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== Objectives and action ==
== Objectives and action ==
[[Image:Marshall Plan poster.JPG|right|thumb|260px|One of a number of posters created by the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] to promote the [[Marshall Plan]] in Europe.]]
[[Image:Marshall Plan poster.JPG|right|thumb|260px|One of a number of posters created by the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] to promote the [[Marshall Plan]] in Europe.]]
The organization provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. It is a forum where peer pressure can act as a powerful incentive to improve policy and implement “[[soft law]]” — non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties.
The organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. It is a forum where peer pressure can act as a powerful incentive to improve policy and implement “[[soft law]]” — non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties.
Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by a secretariat in [[Paris]]. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, [[agriculture]], technology, [[tax]]ation and other areas. The OECD is also known as a premium [[List of national and international statistical services|statistical agency]], as it publishes highly-comparable statistics on a very wide number of subjects.
Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by a secretariat in [[Paris]]. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, [[agriculture]], technology, [[tax]]ation and other areas. The OECD is also known as a premium [[List of national and international statistical services|statistical agency]], as it publishes highly-comparable statistics on a very wide number of subjects.
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** Annual Meeting of Representatives of the National Designated Authorities for the Implementation of the OECD Schemes for the Varietal Certification of Seed Moving in International Trade
** Annual Meeting of Representatives of the National Designated Authorities for the Implementation of the OECD Schemes for the Varietal Certification of Seed Moving in International Trade
*** Scheme for Grass and Legume Seed
*** Scheme for Grass and Legume Seed
*** Scheme for Crucifer Seed and other Oil or Fiber Species
*** Scheme for Crucifer Seed and other Oil or Fibre Species
*** Scheme for Cereals
*** Scheme for Cereals
*** Scheme for Beet
*** Scheme for Beet

Revision as of 19:09, 10 January 2007

File:Oecd-logo.gif

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Frenchman Robert Marjolin, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Objectives and action

One of a number of posters created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe.

The organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. It is a forum where peer pressure can act as a powerful incentive to improve policy and implement “soft law” — non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties.

Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by a secretariat in Paris. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas. The OECD is also known as a premium statistical agency, as it publishes highly-comparable statistics on a very wide number of subjects.

Over the past decade, the OECD has tackled a range of economic, social and environmental issues while further deepening its engagement with business, trade unions and other representatives of civil society. Negotiations at the OECD on taxation and transfer pricing, for example, have paved the way for bilateral tax treaties around the world.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999.

The OECD has also constituted a task force on spam[1], which submitted a detailed report, with several quite useful background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs and email marketers etc appended.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris.

Structure

Structure of Secretariat

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
  • Development Co-operation Directorate
  • Directorate for Education
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
  • Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
  • Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
  • Economics Department
  • Environment Directorate
  • General Secretariat
  • Inter-organisation Study Section on Salaries and Prices
  • International Energy Agency
  • Nuclear Energy Agency
  • Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
  • Statistics Directorate
  • Trade Directorate

Committees and subbodies

  • Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Governing Board (CERI)
    • CERI Executive Group
    • Indicators of Education Systems Strategic Management Group (INESSMG)
  • Chemicals Committee
    • Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials
  • Co-operative Action Programme on Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
  • Co-ordinating Committee on Remuneration (CCR)
  • Committee for Agriculture (COAG)
    • Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Trade
    • Joint Working Party on Agriculture and the Environment
    • Working Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets (APM)
    • Group on Cereals, Animal Feeds and Sugar
    • Group on Meat and Dairy Products
    • Plenary Meeting of the OECD Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    • Annual Meeting of Representatives of the National Designated Authorities for the Implementation of the OECD Schemes for the Varietal Certification of Seed Moving in International Trade
      • Scheme for Grass and Legume Seed
      • Scheme for Crucifer Seed and other Oil or Fibre Species
      • Scheme for Cereals
      • Scheme for Beet
      • Scheme for Maize and Sorghum
      • Scheme for Subterranean Clover and Similar Species
      • Scheme for Vegetables
    • Annual Meeting of Representatives of the National Designated Authorities for the Implementation of the OECD Standard Codes for the Official Testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractors
    • Meeting of Representatives of the National Designated Authorities for the Implementation of the OECD Scheme for the Control of Forest Reproductive Material Moving in International Trade
  • Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy
    • Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP)
    • Working Party on the Information Economy (WPIE)
    • Working Party on Information Security and Privacy (WPISP)
    • Working Party on Indicators for the Information Society (WPIIS)
  • Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy
    • Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI)
    • Working Party on Biotechnology
      • Working Group on Human-Health-Related Biotechnologies
      • Task Force on Biotechnology for Sustainable Industrial Development
      • Task Force on Biological Resource Centres
    • OECD Global Science Forum
    • Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy
    • Ad Hoc Working Group on Steering and Funding of Research Institutions
  • Committee on Consumer Policy
  • Committee on Financial Markets
    • Working Party on Financial Statistics
    • Working Party on Debt Management
  • Committee on Fiscal Affairs (CFA)
    • Board For Co-operation With Non-OECD Economies
      • Advisory Group for Co-operation with Non-OECD Economies
    • Joint Meetings of Tax and Environment Experts
    • Working Party No. 1 on Tax Conventions and Related Questions
      • Steering Group on the Revision of the Model Tax Convention
      • Working Group No. 1 on the Application of the Model Tax Convention to Partnerships, Trusts and Other Non-Corporate Entities
    • Working Party No. 2 on Tax Policy Analysis and Tax Statistics
    • Working Party No. 6 on the Taxation of Multinational Enterprises
      • Steering Group on Transfer Pricing Guidelines
    • Working Party No. 8 on Tax Avoidance and Evasion
      • Joint Working Parties No. 8 and No. 9 Tax Information Exchange System Sub-Group (TIES)
    • Working Party No. 9 on Consumption Taxes
    • Forum on Harmful Tax Practices
    • Forum on Tax Administration
      • Forum on Tax Administration Compliance Sub-Group
      • Forum on Tax Administration Taxpayer Services Sub-Group
  • Committee on Industry and Business Environment
    • Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    • Working Party on Statistics (SWIC)
  • Committee on Statistics (CSTAT)
    • OECD Short-term Economic Statistics Working Party (STESWP)
    • Working Party on National Accounts
  • Competition Committee
    • Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation
    • Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement
  • Council
    • Executive Committee
    • Budget Committee
    • External Relations Committee
    • Audit Committee
    • Committee on Public Affairs and Communications
    • Pension Budget and Reserve Fund Management Board
    • Evaluation Sub-Group
    • Governing Board of the Development Centre
    • Liaison Committee with International Non-Governmental Organisations
    • Liaison Committee between the Russian Federation and the OECD (RLC)
    • Global Forum on Agriculture
    • Global Forum on Competition
    • Global Forum on Governance
    • Global Forum on International Investment
    • Global Forum on the Knowledge Economy
    • Global Forum on Sustainable Development
    • Global Forum on Taxation
    • Global Forum on Trade
    • Global Forum on Education
    • Global Forum on Development
    • Special Group on Financing
  • Council Working Party on Shipbuilding
    • Sub-Group on Supply and Demand
  • Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
    • DAC Working Party on Statistics (WP-STAT)
    • DAC Working Party on Aid Effectiveness and Donor Practices (WP-EFF)
    • DAC Network on Development Evaluation
    • DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET)
    • DAC Network on Environment and Development Co-operation (ENVIRONET)
    • DAC Network on Poverty Reduction (POVNET)
    • DAC Network on Governance (GOVNET)
    • DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC)
  • Economic and Development Review Committee
  • Economic Policy Committee
    • Working Party on Short-Term Economic Prospects
    • Working Party No. 1 on Macro-Economic and Structural Policy Analysis
    • Working Party No. 3 on Policies for the Promotion of Better International Payments Equilibrium
  • Education Committee
    • Indicators of Education Systems Strategic Management Group (INESSMG)
  • Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee (ELSA)
    • Working Party on Migration
    • Working Party on the Role of Women in the Economy
    • Working Party on Employment
    • Working Party on Social Policy
  • Environment Policy Committee
    • Joint Working Party on Agriculture and the Environment
    • Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment
    • Joint Meetings of Tax and Environment Experts
    • Working Party on Global and Structural Policies
      • Working Group on Economic Aspects of Biodiversity
    • Working Party on National Environmental Policies
      • Working Group on Waste Prevention and Recycling
      • Working Group on Transport
    • Working Party on Environmental Performance
      • Working Group on Environmental Information and Outlooks
    • Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology
      • Working Group of National Co-ordinators of the Test Guidelines Programme (WNT)
      • Working Group on Good Laboratory Practice
      • Working Group on Pesticides
      • Working Group on the Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
      • Task Force for the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds
      • Working Group on Chemical Accidents
  • Executive Committee in Special Session
  • Fisheries Committee (COFI)
  • Governing Body of the Co-operative Research Programme: Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
    • Management Committee of the Co-operative Research Programme: Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture
  • Group on Health
  • Group on Regulatory Policy
  • Institutional Management in Higher Education Governing Board (IMHE)
  • Insurance and Private Pensions Committee
    • Task Force on Private Health Insurance
    • Working Party of Governmental Experts on Insurance
    • Working Party on Private Pensions
      • Task Force on Personal Pension Plans
      • Task Force on Pension Statistics
    • Task Force on Terrorism Insurance
  • International Energy Agency Governing Board
    • Standing Group on Emergency Questions
    • Standing Group on the Oil Market
    • Standing Group on Long-Term Co-operation
      • Working Party on Energy Efficiency
    • Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT)
      • Working Party on Energy End-Use Technologies
      • Working Party on Fossil Fuels
      • Working Party on Renewable Energy Technologies
      • Fusion Power Co-ordinating Committee (Fusion Working Party)
    • Committee on Budget and Expenditure
    • Committee on Non-Member Countries
    • Industry Advisory Board
      • Industry Supply Advisory Group (ISAG)
    • Coal Industry Advisory Board
  • Investment Committee
    • Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions
    • Working Party of the Investment Committee
    • Advisory Group on Co-operation with Non-Members on Investment Matters
    • Workshop on International Investment Statistics
    • Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
  • Maritime Transport Committee
  • OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government
  • Programme for International Student Assessment Governing Board (PISA)
    • PISA Strategic Development Group
  • Programme on Educational Building Governing Board (PEB)
  • Public Governance Committee (PGC)
    • Working Party on Regulatory Management and Reform
    • Working Party of Senior Budget Officials (SBO)
      • Network on Financial Management
      • Network of Parliamentary Budget Committee Chairpersons
      • Network on Organisational Structures
      • Network on Performance and Results
    • Network of Senior Officials from Centres of Government
    • Public Employment and Management Working Party
    • Steering Group on the Complementary Areas of E-Government Work
    • Expert Group on Conflict of Interest: Ensuring Accountability and Transparency in the Public Service
    • Network of Senior E-Government Officials
  • Steel Committee
  • Steering Committee for Nuclear Energy
    • Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI)
      • CSNI Programme Review Group (CSNI PRG)
      • Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRISK)
      • Working Group on Analysis and Management of Accidents (GAMA)
      • Working Group on Integrity of Components and Structures (IAGE)
    • Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA)
      • Working Group on Inspection Practices (WGIP)
      • Working Group on Public Communication of Nuclear Regulatory Organisations (WGPC)
      • Working Group on Operating Experiences (WGOE)
    • Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC)
      • RWMC Regulators' Forum (RWMC-RF)
      • Integration Group for the Safety Case of Radioactive Waste Repositories (IGSC)
      • Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC)
      • Working Party on Decommissioning and Dismantling (WPDD)
    • Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health (CRPPH)
      • Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (INEX)
    • Nuclear Science Committee (NSC)
      • Working Party on International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC)
      • Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WPNCS)
      • The Scientific Co-ordination Group of the Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion (JEFF) Data Project
    • Committee for Technical and Economic Studies on Nuclear Energy Development and the Fuel Cycle (NDC)
      • Joint NEA/IAEA Group on Uranium
      • Nuclear Law Committee (NLC)
  • Steering Group on Corporate Governance
    • Working Group on Privatisation and Corporate Governance of State Owned Assets
  • Territorial Development Policy Committee
    • Working Party on Territorial Policy in Urban Areas
    • Working Party on Territorial Policy in Rural Areas
    • Working Party on Territorial Indicators
  • Tourism Committee
    • Statistical Working Party
  • Trade Committee
    • Working Party of the Trade Committee
    • Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees
    • Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Trade
    • Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment

Members

OECD member states (as of 2006)

There are currently thirty full members; of these, 24 (marked with *) are described as high-income countries by the World Bank in 2005.

Founding members (1961):
Joined later (listed alphabetically with year of admission):

The European Commission is participating in the work of the OECD, alongside the EU Member States. For more information on OECD's work related to its member countries, visit OECD's country Web sites[2]

Relations with non-members

24 non-members currently participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate.

Future enlargement

Template:Future By May 2007 (or some time after that), new members could be admitted to join the OECD. Countries considered may include Israel, Russia, Chile and the remaining EU members: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania. [3] [4]

In 1996, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania made a joint declaration concerning their co-operation with the OECD, including their future membership in the Organisation. Slovenia applied for membership on 14 March 1996, Malta on 24 September 2005.

Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) has observer status on three OECD committees and two working parties, but due to its controversial status as a state, its membership perspective is unclear.

Personnel policy

As an international organisation the terms of employment of OECD staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations proper to the OECD. In order to maintain similar working conditions to similarly-structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Office.

See also

External links

Sources

  1. ^ OECD-Antispam
  2. ^ OECD-Members
  3. ^ NZ Herald OECD takes first step to admit new members, by Anna Willard. 12 May 2006
  4. ^ International Herald Tribune OECD setting the stage to admit new members, by James Kanter. 10 May 2006
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