Momine Khatun Mausoleum: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
ShelfSkewed (talk | contribs) →Description: dab link |
||
| (49 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Expand Azerbaijani|Möminə Xatun türbəsi|date=July 2012}} |
|||
{{coord|39|12|18.26|N|45|24|22.17|E|region:AZ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} |
|||
{{Infobox historic site |
{{Infobox historic site |
||
|name=Momine Khatun Mausoleum |
|name=Momine Khatun Mausoleum |
||
| Line 10: | Line 9: | ||
|architect=[[Ajami Nakhchivani]] |
|architect=[[Ajami Nakhchivani]] |
||
|architecture=[[Architectural school of Nakhchivan]] |
|architecture=[[Architectural school of Nakhchivan]] |
||
|designation1=World Heritage Site |
|||
|designation1_offname=The mausoleum of Nakhchivan |
|||
|designation1_type=Cultural|designation1_criteria=i, iv |
|||
|designation1_date=September 30, 1998 |
|||
|designation1_number= |
|||
|designation1_free1name=State Party |
|||
|designation1_free1value={{AZE}} |
|||
|designation1_free2name=Region |
|||
|designation1_free2value=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]] |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Momine Khatun Mausoleum''' ({{Lang-az|Möminə Xatun türbəsi}}) is a mausoleum, also known as the Atabek Dome, located in the city of Nakhchivan of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan. It was built in 1186 by the architect Ajami ibn Abubekr Nakhchivani.<ref>''Момине-хатун'' — статья из [[:ru:Большая советская энциклопедия|Большой советской энциклопедии]].</ref> The ten-sided mausoleum reached a height of 34 meters. Today its height is only 25 meters (without the tent, which has not been preserved).<ref name="Полевой">{{Cite journal |author = |editor= |format= |url= |title= Момине-хатун мавзолей |type= |orig-year= | agency = Под ред. [[Полевой, Вадим Михайлович|В. М. Полевого]] |edition= Популярная художественная энциклопедия |location= М. |date= 1986 |publisher= [[Советская энциклопедия]] |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= }}</ref> The mausoleum, built and named after the mother of one of the local rulers of Azerbaijan, Atabek [[Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan|Jahan Pahlavan]] of Ildegezid dynasty, is masterfully decorated with complex geometric ornaments and inscriptions from Koran.<ref>''С. А. Дадашев, М. А. Усейнов''. Очерки по истории архитектуры народов СССР. Архитектура Азербайджана. — М:1948 — стр. 10</ref> |
|||
'''Momine Khatun Mausoleum''' (or '''Mu'mine Khatun''') is a 12th century mausoleum located in the [[Nakhchivan City|city of Nakchivan]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. |
|||
Although the original height of the tomb, built by the architect Ajami Nakhchivani in 1186, was 34 meters, its tent-shaped dome is not completed nowadays; therefore, the tomb has a height of 25 meters (without the hipped dome).<ref name="автоссылка1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco-iicas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Architecture_ENG.pdf|title=The artistic culture of Central Asia and Azerbaijan|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202841/http://www.unesco-iicas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Architecture_ENG.pdf|archive-date=2018-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The grave of Momina Khatun is the only monument from the Atabaylar architectural complex that has survived to nowadays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unesco.preslib.az/en/page/wC1I6Gk9sD|title=Momine Khatun Mausoleum|access-date=2022-11-04|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128090309/http://unesco.preslib.az/en/page/wC1I6Gk9sD|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were nominated for the [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites]] in 1998 by [[Gulnara Mehmandarova]], the president of the Azerbaijan Committee of [[ICOMOS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1173/|title=TENTATIVE The mausoleum of Nakhchivan}}</ref> |
|||
The general structure of Momina Khatun tomb consists of a crypt and an octagonal tower. The mausoleum is also octagonal in plan. Aside from the crypt and appearance, Ajami avoided complexity in the interior of the tower and favored quantity and integrity. The low platform of the tomb has a decagonal shape and is covered with large polished diorite slabs. |
|||
So as not to spoil the purity and geometric simplicity of the tower's prismatic structure, the architect did not differentiate the eastern side with its double-doored entrance from any of the other walls. The rectangular entrance door to the tower is built into a shallow lancet arch above which is a brick inscription in Kufic lines. |
|||
==History== |
==History== |
||
The mausoleum on the grave of Momina Khatun was raised immediately after her burial. Initially, the mausoleum was a modest building, and it was only shortly before her death that [[Atabeg]] Jahan Pahlavan decided to perpetuate the memory of his mother with a more solid structure. In connection with this, he ordered the construction of a complex of grandiose structures, ordering the construction of a new mausoleum to Ajami ibn Abubekr Nakhchivani, already known by that time for the construction of the mausoleum of Yusuf ibn Kuseyir. Under Jahan Pahlavan, the mausoleum of Momina Khatun, known as “Gumbez Atabek”, was built. The rest of the buildings of the complex were built later, when the youngest son of Momina Khatun Kyzyl-Arslan was atabeg.<ref name="Момине">{{Cite journal |author = Велиев С. |editor= |format= |url= |title= Момине хатун |type= |orig-year= | agency = |edition= [[Каспий (газета)|Каспий]] |location= |date= February 2011 |publisher= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = 10 |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= 19 }}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Atabəylər kompleksində minarələr.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tomb of Momina Khatun at Atabeylar Architectural Complex]] |
|||
Momine Khatun Mausoleum, a monument of the Azerbaijani architecture (monuments of the architectural school of Nakhichevan – Maragha) was built in the west part of Nakhchivan city (within the Atabek Complex of Architecture in Nakhchivan city’s historical centre) in 1186. The mausoleum is the only monument that has reached our era from that complex. [[Shamsaddin Eldaniz]], the founder of the Azerbaijan Atabaylar state (Eldiguzids) initiated to erect a mausoleum on the grave of his wife Momine Khatun. However, its construction was finished by Mahammad Jahan Pahlavan, the son of Shamsaddin Eldeniz, in A.H. 582, in the Maharram month (April 1186).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nadirkitap.com/kirim-ve-kuzey-azerbaycan-da-turk-eserleri-oktay-aslanapa-kitap10903720.html|title=OKTAY ASLANAPA, KIRIM VE KUZEY AZERBAYCAN'DA TÜRK ESERLERİ}}</ref> According to some investigators, Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the ruler of the Atabaylar state, his wife Momine Khatun, and his son Mahammad Jahan Pahlavan were buried in the mausoleum. Later, the headstones of the buried people in the tomb probably were robbed and taken away. The photos and paintings of the 19th century show that there were monumental buildings and also Jameh mosque around the mausoleum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unesco.preslib.az/en/page/wC1I6Gk9sD|title=Momine Khatun Mausoleum}}</ref> Its architect, [[Ajami Nakhchivani]], also built the nearby [[Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum]]. The mausoleum was probably originally built with a [[madrassa]]. Drawings and photographs of the site from the nineteenth century confirm that it existed as part of a religious and educational complex which no longer exists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco-iicas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Architecture_ENG.pdf|title=The artistic culture of Central Asia and Azerbaijan|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202841/http://www.unesco-iicas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Architecture_ENG.pdf|archive-date=2018-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The mausoleum was heavily restored in 1999-2003, as part of the Azerbaijan Cultural Heritage Support Project of the [[World Bank]]. It was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Azerbaijani 50,000 [[Azerbaijani manat|manat]] banknote of 1996-2006.<ref>[http://www.nba.az/default.aspx National Bank of Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516034336/http://nba.az/default.aspx |date=2007-05-16 }}. National currency: [http://www.nba.az/default.aspx?go=198&lng=en 50000 manat]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.</ref> |
|||
The project of the complex consisted of several structures. In addition to the mausoleum itself and to the portal with minarets, back in the 19th century, the Juma mosque towered here, at 35-36 meters high, surpassing even the Momina Khatun mausoleum. Of all these structures, only the mausoleum of Momina Khatun has survived to the present day. It consists of the ground floor and an underground level. The tomb of Momina Khatun is located in the underground level, where there is no pedestrian access. The above-ground part is made of fired brick and has ten sides. It belongs to the central-dome structures of the tower type, and rises on a massive plinth lined with three rows of red [[tufa]].<ref name="Момине" /> |
|||
The surface of each, niche-shaped side is completely covered with carvings, which are in [[Kufic]] Arabic script stylized into geometric ornament. On each side, this ornament is distinct. The upper part of the mausoleum is decorated with a composition resembling [[stalactite]]s. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
Momine Khatun Mausoleum is the most outstanding landmark in Nakhchivan decorated with a complex geometric pattern and quotes from the Koran. Grand decahedral mausoleum was considered as medieval skyscraper reaching 34 meters in height. Today it is only 25 meters high. Each side of the surface is completely covered with Arab writings in [[kufic]] style, styled as geometric patterns. The ornaments of the nine out of ten (sides) are different. Only one repeats itself, on the recess where it was supposed to be an exit. The top of the mausoleum is decorated by a stalactite composition. In the head arch of the monument these words were written in Kufic: “We pass away, but only the wind is left behind us. We die, but only the work is left as a present”. The mausoleum consists of underground (vault) and aboveground parts. The aboveground part of the mausoleum is decagonal from the exterior (it was bordered with the Kufic inscriptions on either side), but its interior is round formed. There are four round medallions in which the names of the Caliphs were written inside the dome. According to its completion, the Western part of the mausoleum differs. Here the surface was divided into two parts: in the under part, the entrance door was completed in the head arch form, but in the above part the ornamental designs were given. The inscriptions showing the name of the sculptor and the date of its construction were engraved in the above of the head arch. The burial place of Momine-Khatun is under the building but there is no entrance to it. Inside the mausoleum has a round shape. The only decorations of its interior are four round medallions covered with inscriptions and ornaments. These medallions are placed on the inner side of the spherical dome of the mausoleum and bear the names of the Prophet Mohammed, and four rashidun (caliphs) - Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman, Ali and his sons Hassan and Hussein. The Mausoleum of Momine-Khatun is distinguished by an imperial grandeur. On the top of the tomb, in the writings above – in the main book of the monument, it is written: “This tomb was ordered to be built by educated in the world, just and great victor Shamsaddin Nusrat al- Islam and al Muslimin Jahan Pahlavan Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Atabay Atabay Eldagiz for the memory of religion in the world, Islam, and fame of the Muslims - Momina Khatun!”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_351_en.html|title=Historical monuments. Momina Khatun Tomb}}</ref> |
|||
The inside of the mausoleum is round. The only decorations of its interior are 4 circular medallions covered with inscriptions and ornaments. The discs contain the names of [[Muhammad]], [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar|Omar]], [[Uthman|Osman]], [[Ali]], [[Hassan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Huseyn]]. |
|||
The solid brick walls of the mausoleum are pierced by two small windows facing West, with an additional window above the main entrance. A band of inscription in [[Kufic]] characters composed of turquoise tiles runs below the [[muqarnas]] [[cornice]]. The recessed surface of its twelve exterior facets are covered with carved geometric motifs on brick, which are highlighted by turquoise tiles, and set in a rectangular frame that includes a small muqarnas crown. Inside, the burial chamber is circular in plan, with bare walls. |
|||
The tomb has a 25-meter octagonal shape, which stands out among the buildings included in the Atabeylar architectural complex. Paintings and photographs from the 19th and early 20th centuries confirm that it was once part of a large group.<ref name="автоссылка1" /> The tomb was built on a plinth covered with red diorite stones. |
|||
The Mausoleum of Mu'mine Khatun is representative of the Nakhchivan architectural tradition of the medieval era, which was heavily influenced by the works of the Azerbaijani architect Adjemi ibn Kuseyir. The Nakhchivani style differed from the [[Shirvan]]i styles, prevailing in [[Absheron Rayon|Absheron]], in its use of brick as the basic construction material and the use of coloured, especially turquoise enamelled tiles, for decoration. |
|||
=== Crypt === |
|||
The tomb of Momina Khatun differs in plan from her predecessor's in size and complexity. The mausoleum is octagonal in shape. An arch about ten meters high could not be covered with a flat brick dome.<ref name="Qiyasi96">{{cite book|last1=Qiyasi|first1=Cəfər|title=Nizami dövrünün memarlıq abidələri|date=1991|publisher=İşıq|location=Bakı|pages=96}}</ref> For this reason, Ajami paid special attention to the strength of the lower layer and developed a constructive technique which had also been used in the tomb of the Red Dome 38 years earlier:<ref name="Qiyasi96" /> he placed a thick, ten-sided support in the middle of the tomb. Since the sides of the support are connected to the sides by pointed arches, a mushroom-shaped solid central pillar and stable roof structure were created.<ref name="Qiyasi96" /> |
|||
To further enhance the beauty of the mushroom support and the processing effect, the architect inserted brick ribs onto the opposite corners. These ribs form a star-shaped frame. According to Jafar Giyasi, this frame is also similar to the patterned structures decorating the monument and is based on principles of mathematical harmony. The architectonic beauty of the structure is more clearly realized, as the frames are lined with patterned brickwork. |
|||
Prof. Jafar Giyasi notes that the process of evolution of construction based on local traditions ends in the architecture of the Momina Khatun tomb. According to the researcher, the fastest stage of this process falls on the period of the Atabeg's reign and follows the line from the red-domed tomb to the Gilan tomb, to the Momina Khatun tomb. This was the peak of scientific and artistic progress of that period in the history of Azerbaijan. |
|||
In his work, the architect Ajami demonstrated not only the depth of artistic thinking, the subtlety of taste, but also the engineering genius, based on extensive mathematical knowledge and rich creative experience. Getting acquaintance with the mounting system of the monument, especially with the design of the tomb, clearly shows that the architect deservedly received the title of “chief engineer” of his times. |
|||
=== Tower === |
|||
The tower's shape of the mausoleum is octagonal on the outside and round on the inside. Studies have shown that the choice of a decagonal layout is not by chance. The planning-spatial structure of the Mumunakhat tomb is generally built according to the decimal principle. This is the basis of the golden division, which creates greater proportion and harmony. |
|||
Aside from the crypt and appearance, Ajami avoided complexity in the interior of the tower and prioritized quantity and integrity. The high cylindrical capacity of the inner space is covered by a spherical dome. Its curved surfaces show traces of a spiral staircase leading to a chimney in the dome. This shows that in the tomb of Momina Khatun an open staircase was built to climb into the space between the domes, in contrast to the one in the tombs of Kharragan. Possibly, plastered segments in the cylindrical part of the interior were decorated with wall paintings. In the interior, under the plaster of the last period, a dark strip for writing appears, which suggests that earlier there were some decorative works on its wall surfaces. |
|||
The low platform of the tomb has a decagonal shape and is covered with large polished diorite slabs. Above it rises a high brick volume of a domed tower. The current height of the tomb, with the upper pyramidal cover of which had been demolished, is about 25 meters. Originally its height was of 35 meters. |
|||
While Ajami used an octahedral body, widespread in the architectural practice of that time, in the tomb he raised for Yusif ibn Kuseyir, he chose a rare 10-sided prism for Momina Khatun's mausoleum. A similar form is Gombede-Kavus in Gurgan (1006), which divided its very high cylindrical mass into 10 rib verticals. In a tomb with a round dome, built in Maragha 10 years before the tomb of Momina Khatun, the interior has a decagonal shape. |
|||
Ajami achieved a strong compositional verticality and wide planning possibilities, making the outer volume of the tomb decagonal. The architect reinforced the upward orientation with other techniques, the corner supports were thick and conspicuous, and the cornices on the edges were narrow, deep and very high. Completing it with a pointed stalactite structure gave these crowns a more dynamic and graceful form. Their vertical rhythm creates a strong vertical movement of the tomb's body. That is why the monument looks taller, thinner and more majestic than it really is. |
|||
Raising the body on a prismatic pedestal, thus complicating the finish of the inflated pyramidal dome, greatly facilitated the ascent of artistic architectural forms. At the same time, artistic sophistication in all architectural details of the tower was based on constructive logic. The underground vault, which is an excellent architectural, spatial and engineering solution, played a fundamental role in ensuring the stability of the entire monument as a solid foundation. The massiveness of the general engineering solution of the tomb is completed by a frame structure created by a high-body tin and a two-layer domed coating (internally spherical, externally pyramidal). |
|||
=== Facade === |
=== Facade === |
||
In order to keep the pure geometric beauty of the tower-like prismatic volume of the tomb, the architect did not sharply separate the eastern face with the front door from the other faces with special facade decorations. The rectangular entrance door of the tower is built into a shallow lancet arch, above it is a brick with the inscription "Banna Ajami Abu Akr ogly" in Kufic lines. The date of construction of the mausoleum is written with the same line in a rectangular frame connecting the stones above into the composition of the SAI portal that includes them. |
|||
The sides of the lancet arches are decorated with graceful columns (diameter 15 cm), the top is covered with large honeycomb eyes, and the inner surfaces are covered with complex geometric patterns that do not repeat each other. These types of patterns, which give the surfaces a high aesthetic appearance, are connected through the beauty of straight lines, the principles of overall geometric harmony, the fullness of meaning and structure. Therefore, a variety of patterned compositions increases the variability and dynamics of the monument's meeting, without violating the spatial integrity. |
|||
Most of geometrical ornaments on the surfaces are composed of multi-pointed stars and the lines spread from them. There are 5, 6, 8 pointed stars and 6, 8 angular geometric figures on each face.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://elibrary.bsu.az/books_460/N_358.pdf|title=TARİXİMİZDƏ İZ QOYANLAR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndu.edu.az/files/uploader/Gulnare_Qenberova.pdf|title=Naxçıvan Dövlət Universiteti Memarlıq|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128061640/http://ndu.edu.az/files/uploader/Gulnare_Qenberova.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
Bright blue-turquoise tiles used in the patterns of lancet arches on the edges form spectacular accents and joints against the background of the general reddish color of burnt brick. These accents facilitate the perception of complex patterns, enrich the color resolution and add subtlety and visual depth to the crown surfaces. |
|||
=== Facade elements of Momina Khatun tomb === |
|||
The teeth of the decahedral body are connected at the top and take the pointed crowns on the faces into a U-shaped frame. Ajami covered these frames from head to toe with a delicate epigraphic pattern – Kufic inscriptions with amazing skill, in which the vertical elements of rectangular letters wrap around each other and become complex braids. The ground of these brick inscriptions represents a very finely crafted plant patterns. Reading these inscriptions, Alesgarzade came to the conclusion that: “All the faces of the ten-faced tomb are bordered by the text of Surah Yasin. By repeating this sura twice, once from one face to five faces, and the other time from six faces to ten faces, the inscription on each face begins from the bottom right and goes up, then continues horizontally at the top afterwards descends to the left. |
|||
Another belt with inscriptions connects, at the very top, the faces bordered by Surah Yasin. This is the main epitaph, pointing to the patron of the mausoleum in whose memory it was built. This epitaph stands out among others either by its place in the real composition of the monument, or by the large size of the letters (the height of the belt is 98 cm), or by the material and color, the superiority of the position was emphasized by all means. |
|||
The inscriptions' location are the common burnt bricks, which are somewhat sparsely intertwined. Against this reddish background, the shiny and hatched shapes of the large blue marble letters are more visible. Both the sparse brickwork and the size and blueness of the letters are designed to make the writing belt easy seen from the distance. |
|||
=== Interior === |
=== Interior === |
||
There are four circular medallions on the perpendicular arrows (diameter 1.5 m) in the interior of the dome's brick rows. The ornaments were made of the mix of gypsum and clay and consist of Kufi-style compositions. The essence of all the compositions is the word "Allah". Omar, Osman, Ali words intersect with each other, forming 6, 8 and 10 pointed stars and surround the word “Allah”.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite |
There are four circular medallions on the perpendicular arrows (diameter 1.5 m) in the interior of the dome's brick rows. The ornaments were made of the mix of gypsum and clay and consist of Kufi-style compositions. The essence of all the compositions is the word "Allah". Omar, Osman, Ali words intersect with each other, forming 6, 8 and 10 pointed stars and surround the word “Allah”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tarıxımızdə İz Qoyanlar |url=http://elibrary.bsu.az/books_460/N_358.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puiFQgAACAAJ&q=Michell,+George+(ed.).+1995.+Architecture+of+the+Islamic+World:+Its+History+and+Social+Meaning.+London:+Thames+and+Hudson,+259.|title=Ernst J. Grube, Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning|isbn=9780500278475|last1=Grube|first1=Ernst J.|year=1995|publisher=Thames and Hudson }}</ref> |
||
==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
||
<gallery> |
<gallery widths=180 mode=packed> |
||
Image:Momine perspective wiki.jpg |
Image:Momine perspective wiki.jpg |
||
Image:Momine Fragment.jpg |
Image:Momine Fragment.jpg |
||
Image:Mömünəxatun türbəsində fasad bəzəkləri-001.jpg |
Image:Mömünəxatun türbəsində fasad bəzəkləri-001.jpg |
||
| Line 53: | Line 77: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{portal|Azerbaijan}} |
|||
* |
* {{slink|List of mausolea|Azerbaijan}} |
||
* {{Commons-inline|Momine Khatun Mausoleum}} |
|||
*{{Portal-inline|Azerbaijan|size=tiny|short=yes}} |
|||
==References == |
==References == |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
|||
* {{cci}} |
|||
[[Category:Mausoleums in Azerbaijan]] |
[[Category:Mausoleums in Azerbaijan]] |
||
| Line 66: | Line 91: | ||
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nakhchivan]] |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nakhchivan]] |
||
[[Category:Decagonal buildings]] |
[[Category:Decagonal buildings]] |
||
[[Category:Ajami Nakhchivani buildings and structures]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 05:04, 24 June 2024
| Momine Khatun Mausoleum | |
|---|---|
| Native name Azerbaijani: Möminə Xatun türbəsi | |
 | |
| Location | Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan |
| Built for | Momine Khatun |
| Architect | Ajami Nakhchivani |
| Architectural style(s) | Architectural school of Nakhchivan |
  Location of Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Azerbaijan | |
Momine Khatun Mausoleum (Azerbaijani: Möminə Xatun türbəsi) is a mausoleum, also known as the Atabek Dome, located in the city of Nakhchivan of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan. It was built in 1186 by the architect Ajami ibn Abubekr Nakhchivani.[1] The ten-sided mausoleum reached a height of 34 meters. Today its height is only 25 meters (without the tent, which has not been preserved).[2] The mausoleum, built and named after the mother of one of the local rulers of Azerbaijan, Atabek Jahan Pahlavan of Ildegezid dynasty, is masterfully decorated with complex geometric ornaments and inscriptions from Koran.[3]
Although the original height of the tomb, built by the architect Ajami Nakhchivani in 1186, was 34 meters, its tent-shaped dome is not completed nowadays; therefore, the tomb has a height of 25 meters (without the hipped dome).[4] The grave of Momina Khatun is the only monument from the Atabaylar architectural complex that has survived to nowadays.[5]
The general structure of Momina Khatun tomb consists of a crypt and an octagonal tower. The mausoleum is also octagonal in plan. Aside from the crypt and appearance, Ajami avoided complexity in the interior of the tower and favored quantity and integrity. The low platform of the tomb has a decagonal shape and is covered with large polished diorite slabs.
So as not to spoil the purity and geometric simplicity of the tower's prismatic structure, the architect did not differentiate the eastern side with its double-doored entrance from any of the other walls. The rectangular entrance door to the tower is built into a shallow lancet arch above which is a brick inscription in Kufic lines.
History[edit]
The mausoleum on the grave of Momina Khatun was raised immediately after her burial. Initially, the mausoleum was a modest building, and it was only shortly before her death that Atabeg Jahan Pahlavan decided to perpetuate the memory of his mother with a more solid structure. In connection with this, he ordered the construction of a complex of grandiose structures, ordering the construction of a new mausoleum to Ajami ibn Abubekr Nakhchivani, already known by that time for the construction of the mausoleum of Yusuf ibn Kuseyir. Under Jahan Pahlavan, the mausoleum of Momina Khatun, known as “Gumbez Atabek”, was built. The rest of the buildings of the complex were built later, when the youngest son of Momina Khatun Kyzyl-Arslan was atabeg.[6]
Description[edit]
The project of the complex consisted of several structures. In addition to the mausoleum itself and to the portal with minarets, back in the 19th century, the Juma mosque towered here, at 35-36 meters high, surpassing even the Momina Khatun mausoleum. Of all these structures, only the mausoleum of Momina Khatun has survived to the present day. It consists of the ground floor and an underground level. The tomb of Momina Khatun is located in the underground level, where there is no pedestrian access. The above-ground part is made of fired brick and has ten sides. It belongs to the central-dome structures of the tower type, and rises on a massive plinth lined with three rows of red tufa.[6]
The surface of each, niche-shaped side is completely covered with carvings, which are in Kufic Arabic script stylized into geometric ornament. On each side, this ornament is distinct. The upper part of the mausoleum is decorated with a composition resembling stalactites.
The inside of the mausoleum is round. The only decorations of its interior are 4 circular medallions covered with inscriptions and ornaments. The discs contain the names of Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman, Ali, Hasan and Huseyn.
The tomb has a 25-meter octagonal shape, which stands out among the buildings included in the Atabeylar architectural complex. Paintings and photographs from the 19th and early 20th centuries confirm that it was once part of a large group.[4] The tomb was built on a plinth covered with red diorite stones.
Crypt[edit]
The tomb of Momina Khatun differs in plan from her predecessor's in size and complexity. The mausoleum is octagonal in shape. An arch about ten meters high could not be covered with a flat brick dome.[7] For this reason, Ajami paid special attention to the strength of the lower layer and developed a constructive technique which had also been used in the tomb of the Red Dome 38 years earlier:[7] he placed a thick, ten-sided support in the middle of the tomb. Since the sides of the support are connected to the sides by pointed arches, a mushroom-shaped solid central pillar and stable roof structure were created.[7]
To further enhance the beauty of the mushroom support and the processing effect, the architect inserted brick ribs onto the opposite corners. These ribs form a star-shaped frame. According to Jafar Giyasi, this frame is also similar to the patterned structures decorating the monument and is based on principles of mathematical harmony. The architectonic beauty of the structure is more clearly realized, as the frames are lined with patterned brickwork.
Prof. Jafar Giyasi notes that the process of evolution of construction based on local traditions ends in the architecture of the Momina Khatun tomb. According to the researcher, the fastest stage of this process falls on the period of the Atabeg's reign and follows the line from the red-domed tomb to the Gilan tomb, to the Momina Khatun tomb. This was the peak of scientific and artistic progress of that period in the history of Azerbaijan.
In his work, the architect Ajami demonstrated not only the depth of artistic thinking, the subtlety of taste, but also the engineering genius, based on extensive mathematical knowledge and rich creative experience. Getting acquaintance with the mounting system of the monument, especially with the design of the tomb, clearly shows that the architect deservedly received the title of “chief engineer” of his times.
Tower[edit]
The tower's shape of the mausoleum is octagonal on the outside and round on the inside. Studies have shown that the choice of a decagonal layout is not by chance. The planning-spatial structure of the Mumunakhat tomb is generally built according to the decimal principle. This is the basis of the golden division, which creates greater proportion and harmony.
Aside from the crypt and appearance, Ajami avoided complexity in the interior of the tower and prioritized quantity and integrity. The high cylindrical capacity of the inner space is covered by a spherical dome. Its curved surfaces show traces of a spiral staircase leading to a chimney in the dome. This shows that in the tomb of Momina Khatun an open staircase was built to climb into the space between the domes, in contrast to the one in the tombs of Kharragan. Possibly, plastered segments in the cylindrical part of the interior were decorated with wall paintings. In the interior, under the plaster of the last period, a dark strip for writing appears, which suggests that earlier there were some decorative works on its wall surfaces.
The low platform of the tomb has a decagonal shape and is covered with large polished diorite slabs. Above it rises a high brick volume of a domed tower. The current height of the tomb, with the upper pyramidal cover of which had been demolished, is about 25 meters. Originally its height was of 35 meters.
While Ajami used an octahedral body, widespread in the architectural practice of that time, in the tomb he raised for Yusif ibn Kuseyir, he chose a rare 10-sided prism for Momina Khatun's mausoleum. A similar form is Gombede-Kavus in Gurgan (1006), which divided its very high cylindrical mass into 10 rib verticals. In a tomb with a round dome, built in Maragha 10 years before the tomb of Momina Khatun, the interior has a decagonal shape.
Ajami achieved a strong compositional verticality and wide planning possibilities, making the outer volume of the tomb decagonal. The architect reinforced the upward orientation with other techniques, the corner supports were thick and conspicuous, and the cornices on the edges were narrow, deep and very high. Completing it with a pointed stalactite structure gave these crowns a more dynamic and graceful form. Their vertical rhythm creates a strong vertical movement of the tomb's body. That is why the monument looks taller, thinner and more majestic than it really is.
Raising the body on a prismatic pedestal, thus complicating the finish of the inflated pyramidal dome, greatly facilitated the ascent of artistic architectural forms. At the same time, artistic sophistication in all architectural details of the tower was based on constructive logic. The underground vault, which is an excellent architectural, spatial and engineering solution, played a fundamental role in ensuring the stability of the entire monument as a solid foundation. The massiveness of the general engineering solution of the tomb is completed by a frame structure created by a high-body tin and a two-layer domed coating (internally spherical, externally pyramidal).
Facade[edit]
In order to keep the pure geometric beauty of the tower-like prismatic volume of the tomb, the architect did not sharply separate the eastern face with the front door from the other faces with special facade decorations. The rectangular entrance door of the tower is built into a shallow lancet arch, above it is a brick with the inscription "Banna Ajami Abu Akr ogly" in Kufic lines. The date of construction of the mausoleum is written with the same line in a rectangular frame connecting the stones above into the composition of the SAI portal that includes them.
The sides of the lancet arches are decorated with graceful columns (diameter 15 cm), the top is covered with large honeycomb eyes, and the inner surfaces are covered with complex geometric patterns that do not repeat each other. These types of patterns, which give the surfaces a high aesthetic appearance, are connected through the beauty of straight lines, the principles of overall geometric harmony, the fullness of meaning and structure. Therefore, a variety of patterned compositions increases the variability and dynamics of the monument's meeting, without violating the spatial integrity.
Bright blue-turquoise tiles used in the patterns of lancet arches on the edges form spectacular accents and joints against the background of the general reddish color of burnt brick. These accents facilitate the perception of complex patterns, enrich the color resolution and add subtlety and visual depth to the crown surfaces.
Facade elements of Momina Khatun tomb[edit]
The teeth of the decahedral body are connected at the top and take the pointed crowns on the faces into a U-shaped frame. Ajami covered these frames from head to toe with a delicate epigraphic pattern – Kufic inscriptions with amazing skill, in which the vertical elements of rectangular letters wrap around each other and become complex braids. The ground of these brick inscriptions represents a very finely crafted plant patterns. Reading these inscriptions, Alesgarzade came to the conclusion that: “All the faces of the ten-faced tomb are bordered by the text of Surah Yasin. By repeating this sura twice, once from one face to five faces, and the other time from six faces to ten faces, the inscription on each face begins from the bottom right and goes up, then continues horizontally at the top afterwards descends to the left.
Another belt with inscriptions connects, at the very top, the faces bordered by Surah Yasin. This is the main epitaph, pointing to the patron of the mausoleum in whose memory it was built. This epitaph stands out among others either by its place in the real composition of the monument, or by the large size of the letters (the height of the belt is 98 cm), or by the material and color, the superiority of the position was emphasized by all means.
The inscriptions' location are the common burnt bricks, which are somewhat sparsely intertwined. Against this reddish background, the shiny and hatched shapes of the large blue marble letters are more visible. Both the sparse brickwork and the size and blueness of the letters are designed to make the writing belt easy seen from the distance.
Interior[edit]
There are four circular medallions on the perpendicular arrows (diameter 1.5 m) in the interior of the dome's brick rows. The ornaments were made of the mix of gypsum and clay and consist of Kufi-style compositions. The essence of all the compositions is the word "Allah". Omar, Osman, Ali words intersect with each other, forming 6, 8 and 10 pointed stars and surround the word “Allah”.[8][9]
Gallery[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Момине-хатун — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии.
- ^ "Момине-хатун мавзолей" (Популярная художественная энциклопедия ed.). М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1986.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - ^ С. А. Дадашев, М. А. Усейнов. Очерки по истории архитектуры народов СССР. Архитектура Азербайджана. — М:1948 — стр. 10
- ^ a b "The artistic culture of Central Asia and Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ "Momine Khatun Mausoleum". Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
- ^ a b Велиев С. (February 2011). "Момине хатун" (Каспий ed.): 10.
19
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Qiyasi, Cəfər (1991). Nizami dövrünün memarlıq abidələri. Bakı: İşıq. p. 96.
- ^ "Tarıxımızdə İz Qoyanlar" (PDF).
- ^ Grube, Ernst J. (1995). Ernst J. Grube, Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500278475.
External links[edit]
Media related to Momine Khatun Mausoleum at Wikimedia Commons
