4(3) s |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> (75%) |
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| <sup>119</sup>Cs |
| <sup>119</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=2|(5/2+) |
| rowspan=2|(5/2+) |
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Line 111: | Line 105: | ||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, p |
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (25%) |
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| <sup>118</sup>Xe |
| <sup>118</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 132: | Line 126: | ||
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.98%) |
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.98%) |
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| <sup>121</sup>Cs |
| <sup>121</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=2|5/2 |
| rowspan=2|5/2+ |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| β<sup>+</sup>, p (.02%) |
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (0.02%) |
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| <sup>120</sup>Xe |
| <sup>120</sup>Xe |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 157: | Line 151: | ||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>123</sup>Cs |
| <sup>123</sup>Cs |
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| 5/2 |
| 5/2+ |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>123m</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 120.95(8) keV |
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| 830(60) ns |
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| [[Isomeric transition|IT]] |
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| <sup>123</sup>Ba |
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| 1/2+# |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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Line 175: | Line 178: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 69 |
| style="text-align:right" | 69 |
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| 124. |
| 124.914472(12) |
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| 3. |
| 3.3(3) min |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>125</sup>Cs |
| <sup>125</sup>Cs |
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| 1/2 |
| 1/2+ |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>125m</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 120(20)# keV |
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| 2.76(14) μs |
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| IT |
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| <sup>125</sup>Ba |
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| (7/2−) |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 71 |
| style="text-align:right" | 71 |
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| 126. |
| 126.911091(12) |
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| 12.7(4) min |
| 12.7(4) min |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>127m</sup>Ba |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>127m</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80. |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80.32(11) keV |
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| 1. |
| 1.93(7) s |
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| IT |
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| [[Isomeric transition|IT]] |
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| <sup>127</sup>Ba |
| <sup>127</sup>Ba |
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| 7/2− |
| 7/2− |
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| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 72 |
| style="text-align:right" | 72 |
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| 127. |
| 127.9083524(17) |
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| 2.43(5) d |
| 2.43(5) d |
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| [[electron capture|EC]] |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>128</sup>Cs |
| <sup>128</sup>Cs |
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| 0+ |
| 0+ |
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Line 228: | Line 240: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 73 |
| style="text-align:right" | 73 |
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| 128. |
| 128.908683(11) |
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| 2.23(11) h |
| 2.23(11) h |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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Line 238: | Line 250: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>129m</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>129m</sup>Ba |
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| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8.42(6) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8.42(6) keV |
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| rowspan=2|2. |
| rowspan=2|2.135(10) h |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>129</sup>Cs |
| <sup>129</sup>Cs |
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| rowspan=2|7/2+ |
| rowspan=2|7/2+ |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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Line 251: | Line 263: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 74 |
| style="text-align:right" | 74 |
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| 129. |
| 129.9063260(3) |
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| ''' |
| '''≈ 1×10<sup>21</sup> y''' |
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| [[Double electron capture| |
| [[Double electron capture|2EC]]? |
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| '''<sup>130</sup>Xe''' |
| '''<sup>130</sup>Xe''' |
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| 0+ |
| 0+ |
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| 0. |
| 0.0011(1) |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 271: | Line 283: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 75 |
| style="text-align:right" | 75 |
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| 130. |
| 130.9069463(4) |
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| 11. |
| 11.52(1) d |
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| β<sup>+</sup> |
| β<sup>+</sup> |
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| <sup>131</sup>Cs |
| <sup>131</sup>Cs |
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Line 280: | Line 292: | ||
|- |
|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>131m</sup>Ba |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>131m</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 187. |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 187.995(9) keV |
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| 14. |
| 14.26(9) min |
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| IT |
| IT |
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| <sup>131</sup>Ba |
| <sup>131</sup>Ba |
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Line 291: | Line 303: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 76 |
| style="text-align:right" | 76 |
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| 131. |
| 131.9050612(11) |
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| colspan=3 align=center|[[Observationally Stable]]<ref group="n">Believed to undergo β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup> decay to '''<sup>132</sup>Xe''' with a [[half-life]] over |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Observationally Stable]]'''<ref group="n">Believed to undergo β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup> decay to '''<sup>132</sup>Xe''' with a [[half-life]] over 3×10<sup>20</sup> years</ref> |
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| 0+ |
| 0+ |
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| 0. |
| 0.0010(1) |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 300: | Line 312: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
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| |
|132.9060074(11) |
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| 10. |
| 10.5379(16) y |
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| EC |
| EC |
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| '''<sup>133</sup>Cs''' |
| '''<sup>133</sup>Cs''' |
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Line 309: | Line 321: | ||
|- |
|- |
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| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>133m</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>133m</sup>Ba |
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| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 288. |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 288.252(9) keV |
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| rowspan=2|38. |
| rowspan=2|38.90(6) h |
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| IT (99.99%) |
| IT (99.99%) |
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| <sup>133</sup>Ba |
| <sup>133</sup>Ba |
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Line 317: | Line 329: | ||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| EC (. |
| EC (0.0104%) |
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| '''<sup>133</sup>Cs''' |
| '''<sup>133</sup>Cs''' |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 323: | Line 335: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 78 |
| style="text-align:right" | 78 |
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| 133. |
| 133.90450825(27) |
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| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
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| 0+ |
| 0+ |
||
| 0. |
| 0.0242(15) |
||
| |
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|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>134m</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2957.2(5) keV |
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| 2.61(13) μs |
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| IT |
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| '''<sup>134</sup>Ba''' |
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| 10+ |
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| |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 332: | Line 353: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
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| style="text-align:right" | 79 |
| style="text-align:right" | 79 |
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| 134. |
| 134.90568845(26) |
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| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
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| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| 0. |
| 0.0659(10) |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup> |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>135m1</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 268. |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 268.218(20) keV |
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| 28. |
| 28.11(2) h |
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| IT |
| IT |
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| '''<sup>135</sup>Ba''' |
| '''<sup>135</sup>Ba''' |
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| 11/2− |
| 11/2− |
||
| |
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| |
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|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>135m2</sup>Ba |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2388.0(5) keV |
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| 1.06(4) ms |
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| IT |
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| '''<sup>135</sup>Ba''' |
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| (23/2+) |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
||
Line 350: | Line 380: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 80 |
| style="text-align:right" | 80 |
||
| |
|135.90457580(26) |
||
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
||
| 0+ |
| 0+ |
||
| 0. |
| 0.0785(24) |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup> |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>136m1</sup>Ba |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2030. |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2030.535(18) keV |
||
| 308.4(19) ms |
| 308.4(19) ms |
||
| IT |
| IT |
||
| '''<sup>136</sup>Ba''' |
| '''<sup>136</sup>Ba''' |
||
| 7− |
| 7− |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>136m2</sup>Ba |
|||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3357.19(25) keV |
|||
| 91(2) ns |
|||
| IT |
|||
| '''<sup>136</sup>Ba''' |
|||
| 10+ |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 368: | Line 407: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 81 |
| style="text-align:right" | 81 |
||
| |
|136.90582721(27) |
||
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| 0. |
| 0.1123(23) |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 384: | Line 423: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>137m2</sup>Ba |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>137m2</sup>Ba |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2349.1( |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2349.1(5) keV |
||
| |
| 589(20) ns |
||
| |
| IT |
||
| '''<sup>137</sup>Ba''' |
|||
| |
|||
| ( |
| (19/2−) |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 395: | Line 434: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 82 |
| style="text-align:right" | 82 |
||
| 137. |
| 137.90524706(27) |
||
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' |
||
| 0+ |
| 0+ |
||
| 0. |
| 0.7170(29) |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>138m</sup>Ba |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>138m</sup>Ba |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2090. |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2090.536(21) keV |
||
| |
| 850(100) ns |
||
| |
| IT |
||
| '''<sup>138</sup>Ba''' |
|||
| |
|||
| 6+ |
| 6+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 413: | Line 452: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 83 |
| style="text-align:right" | 83 |
||
| 138. |
| 138.90884116(27) |
||
| |
| 82.93(9) min |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| '''<sup>139</sup>La''' |
| '''<sup>139</sup>La''' |
||
Line 424: | Line 463: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 84 |
| style="text-align:right" | 84 |
||
| 139. |
| 139.910608(8) |
||
| 12. |
| 12.7534(21) d |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>140</sup>La |
| <sup>140</sup>La |
||
Line 435: | Line 474: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 85 |
| style="text-align:right" | 85 |
||
| 140. |
| 140.914404(6) |
||
| 18.27(7) min |
| 18.27(7) min |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
Line 446: | Line 485: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 86 |
| style="text-align:right" | 86 |
||
| 141. |
| 141.916433(6) |
||
| 10.6(2) min |
| 10.6(2) min |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
Line 457: | Line 496: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 87 |
| style="text-align:right" | 87 |
||
| 142. |
| 142.920625(7) |
||
| 14.5(3) s |
| 14.5(3) s |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
Line 468: | Line 507: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 88 |
| style="text-align:right" | 88 |
||
| |
|143.922955(8) |
||
| 11. |
| 11.73(8) s |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>144</sup>La |
| <sup>144</sup>La |
||
Line 479: | Line 518: | ||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 89 |
| style="text-align:right" | 89 |
||
| 144. |
| 144.927518(9) |
||
| 4.31(16) s |
| 4.31(16) s |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
Line 487: | Line 526: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| <sup>146</sup>Ba |
||
| |
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| |
| style="text-align:right" | 90 |
||
| |
| 145.9303632(19) |
||
| |
| 2.15(4) s |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>146</sup>La |
| <sup>146</sup>La |
||
| |
| 0+ |
||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup>, [[neutron emission|n]] (.02%) |
|||
| <sup>145</sup>La |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan=2|<sup>147</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=2|<sup>147</sup>Ba |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91 |
||
| rowspan=2|146. |
| rowspan=2|146.935304(21) |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|893(1) ms |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> (99. |
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.93%) |
||
| <sup>147</sup>La |
| <sup>147</sup>La |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|5/2− |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (. |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (0.07%) |
||
| <sup>146</sup>La |
| <sup>146</sup>La |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 518: | Line 554: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92 |
||
| rowspan=2|147. |
| rowspan=2| 147.9382230(16) |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|620(5) ms |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.6%) |
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.6%) |
||
| <sup>148</sup>La |
| <sup>148</sup>La |
||
Line 526: | Line 562: | ||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (.4%) |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (0.4%) |
||
| <sup>147</sup>La |
| <sup>147</sup>La |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 532: | Line 568: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93 |
||
| rowspan=2|148. |
| rowspan=2|148.9432840(27) |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|349(4) ms |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> ( |
| β<sup>−</sup> (96.1%) |
||
| <sup>149</sup>La |
| <sup>149</sup>La |
||
| rowspan=2|3/2−# |
| rowspan=2|3/2−# |
||
Line 540: | Line 576: | ||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (. |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (3.9%) |
||
| <sup>148</sup>La |
| <sup>148</sup>La |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 546: | Line 582: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 94 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 94 |
||
| rowspan=2|149. |
| rowspan=2| 149.946441(6) |
||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2|258(5) ms |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.0%) |
||
| <sup>150</sup>La |
| <sup>150</sup>La |
||
| rowspan=2|0+ |
| rowspan=2|0+ |
||
Line 554: | Line 590: | ||
| rowspan=2| |
| rowspan=2| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| β<sup>−</sup>, n ( |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (1.0%) |
||
| <sup>149</sup>La |
| <sup>149</sup>La |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>151</sup>Ba |
| rowspan=2|<sup>151</sup>Ba |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 95 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 95 |
||
| 150. |
| rowspan=2|150.95176(43)# |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|167(5) ms |
||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>151</sup>La |
| <sup>151</sup>La |
||
| 3/2−# |
| rowspan=2|3/2−# |
||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n? |
||
| <sup>150</sup>La |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 96 |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>152</sup>Ba |
|||
| 151.95427(54)# |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
|||
| 100# ms |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 |
|||
| rowspan=2|151.95533(43)# |
|||
| rowspan=2|139(8) ms |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>152</sup>La |
| <sup>152</sup>La |
||
| 0+ |
| rowspan=2|0+ |
||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup>, n? |
||
| <sup>151</sup>La |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 97 |
|||
| rowspan=3|<sup>153</sup>Ba |
|||
| 152.95961(86)# |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56 |
|||
| 80# ms |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 |
|||
| rowspan=3|152.96085(43)# |
|||
| rowspan=3|113(39) ms |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
| β<sup>−</sup> |
||
| <sup>153</sup>La |
| <sup>153</sup>La |
||
| 5/2−# |
| rowspan=3|5/2−# |
||
| rowspan=3| |
|||
| rowspan=3| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup>, n? |
|||
| <sup>152</sup>La |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup>, 2n? |
|||
| <sup>151</sup>La |
|||
|- |
|||
| <sup>154</sup>Ba |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 56 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 98 |
|||
|153.96466(54)# |
|||
| 53(48) ms |
|||
| β<sup>−</sup> |
|||
| <sup>154</sup>La |
|||
| 0+ |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
{{Isotopes table/footer}} |
|||
|} |
|||
<references group="n" /> |
|||
=== Notes === |
|||
* Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens. |
|||
* Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. |
|||
* Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties. |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{Wikipedia-Books|Barium}} |
|||
{{-}} |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
<references /> |
|||
* Isotope masses from: |
* Isotope masses from: |
||
**{{NUBASE 2003}} |
**{{NUBASE 2003}} |
||
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: |
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: |
||
**{{ |
**{{CIAAW2003}} |
||
**{{CIAAW 2005}} |
**{{CIAAW 2005}} |
||
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources |
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. |
||
**{{NUBASE 2003}} |
**{{NUBASE 2003}} |
||
**{{NNDC}} |
**{{NNDC}} |
||
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}} |
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}} |
||
* Half-life of <sup>130</sup>Ba from: |
* Half-life of <sup>130</sup>Ba from: |
||
**{{cite journal |author=A. P. Meshik |author2=C. M. Hohenberg |author3=O. V. Pravdivtseva |author4=Ya. S. Kapusta |year=2001 |title=Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba and <sup>132</sup>Ba: Geochemical measurements |journal=[[Physical Review C]] |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=035205 [6 pages] |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205|bibcode = 2001PhRvC..64c5205M }} |
**{{cite journal |author=A. P. Meshik |author2=C. M. Hohenberg |author3=O. V. Pravdivtseva |author4=Ya. S. Kapusta |year=2001 |title=Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba and <sup>132</sup>Ba: Geochemical measurements |journal=[[Physical Review C]] |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=035205 [6 pages] |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205|bibcode = 2001PhRvC..64c5205M |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1063702 }} |
||
**{{cite journal |author=M. Pujol |author2=B. Marty |author3=P. Burnard |author4=P. Philippot |year=2009|title=Xenon in Archean barite: Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba, mass-dependent isotopic fractionation and implication for barite formation |journal=[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]] |volume=73|issue=22 |pages=6834–6846 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.002|bibcode = 2009GeCoA..73.6834P }} |
**{{cite journal |author=M. Pujol |author2=B. Marty |author3=P. Burnard |author4=P. Philippot |year=2009|title=Xenon in Archean barite: Weak decay of <sup>130</sup>Ba, mass-dependent isotopic fractionation and implication for barite formation |journal=[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]] |volume=73|issue=22 |pages=6834–6846 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.002|bibcode = 2009GeCoA..73.6834P }} |
||
{{Navbox element isotopes}} |
{{Navbox element isotopes}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:Barium]] |
|||
[[Category:Isotopes of barium| ]] |
[[Category:Isotopes of barium| ]] |
||
[[Category:Barium]] |
|||
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Barium]] |
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Barium]] |
Latest revision as of 00:58, 11 July 2024
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ba) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naturally occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001.[4] This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×1021 years (about 1011 times the age of the universe).
There are a total of thirty-three known radioisotopes in addition to 130Ba. The longest-lived of these is 133Ba, which has a half-life of 10.51 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives shorter than two weeks. The longest-lived isomer is 133mBa, which has a half-life of 38.9 hours. The shorter-lived 137mBa (half-life 2.55 minutes) arises as the decay product of the common fission product caesium-137.
Barium-114 is predicted to undergo cluster decay, emitting a nucleus of stable 12C to produce 102Sn. However this decay is not yet observed; the upper limit on the branching ratio of such decay is 0.0034%.
List of isotopes
[edit]
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[5] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life[1] |
Decay mode[1] [n 4] |
Daughter isotope [n 5][n 6] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 7][n 8] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
114Ba | 56 | 58 | 113.95072(11) | 460(125) ms | β+ (79%) | 114Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (0.9%) | 110Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
β+, p (20%) | 113Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
CD (<.0034%) | 102Sn, 12C | ||||||||||||||||||
115Ba | 56 | 59 | 114.94748(22)# | 0.45(5) s | β+ | 115Cs | 5/2+# | ||||||||||||
β+, p (>15%) | 114Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
116Ba | 56 | 60 | 115.94162(22)# | 1.3(2) s | β+ (97%) | 116Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+, p (3%) | 115Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
117Ba | 56 | 61 | 116.93832(27) | 1.75(7) s | β+ (87%) | 117Cs | (3/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (13%) | 116Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
β+, α (0.024%) | 113I | ||||||||||||||||||
118Ba | 56 | 62 | 117.93323(22)# | 5.2(2) s | β+ | 118Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
119Ba | 56 | 63 | 118.93066(21) | 5.4(3) s | β+ (75%) | 119Cs | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (25%) | 118Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
120Ba | 56 | 64 | 119.92604(32) | 24(2) s | β+ | 120Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
121Ba | 56 | 65 | 120.92405(15) | 29.7(15) s | β+ (99.98%) | 121Cs | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
β+, p (0.02%) | 120Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
122Ba | 56 | 66 | 121.91990(3) | 1.95(15) min | β+ | 122Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
123Ba | 56 | 67 | 122.918781(13) | 2.7(4) min | β+ | 123Cs | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
123mBa | 120.95(8) keV | 830(60) ns | IT | 123Ba | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||||
124Ba | 56 | 68 | 123.915094(13) | 11.0(5) min | β+ | 124Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
125Ba | 56 | 69 | 124.914472(12) | 3.3(3) min | β+ | 125Cs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
125mBa | 120(20)# keV | 2.76(14) μs | IT | 125Ba | (7/2−) | ||||||||||||||
126Ba | 56 | 70 | 125.911250(13) | 100(2) min | β+ | 126Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
127Ba | 56 | 71 | 126.911091(12) | 12.7(4) min | β+ | 127Cs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
127mBa | 80.32(11) keV | 1.93(7) s | IT | 127Ba | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
128Ba | 56 | 72 | 127.9083524(17) | 2.43(5) d | EC | 128Cs | 0+ | ||||||||||||
129Ba | 56 | 73 | 128.908683(11) | 2.23(11) h | β+ | 129Cs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
129mBa | 8.42(6) keV | 2.135(10) h | β+ | 129Cs | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
IT | 129Ba | ||||||||||||||||||
130Ba[n 9] | 56 | 74 | 129.9063260(3) | ≈ 1×1021 y | 2EC? | 130Xe | 0+ | 0.0011(1) | |||||||||||
130mBa | 2475.12(18) keV | 9.54(14) ms | IT | 130Ba | 8− | ||||||||||||||
131Ba | 56 | 75 | 130.9069463(4) | 11.52(1) d | β+ | 131Cs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
131mBa | 187.995(9) keV | 14.26(9) min | IT | 131Ba | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
132Ba | 56 | 76 | 131.9050612(11) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+ | 0.0010(1) | |||||||||||||
133Ba | 56 | 77 | 132.9060074(11) | 10.5379(16) y | EC | 133Cs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
133mBa | 288.252(9) keV | 38.90(6) h | IT (99.99%) | 133Ba | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
EC (0.0104%) | 133Cs | ||||||||||||||||||
134Ba | 56 | 78 | 133.90450825(27) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0242(15) | |||||||||||||
134mBa | 2957.2(5) keV | 2.61(13) μs | IT | 134Ba | 10+ | ||||||||||||||
135Ba | 56 | 79 | 134.90568845(26) | Stable | 3/2+ | 0.0659(10) | |||||||||||||
135m1Ba | 268.218(20) keV | 28.11(2) h | IT | 135Ba | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
135m2Ba | 2388.0(5) keV | 1.06(4) ms | IT | 135Ba | (23/2+) | ||||||||||||||
136Ba | 56 | 80 | 135.90457580(26) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0785(24) | |||||||||||||
136m1Ba | 2030.535(18) keV | 308.4(19) ms | IT | 136Ba | 7− | ||||||||||||||
136m2Ba | 3357.19(25) keV | 91(2) ns | IT | 136Ba | 10+ | ||||||||||||||
137Ba | 56 | 81 | 136.90582721(27) | Stable | 3/2+ | 0.1123(23) | |||||||||||||
137m1Ba | 661.659(3) keV | 2.552(1) min | IT | 137Ba | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
137m2Ba | 2349.1(5) keV | 589(20) ns | IT | 137Ba | (19/2−) | ||||||||||||||
138Ba[n 11] | 56 | 82 | 137.90524706(27) | Stable | 0+ | 0.7170(29) | |||||||||||||
138mBa | 2090.536(21) keV | 850(100) ns | IT | 138Ba | 6+ | ||||||||||||||
139Ba[n 11] | 56 | 83 | 138.90884116(27) | 82.93(9) min | β− | 139La | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
140Ba[n 11] | 56 | 84 | 139.910608(8) | 12.7534(21) d | β− | 140La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
141Ba[n 11] | 56 | 85 | 140.914404(6) | 18.27(7) min | β− | 141La | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
142Ba[n 11] | 56 | 86 | 141.916433(6) | 10.6(2) min | β− | 142La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
143Ba[n 11] | 56 | 87 | 142.920625(7) | 14.5(3) s | β− | 143La | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
144Ba[n 11] | 56 | 88 | 143.922955(8) | 11.73(8) s | β− | 144La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
145Ba | 56 | 89 | 144.927518(9) | 4.31(16) s | β− | 145La | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
146Ba | 56 | 90 | 145.9303632(19) | 2.15(4) s | β− | 146La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
147Ba | 56 | 91 | 146.935304(21) | 893(1) ms | β− (99.93%) | 147La | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
β−, n (0.07%) | 146La | ||||||||||||||||||
148Ba | 56 | 92 | 147.9382230(16) | 620(5) ms | β− (99.6%) | 148La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (0.4%) | 147La | ||||||||||||||||||
149Ba | 56 | 93 | 148.9432840(27) | 349(4) ms | β− (96.1%) | 149La | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (3.9%) | 148La | ||||||||||||||||||
150Ba | 56 | 94 | 149.946441(6) | 258(5) ms | β− (99.0%) | 150La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.0%) | 149La | ||||||||||||||||||
151Ba | 56 | 95 | 150.95176(43)# | 167(5) ms | β− | 151La | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 150La | ||||||||||||||||||
152Ba | 56 | 96 | 151.95533(43)# | 139(8) ms | β− | 152La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 151La | ||||||||||||||||||
153Ba | 56 | 97 | 152.96085(43)# | 113(39) ms | β− | 153La | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 152La | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 151La | ||||||||||||||||||
154Ba | 56 | 98 | 153.96466(54)# | 53(48) ms | β− | 154La | 0+ | ||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mBa – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^
Modes of decay:
CD: Cluster decay EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
- ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^ Primordial radioisotope
- ^ Believed to undergo β+β+ decay to 132Xe with a half-life over 3×1020 years
- ^ a b c d e f g Fission product
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Barium". CIAAW. 1985.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Meshik, A.P.; Hohenberg, C.M.; Pravdivtseva, O.V.; Kapusta, Y.S. (2001). "Weak decay of 130Ba and 132Ba: Geochemical measurements". Physical Review C. 64 (3): 035205–1–035205–6. Bibcode:2001PhRvC..64c5205M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205.
- ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- Half-life of 130Ba from:
- A. P. Meshik; C. M. Hohenberg; O. V. Pravdivtseva; Ya. S. Kapusta (2001). "Weak decay of 130Ba and 132Ba: Geochemical measurements". Physical Review C. 64 (3): 035205 [6 pages]. Bibcode:2001PhRvC..64c5205M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.64.035205.
- M. Pujol; B. Marty; P. Burnard; P. Philippot (2009). "Xenon in Archean barite: Weak decay of 130Ba, mass-dependent isotopic fractionation and implication for barite formation". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73 (22): 6834–6846. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73.6834P. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.002.