Malabar (naval exercise): Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 13:00, 14 October 2021

Ships from the Royal Australian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Indian Navy and the United States Navy participate in Malabar 2020.

An Indian Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technician and a U.S. Navy Sailor launch an autonomous underwater vehicle, Malabar 2016.

Urban combat training during Malabar 2021. MARCOS, US Navy SEALs and JMSDF special forces visible.

Exercise Malabar is a naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners.^[1] The annual Malabar exercises includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through maritime interdiction operations, anti-submarine warfare, diving salvage operations, amphibious operations, counter-piracy operations, cross–deck helicopter landings and anti–air warfare operations.^[2]^[3] Over the years, the exercise has been conducted in the Philippine Sea, off the coast of Japan, in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.^[4]

Originally begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, the exercise was expanded in 2007 with the participation of Japan, Singapore and Australia. Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Australia participated in the exercise again in 2020, marking the second time that the Quad will be jointly participating in a military exercise.^[5]

The duration of the exercise has ranged from 1 to 11 days.^[6] The complexity and sophistication of the exercise has increased over the years. The average participation increased from 8 ships to just over 9 from 2002 to 2014.^[7]

1992–2002

The first naval exercise, named Malabar-I, between India and the United States was held on 28/29 May 1992.^[8]^[9] The exercises were located in Cochin, headquarters of the Indian Southern Naval Command, and Goa.^[9] It was of an elementary level, including four vessels, passing exercises and basic maneuvers.^[3]^[9] Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after India tested nuclear weapons.^[10]

Edition	Year	Exercise Area	Vessels^[a]	Exercises	Ref
1	1992	India's west coast	INS Gomti, INS Ranjit USS Vandegrift, USS David R. Ray	Frequency sharing, basic maneuvers, search and rescue.^[9]	^[3]
2	1995	Persian Gulf			^[3]
3	1996	India's west coast			^[3]

2002–2007

A pair of Indian Air Force Jaguars flying in formation beside a pair of Indian Navy Sea Harriers and a pair of U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornets, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier INS Viraat during Exercise Malabar 2007.

The United States renewed military contact following the 2001 September 11 attacks when India joined President George W Bush's campaign against international terrorism.^[11]

In 2007, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, an initiative between Japan, United States, Australia and India impacted the Malabar exercise.^[12] In 2007, for the first time, navies other than Indian and US joined the exercise with the armada including Japan, Singapore and Australia. Also for the first time, the exercise was shifted from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.^[12]

India's Left parties that have criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government on the India-US civilian nuclear deal had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the Indian government was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the Indian Navy put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible.

China, which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with Bangladesh and Myanmar to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with Sri Lanka. In June, China had issued a 'demarche' to India, United States, Japan and Australia seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.^[13]

Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Edition	Year	Exercise Area	Vessels	Exercises	Ref
4	2002	Arabian Sea	INS Delhi, INS Gomati, INS Shankul, INS Aditya USS Chancellorsville and USS Paul F Foster Aircraft and submarines^[17]	Basic passing maneuvers, anti-submarine exercises and replenishment-at-sea drills^[18]	^[6]
5	2003	India's west coast	INS Brahmaputra, INS Ganga, INS Shalki USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62), USS Chosin (CG-65), USS Pasadena (SSN-752) Aircraft^[19]^[20]	Anti-submarine exercises^[19]	^[3]
6	2004	India's west coast	USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), USS Alexandria (SSN-757) P-3C Orion, SH-60B Seahawk LAMPS MKIII	Submarine familiarization exercises	^[3]
7	2005	India's west coast	USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and INS Viraat^[21]^[22]^[23]	Joint diving salvage exercises, to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation	^[3]
8	2006	India's west coast	USS Boxer (LHD 4) Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including amphibious ships, cruisers, destroyers, and the US submarine USS Providence (SSN-719) as well as Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a United States Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726) and an Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including Mumbai and Goa. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a Habitat for Humanity project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces.		^[3]
9	2007	Philippine Sea			^[3]
10	2007	Bay of Bengal	On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the Bay of Bengal. The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 warships, including the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Nimitz that was protested^[24] when it dropped anchor off Chennai in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier USS Kitty Hawk, the nuclear submarine USS Chicago (SSN-721), two guided missile cruisers, and six guided missile destroyers. Eight warships, including the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, represented the Indian Navy. The other warships were the destroyers INS Mysore, INS Rana and INS Ranjit, fleet tanker INS Jyoti (A58) and a corvette INS Kuthar. Viraat's Sea Harrier jets and Sea King helicopters, and the Indian Air Force's Jaguar deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a frigate and a tanker; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.^[14]^[15]^[16]		^[3]

2008–2014

Ships of the Indian, Japanese and the U.S. Navies sail together during Exercise Malabar 2014.

INS *Shakti* replenishing USS *Carl Vinson* during Exercise Malabar 2012.

However, domestic political changes in Australia and Japan, including China's opposition, resulted in Malabar 2008 being on a much smaller scale with only participation from India and the US, and being conducted in the Indian Ocean.^[12] Some protests in India against the 2008 exercise were led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist).^[12]^[25]

The Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and U.S. Navy expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009.

The Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on the east coast of Japan in March 2011 caused Japan to back out of the next Malabar.^[12] In 2015, Japan joined as a permanent member.^[26]

In 2015, the United States brought up the fact that India was doing its "bare minimum" with regard the participation in the exercise.^[7] However, seeming to understand India's limitation, the United States has also responded accordingly.^[3] For India, one of the reasons for converting Malabar into a multilateral exercise has been "resource optimisation".^[3] As the number of maritime bilateral exercises over the years has been increasing, the Navy's resources are heavily strained. Further, the returns from the international exercises seem to be levelling out.^[3] Inviting China to "socialise" during the Malabar exercises has been suggested.^[3]^[7]

The Malabar Series of Exercises 2–10 April 2011 were held off the Okinawa coast.^[27] India had stopped involving more countries in the exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.^[27]

Edition	Year	Exercise Area	Vessels		Ref
11	2008	Arabian Sea	The US Navy was represented by the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)'s Carrier Strike Group Seven. In addition, one submarine, USS Springfield (SSN-761), and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.^[2]^[28] Joining Carrier Group Seven were the fast combat support ship Bridge and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine Springfield and a P-3C maritime patrol aircraft.^[29]^[30] Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers Mumbai and Rana; the guided-missile frigates Talwar, Godavari, Brahmaputra, and Betwa; the replenishment tanker Aditya; and a Shishumar-class diesel-electric submarine.^[2]^[29]^[30]		^[3]
12	2009	Japan	The ships involved from India were INS Mumbai (D62), INS Khanjar (P47), INS Ranvir (D54) and INS Jyoti (A58). The ships from Japan were JDS Kurama (DDH144) and JDS Asayuki (DD132). The ships from the US were USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62), USS Chafee (DDG 90) and the USS Seawolf (SSN 21).^[31]^[32]	The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBBS) techniques; Surface warfare maneuvers; Anti-submarine warfare; Gunnery training; Air defense.	^[3]
13	2010	India's west coast	United States forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Shiloh (CG 67), Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers USS Lassen (DDG 82) and USS Chafee (DDG 90), Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate USS Curts (FFG 38), Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine USS Annapolis (SSN 760), P-3 Orion aircraft, SH-60 helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.^[33]	Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. United States Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa.	^[3]
14	2011	Japan	Carrier Strike Group Seven participated in Malabar 2011.^[34] United States naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers Sterett and Stethem; the guided-missile frigate Reuben James; and nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Santa Fe (SSN-763). Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers Delhi, Ranvijay, and INS Ranvir (D54); the corvette INS Kirch (P62); and the replenishment tanker Jyoti.^[34]^[35]^[36]	The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.^[34]Malabar 2011 was designed to advance United States-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.^[35]	^[3]
15	2012	Bay of Bengal	Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, comprising^[37]USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey participated in the 10-day exercise. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise.^[38]The frigate INS Satpura, destroyers INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay, and corvette INS Kulish represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler INS Shakti (A57).^[37]^[39]	The exercise took place in approximately 450 nautical miles of sea and air space, and offered the opportunity for the United States and Indian naval services to conduct communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other. Carl Vinson and CVW-17 provided air support for the exercise.^[37]	^[3]
16	2013	India's east coast	Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS McCampbell (DDG 85) and a P-3 Orion aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built frigate INS Shivalik (F47), the guided missile destroyer INS Ranvijay (D55) and Tupolev Tu-142 Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.^[40]	Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW).	^[3]
17	2014	Japan	INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Shakti Two destroyers along with a P3C Orion and a ShinMaywa US-2 were participating from the Japanese Navy U.S. Navy one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One United States Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the Nimitz class carrier USS George Washington joined for the sea phase of the exercise.^[41]^[42]	The exercise involved Carrier strike group operations, Maritime patrol and Reconnaissance operations, anti piracy operations and Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operations, Search and rescue exercises, helicopter cross-deck landings, Underway replenishment, gunnery and anti-submarine warfare exercises, and Liaison officer exchange and embarkation.^[41]	^[3]

2015–2019

Ships of the United States, India and Japan in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017

American, Indian, and Japanese ships participating in Malabar 2019

An Indian navy MIG-29K Fulcrum aircraft flies over USS Nimitz

On 26 January 2015, the U.S. President and Indian Prime Minister agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.^[43] India invited Japan to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces. The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.^[44]

Malabar 2017 was the first exercise between the three countries which involved three aircraft carriers.^[45]

The 2018 Malabar exercise was conducted from 7 to 16 June 2018 off the coast of Guam in the Philippine Sea. This was the 22nd edition of the exercise and the first time it was held on United States territory. The exercise is divided into two phases. The harbor phase was held from 7 to 10 June at Naval Base Guam, and the sea phase from 11 to 16 June.^[46] Based on news reports, India refused Australia participation in the exercise to avoid posturing it as a military group against China.^[47]

Edition	Year	Exercise Area	Vessels	Exercises	Ref
18	2015	Bay of Bengal	INS Sindhuraj, INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Betwa, INS Shakti JS Fuyuzuki. USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), the USS Normandy, USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN-705)^[48]		^[49]
19	2016	Philippine Sea	^[50]		^[49]
20	2017	Bay of Bengal	A total of 16 ships, 2 submarines and 95 aircraft participated in this exercise.^[51]^[52]INS Vikramaditya, INS Ranvir, INS Shivalik and INS Sahyadri, INS Kamorta, INS Kora and INS Kirpan, one Sindhughosh-class submarine, fleet tanker INS Jyoti and a Poseidon P8I aircraft.^[51] USS Nimitz, USS Princeton, USS Howard, USS Shoup and USS Kidd, a Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine and a Poseidon P-8A aircraft.^[51] JS Izumo (DDH 183) and its air wing and a missile destroyer JS Sazanami (DD1 13).^[51]^[53]	Aircraft Carrier operations, Air defense, Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), Surface warfare, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), Search and Rescue (SAR), joint and tactical procedures. There was also joint training between the naval special forces of the Indian and US Navies	^[6]
21	2018	Philippine Sea	INS Sahyadri; INS Kamorta, INS Shakti and a Boeing P-8I Neptune aircraft.^[54]USS Ronald Reagan, USS Antietam and USS Chancellorsville; USS Benfold and USS Mustin; a Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine, Poseidon P-8A aircraft.^[54] JS Ise, JS Suzunami and JS Fuyuzuki; a Kawasaki P-1 patrol aircraft, a submarine^[54]	Onshore and at-sea training, aircraft carrier operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, visit, board, search and seizure operations and professional exchanges^[46]	^[6]
22	2019	Japan	INS Sahyadri, INS Kiltan, Boeing P-8I Neptune aircraft^[55]USS McCampbell, Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft JS Kaga, JS Samidare, JS Choukai, P1 aircraft^[55]		^[6]

2020–present

Australian MH 60R takeoff from USS John S. McCain, Bay of Bengal, 3 Nov 2020

Malabar 2020 is a "non-contact, at sea only" exercise taking into consideration COVID-19 pandemic.^[56]^[57]

It was decided that Australia shall also be a part of the Malabar Naval exercise, in view to support a free, open and rule based Indo Pacific.^[58] This is the first time that all four navies of the quad will be in a joint exercise in 13 years.^[59]

US Deputy Secretary of State Stephen E Biegun, on 20 October, said that Quad should be "more regularised", and at some point "formalised" with the passage of time.^[60]

It was reported in the Sunday Telegraph on 7 March 2021 that France planned to join the four other nations in 2021, and had planned its annual Jeanne d'Arc naval exercise around this event.^[61]

Edition	Year	Participants	Exercise Area	Vessels	Exercises	Ref
23	2020		(1) Bay of Bengal (2) Arabian Sea	USS John S. McCain, INS Shakti, INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Sindhuraj, HMAS Ballarat and JS Ōnami.^[62] Two carrier battle groups— Vikramaditya and Nimitz.^[63]	Phase II included tactical training night operations, underway replenishment, and gunnery exercises.^[64]	^[56]
24	2021		(1) Philippine Sea (2) Bay of Bengal			^[65]

Notes

^ Other vessel such as tankers also take part

References

^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (5 June 2018). "India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008. Indo–US Bilateral Naval Exercise – Malabar 08". indiadefence.com (India Defence Consultants). 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Khurana, Gurpreet S (5 August 2014). "India-US MALABAR Naval Exercises: Trends and Tribulations". National Maritime Foundation. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ "Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Malabar Drill: India, US, Japan and Australia kick off Malabar drill; China reacts". The Times of India. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pant, Harsh V.; Mann, Anant Singh (14 August 2020). "India's Malabar Dilemma (ORF Issue Brief No. 393)". Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Joshi, Shashank (9 October 2015). "Malabar: Modi Government misses an opportunity as annual exercise slumps". Lowy Institute. The Interpreter. Retrieved 14 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai (15 November 2019). "Tiger Triumph: US-India Military Relations Get More Complex". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Khattak, Mahrukh (1992). "Indo–US Naval Exercises". Strategic Studies. 15 (1): 7–10. ISSN 1029-0990.
^ "India, US hold naval exercises". BBC News. 5 October 2003. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
^ Nadkarni, Vidya (21 January 2010). Strategic Partnerships in Asia: Balancing Without Alliances. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-135-26525-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Smith, Jeff M. (2014). Cold peace : China-India rivalry in the twenty-first century. Lanham, Maryland : Lexington Books. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-1-4985-2092-8 – via Internet Archive.
^ "What is Malabar naval exercise? Why is Chinese media considering it a threat?". India Today. 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Malabar 07-01". 7th Fleet Public Affairs. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013 – via Bharat Rakshak. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b "Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities". Sainik Samachar. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ ^a ^b Ved, Mahendra (September 2007). "Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises". India Strategic. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Annual Report. 2002-2003. Ministry of Defence. Government of India. pg 27. Retrieved on 13 October 2021.
^ Griffin, Christopher J. (31 December 2006). "What India Wants". American Enterprise Institute. Armed Forces Journal. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b "Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 October 2003. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
^ Unnithan, Sandeep (20 October 2003). "Malabar-2003 naval exercise signals new high in cooperation between India and US". India Today. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Press Releases 2005. Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea". Embassy of the United States, New Delhi. 26 September 2005. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009.
^ Sathe, Abhijeet (29 September 2005). "Indo-US navy exercises:More than expected achieved". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Your navy is world class: Interview: US Pacific Fleet Commander Gary Roughead". Rediff. 2006. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ "USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests". International Reporter. MIL/NDTV. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Against the Malabar Exercises". Communist Party of India (Marxist). 22 August 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2021. The CPI(M), alongwith the Left parties and other democratic forces, will organise big protests against the Malabar exercises when it is held in October.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Kaushik, Krishn (31 August 2021). "Explained: The Malabar Exercise of Quad nations, and why it matters to India". The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Dikshit, Sandeep (16 February 2011). "Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
^ "Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR". Navy.mil. Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs. 16 November 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b "Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008". Indian Defence. 18 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Lt. Ron Flanders (17 October 2008). "U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise". Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs. U.S. Seventh Fleet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ "India, Japan, U.S. Foster Relationships During MALABAR". navy.mil. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ "Malabar 2009". Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014 – via bharat-rakshak.com. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ "U.S. Navy prepares to participate in Exercise Malabar 2010". U.S. 7th Fleet. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase". NNS110410-01. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy". NNS110402-12. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011". NNS110405-08. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Byron C. Linder (17 April 2012). Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012 . U.S. 7th Fleet. Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012". www.public.navy.mil. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ Keck, Zachary (10 April 2012). "India's Navy Good U.S. Option". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ "Indo - US Naval Exercise 'MALABAR 2013' Commences in Bay of Bengal". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Indian Navy Press Release. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 April 2019 suggested (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b "Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts". Indian Navy Press Release. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ Brewster, David (29 July 2014). "Malabar 2014: a good beginning". Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ "U.S India Joint Statement". whitehouse.gov. Office of the Press Secretary. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2015 – via National Archives. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Malabar-15 naval exercise begins. Deccan Herald. 15 October 2015. Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ Panda, Ankit (10 July 2017). "India-Japan-US Malabar 2017 Naval Exercises Kick Off With Anti-Submarine Warfare in Focus". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ ^a ^b Gady, Franz-Stefan (5 June 2018). "India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Sundaramurthy, Asha (8 May 2018). "India Keeps Australia Out of the Malabar Exercise -- Again". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015". U.S. Navy. 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Exercise Malabar - 2016 | Indian Navy". indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ "Three nations set sail for exercise Malabar 2016". www.public.navy.mil. 16 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Exercise Malabar commences in Bay of Bengal/ North Indian Ocean". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
^ "Malabar 2017: India-Japan-U.S. joint exercise kicks off". The Hindu. 11 July 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ "Indian, Japanese and U.S. maritime forces to participate in Malabar 2017". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India. U.S. Mission India. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Eastern Fleet Ships Underway to Guam, USA for Exercise Malabar 2018". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b "Exercise Malabar 2019". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ ^a ^b Peri, Dinakar (31 October 2020). "Malabar 2020: the coming together of the Quad in the seas". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
^ "Malabar-20 Phase 1 : 03 To 06 November 2020". Indian Navy. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Roche, Elizabeth (3 November 2020). "Navies of India, Australia, Japan, US start first phase of Malabar exercises". mint. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ "Malabar exercise: US wants Quad to be 'more regularised', China 'notices' it". The Indian Hawk. The Indian Express. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Smith, Nicola (7 March 2021). "France sends navy mission to South China Sea as tensions build in Beijing's back yard". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ "India Hosts Japan, Australia, U.S. in Naval Exercise MALABAR 2020". United States Navy. Task Force 70 Public Affairs. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Phase 2 of Exercise Malabar 2020 in Western Indian Ocean". Indian Navy. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
^ "Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan". United States Navy. U.S. Seventh Fleet. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence". Naval Technology. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[11] Other vessel such as tankers also take part

[1] Gady, Franz-Stefan (5 June 2018). "India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

[MilEx08-2] "Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008. Indo–US Bilateral Naval Exercise – Malabar 08". indiadefence.com (India Defence Consultants). 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

[:2-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Khurana, Gurpreet S (5 August 2014). "India-US MALABAR Naval Exercises: Trends and Tribulations". National Maritime Foundation. Retrieved 5 November 2020.

[4] "Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[5] "Malabar Drill: India, US, Japan and Australia kick off Malabar drill; China reacts". The Times of India. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.

[:8-6] Pant, Harsh V.; Mann, Anant Singh (14 August 2020). "India's Malabar Dilemma (ORF Issue Brief No. 393)". Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[:9-7] Joshi, Shashank (9 October 2015). "Malabar: Modi Government misses an opportunity as annual exercise slumps". Lowy Institute. The Interpreter. Retrieved 14 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[8] Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai (15 November 2019). "Tiger Triumph: US-India Military Relations Get More Complex". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[:6-9] Khattak, Mahrukh (1992). "Indo–US Naval Exercises". Strategic Studies. 15 (1): 7–10. ISSN 1029-0990.

[10] "India, US hold naval exercises". BBC News. 5 October 2003. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2008.

[12] Nadkarni, Vidya (21 January 2010). Strategic Partnerships in Asia: Balancing Without Alliances. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-135-26525-0.

[:7-13] Smith, Jeff M. (2014). Cold peace : China-India rivalry in the twenty-first century. Lanham, Maryland : Lexington Books. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-1-4985-2092-8 – via Internet Archive.

[14] "What is Malabar naval exercise? Why is Chinese media considering it a threat?". India Today. 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[br9j-15] "Malabar 07-01". 7th Fleet Public Affairs. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013 – via Bharat Rakshak. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[sksam-16] "Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities". Sainik Samachar. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[is9j-17] Ved, Mahendra (September 2007). "Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises". India Strategic. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.

[:5-18] Annual Report. 2002-2003. Ministry of Defence. Government of India. pg 27. Retrieved on 13 October 2021.

[19] Griffin, Christopher J. (31 December 2006). "What India Wants". American Enterprise Institute. Armed Forces Journal. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:10-20] "Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 October 2003. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.

[21] Unnithan, Sandeep (20 October 2003). "Malabar-2003 naval exercise signals new high in cooperation between India and US". India Today. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[22] "Press Releases 2005. Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea". Embassy of the United States, New Delhi. 26 September 2005. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009.

[23] Sathe, Abhijeet (29 September 2005). "Indo-US navy exercises:More than expected achieved". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2019.

[24] "Your navy is world class: Interview: US Pacific Fleet Commander Gary Roughead". Rediff. 2006. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[25] "USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests". International Reporter. MIL/NDTV. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[26] "Against the Malabar Exercises". Communist Party of India (Marxist). 22 August 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2021. The CPI(M), alongwith the Left parties and other democratic forces, will organise big protests against the Malabar exercises when it is held in October.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[27] Kaushik, Krishn (31 August 2021). "Explained: The Malabar Exercise of Quad nations, and why it matters to India". The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[Dikshit-28] Dikshit, Sandeep (16 February 2011). "Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

[29] "Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR". Navy.mil. Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs. 16 November 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[IndianDefence101808-30] "Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008". Indian Defence. 18 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

[Flanders2008-31] Lt. Ron Flanders (17 October 2008). "U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise". Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs. U.S. Seventh Fleet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

[32] "India, Japan, U.S. Foster Relationships During MALABAR". navy.mil. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[33] "Malabar 2009". Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014 – via bharat-rakshak.com. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[34] "U.S. Navy prepares to participate in Exercise Malabar 2010". U.S. 7th Fleet. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[NNS110410-01-35] Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase". NNS110410-01. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[NNS110402-12-36] "Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy". NNS110402-12. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[37] Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011". NNS110405-08. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Retrieved 28 February 2011.

[usn-38] Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Byron C. Linder (17 April 2012). Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012 . U.S. 7th Fleet. Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[39] "Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012". www.public.navy.mil. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[tdt-40] Keck, Zachary (10 April 2012). "India's Navy Good U.S. Option". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

[41] "Indo - US Naval Exercise 'MALABAR 2013' Commences in Bay of Bengal". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Indian Navy Press Release. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2019. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 April 2019 suggested (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[in14-42] "Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts". Indian Navy Press Release. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

[43] Brewster, David (29 July 2014). "Malabar 2014: a good beginning". Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.

[44] "U.S India Joint Statement". whitehouse.gov. Office of the Press Secretary. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2015 – via National Archives. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[45] Malabar-15 naval exercise begins. Deccan Herald. 15 October 2015. Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[46] Panda, Ankit (10 July 2017). "India-Japan-US Malabar 2017 Naval Exercises Kick Off With Anti-Submarine Warfare in Focus". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

[:11-47] Gady, Franz-Stefan (5 June 2018). "India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

[48] Sundaramurthy, Asha (8 May 2018). "India Keeps Australia Out of the Malabar Exercise -- Again". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

[49] "Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015". U.S. Navy. 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[:3-50] "Exercise Malabar - 2016 | Indian Navy". indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 5 November 2020.

[51] "Three nations set sail for exercise Malabar 2016". www.public.navy.mil. 16 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[:0-52] "Exercise Malabar commences in Bay of Bengal/ North Indian Ocean". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.

[53] "Malabar 2017: India-Japan-U.S. joint exercise kicks off". The Hindu. 11 July 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 October 2021.

[54] "Indian, Japanese and U.S. maritime forces to participate in Malabar 2017". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India. U.S. Mission India. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[:1-55] "Eastern Fleet Ships Underway to Guam, USA for Exercise Malabar 2018". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[2019IN-56] "Exercise Malabar 2019". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

[:4-57] Peri, Dinakar (31 October 2020). "Malabar 2020: the coming together of the Quad in the seas". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 November 2020.

[58] "Malabar-20 Phase 1 : 03 To 06 November 2020". Indian Navy. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[59] "Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[60] Roche, Elizabeth (3 November 2020). "Navies of India, Australia, Japan, US start first phase of Malabar exercises". mint. Retrieved 4 November 2020.

[61] "Malabar exercise: US wants Quad to be 'more regularised', China 'notices' it". The Indian Hawk. The Indian Express. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[nsst-62] Smith, Nicola (7 March 2021). "France sends navy mission to South China Sea as tensions build in Beijing's back yard". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 October 2021.

[63] "India Hosts Japan, Australia, U.S. in Naval Exercise MALABAR 2020". United States Navy. Task Force 70 Public Affairs. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[64] "Phase 2 of Exercise Malabar 2020 in Western Indian Ocean". Indian Navy. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

[65] "Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan". United States Navy. U.S. Seventh Fleet. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[66] "Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence". Naval Technology. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[a]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]