Malabar (naval exercise): Difference between revisions
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[[File:An Indian Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technician and a U.S. Navy Sailor launch a MK18 Mod. One unmanned underwater vehicle during a mine countermeasures training mission near Sasebo during Exercise Malabar 2016.jpg|thumb|An Indian Navy [[Explosive ordnance disposal|Explosive Ordnance Disposal]] (EOD) technician and a U.S. Navy Sailor launch an [[autonomous underwater vehicle]], Malabar 2016.]] |
[[File:An Indian Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technician and a U.S. Navy Sailor launch a MK18 Mod. One unmanned underwater vehicle during a mine countermeasures training mission near Sasebo during Exercise Malabar 2016.jpg|thumb|An Indian Navy [[Explosive ordnance disposal|Explosive Ordnance Disposal]] (EOD) technician and a U.S. Navy Sailor launch an [[autonomous underwater vehicle]], Malabar 2016.]] |
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[[File:MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Urban combat]] training during Malabar 2021. [[MARCOS]], [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] and JMSDF special forces visible.]] |
[[File:MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Urban combat]] training during Malabar 2021. [[MARCOS]], [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] and JMSDF special forces visible.]] |
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'''Exercise Malabar''' is a naval exercise involving the [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[India]] as permanent partners.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|date=5 June 2018|title=India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220800/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=5 June 2018|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> The annual Malabar exercises includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|maritime interdiction operations]], [[anti-submarine warfare]], diving salvage operations, amphibious operations, counter-piracy operations, cross–deck helicopter landings and anti–air warfare operations.<ref name="MilEx08">{{cite web|date=17 November 2008|title=Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008. Indo–US Bilateral Naval Exercise – Malabar 08.|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184931/http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm|archive-date=19 December 2008|access-date=28 November 2008|website=indiadefence.com (India Defence Consultants)}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Over the years, the exercise has been conducted in the [[Philippine Sea]], off the coast of Japan, in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1665830|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> |
'''Exercise Malabar''' is a naval exercise involving the [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[India]] as permanent partners.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|date=5 June 2018|title=India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220800/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=5 June 2018|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> The annual Malabar exercises includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|maritime interdiction operations]], [[anti-submarine warfare]], diving salvage operations, amphibious operations, counter-piracy operations, cross–deck helicopter landings and anti–air warfare operations.<ref name="MilEx08">{{cite web|date=17 November 2008|title=Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008. Indo–US Bilateral Naval Exercise – Malabar 08.|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184931/http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm|archive-date=19 December 2008|access-date=28 November 2008|website=indiadefence.com (India Defence Consultants)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Khurana|first=Gurpreet S|date=5 August 2014|title=India-US MALABAR Naval Exercises: Trends and Tribulations|url=https://www.academia.edu/7879273/India_US_MALABAR_Naval_Exercises_Trends_and_Tribulations|access-date=5 November 2020|website=National Maritime Foundation}}</ref> Over the years, the exercise has been conducted in the [[Philippine Sea]], off the coast of Japan, in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1665830|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> |
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Originally begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, the exercise was expanded in 2007 with the participation of Japan, Singapore and Australia. Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Australia participated in the exercise again in 2020, marking the second time that the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] will be jointly participating in a military exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Malabar Drill: India, US, Japan and Australia kick off Malabar drill; China reacts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-japan-and-australia-kick-off-malabar-drill-china-reacts/articleshow/79020624.cms|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> |
Originally begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, the exercise was expanded in 2007 with the participation of Japan, Singapore and Australia. Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Australia participated in the exercise again in 2020, marking the second time that the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] will be jointly participating in a military exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Malabar Drill: India, US, Japan and Australia kick off Malabar drill; China reacts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-japan-and-australia-kick-off-malabar-drill-china-reacts/articleshow/79020624.cms|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> |
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The duration of the exercise has ranged from 1 to 11 days.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Pant|first=Harsh V.|last2=Mann|first2=Anant Singh|date=14 August 2020|title=India’s Malabar Dilemma (ORF Issue Brief No. 393)|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-malabar-dilemma/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Observer Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> The complexity and sophistication of the exercise has increased over the years. The average participation increased from 8 ships to just over 9 from 2002 to 2014.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Shashank|date=9 October 2015|title=Malabar: Modi Government misses an opportunity as annual exercise slumps|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/malabar-modi-government-misses-opportunity-annual-exercise-slumps|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Lowy Institute. The Interpreter.|language=en}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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== 1992–2002 == |
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The first naval exercise, named Malabar-I, between India and the United States was held on 28/29 May 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Rajeswari Pillai|date=15 November 2019|title=Tiger Triumph: US-India Military Relations Get More Complex|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/tiger-triumph-us-india-military-relations-get-more-complex/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301060247/https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/tiger-triumph-us-india-military-relations-get-more-complex/|archive-date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Khattak|first=Mahrukh|date=1992|title=Indo–US Naval Exercises|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45182074|journal=Strategic Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=7–10|issn=1029-0990}}</ref> The exercises were located in [[Kochi|Cochin]], headquarters of the [[Southern Naval Command|Indian Southern Naval Command]], and [[Goa]].<ref name=":6" /> It was of an elementary level, including four vessels, [[PASSEX|passing exercises]] and basic maneuvers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after [[List of nuclear weapons tests of India|India tested nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3165228.stm |title=India, US hold naval exercises |date=2003-10-05 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3165228.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the United States renewed military contacts following the [[September 11 attacks]] when India joined President [[George W. Bush|George W Bush's]] campaign against international terrorism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadkarni|first=Vidya|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wdKNAgAAQBAJ|title=Strategic Partnerships in Asia: Balancing Without Alliances|date=2010-01-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-26525-0|pages=158}}</ref> |
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The first naval exercise, named Malabar-I, between India and the United States was held on 28/29 May 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Rajeswari Pillai|date=15 November 2019|title=Tiger Triumph: US-India Military Relations Get More Complex|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/tiger-triumph-us-india-military-relations-get-more-complex/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301060247/https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/tiger-triumph-us-india-military-relations-get-more-complex/|archive-date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Khattak|first=Mahrukh|date=1992|title=Indo–US Naval Exercises|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45182074|journal=Strategic Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=7–10|issn=1029-0990}}</ref> The exercises were located in [[Kochi|Cochin]], headquarters of the [[Southern Naval Command|Indian Southern Naval Command]], and [[Goa]].<ref name=":6" /> It was of an elementary level, including four vessels, [[PASSEX|passing exercises]] and basic maneuvers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after [[List of nuclear weapons tests of India|India tested nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3165228.stm |title=India, US hold naval exercises |date=2003-10-05 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3165228.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 2007, the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]], an initiative between Japan, United States, Australia and India impacted the Malabar exercise.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Jeff M.|url=http://archive.org/details/coldpeacechinain0000smit|title=Cold peace : China-India rivalry in the twenty-first century|date=2014|publisher=Lanham, Maryland : Lexington Books|others=|isbn=978-1-4985-2092-8|pages=182–186|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In 2007, for the first time, navies other than Indian and US joined the exercise with the armada including Japan, Singapore and Australia. Also for the first time, the exercise was shifted from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=":7" /> However, domestic political changes in Australia and Japan, including China's opposition, resulted in Malabar 2008 being on a much smaller scale with only participation from India and the US, and being conducted in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":7" /> Some protests in India against the 2008 exercise were led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-08-07|title=Against the Malabar Exercises|url=https://cpim.org/content/against-malabar-exercises|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|language=en|quote=The CPI(M), alongwith the Left parties and other democratic forces, will organise big protests against the Malabar exercises when it is held in October.}}</ref> The [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] on the east coast of Japan in March 2011 caused Japan to back out of the next Malabar.<ref name=":7" /> In 2015, Japan joined as a permanent member.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2021-08-31|title=Explained: The Malabar Exercise of Quad nations, and why it matters to India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malabar-exercise-of-quad-nations-why-it-matters-to-india-7472058/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> |
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The duration of the exercise has ranged from 1 to 11 days.<ref name=":8" /> The complexity and sophistication of the exercise has increased over the years. The average participation increased from 8 ships to just over 9 from 2002 to 2014.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Shashank|date=9 October 2015|title=Malabar: Modi Government misses an opportunity as annual exercise slumps|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/malabar-modi-government-misses-opportunity-annual-exercise-slumps|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Lowy Institute. The Interpreter.|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, the United States brought up the fact that India was doing its "bare minimum" with regard the participation in the exercise.<ref name=":9" /> However, seeming to understand India's limitation, the United States has also responded accordingly.<ref name=":2" /> For India, one of the reasons for converting Malabar into a multilateral exercise has been "resource optimisation".<ref name=":2" /> As the number of maritime bilateral exercises over the years has been increasing, the Navy's resources are heavily strained. Further, the returns from the international exercises seem to be levelling out.<ref name=":2" /> Inviting China to "socialise" during the Malabar exercises has been suggested.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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|+Malabar Exercise (1992 to 2021) |
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|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Khurana|first=Gurpreet S|date=5 August 2014|title=India-US MALABAR Naval Exercises: Trends and Tribulations|url=https://www.academia.edu/7879273/India_US_MALABAR_Naval_Exercises_Trends_and_Tribulations|access-date=5 November 2020|website=National Maritime Foundation}}</ref> |
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[[USS Vandegrift (FFG-48)|USS Vandegrift]], [[USS David R. Ray]] |
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|Frequency sharing, basic maneuvers, search and rescue.<ref name=":6" /> |
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== 2002–2007 == |
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[[File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]] flying in formation beside a pair of [[Indian Navy]] [[Sea Harriers]] and a pair of [[U.S. Navy]] [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat]] during Exercise Malabar 2007.]] |
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The United States renewed military contact following the 2001 [[September 11 attacks]] when India joined President [[George W. Bush|George W Bush's]] campaign against international terrorism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadkarni|first=Vidya|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wdKNAgAAQBAJ|title=Strategic Partnerships in Asia: Balancing Without Alliances|date=2010-01-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-26525-0|pages=158}}</ref> |
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In 2007, the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]], an initiative between Japan, United States, Australia and India impacted the Malabar exercise.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Jeff M.|url=http://archive.org/details/coldpeacechinain0000smit|title=Cold peace : China-India rivalry in the twenty-first century|date=2014|publisher=Lanham, Maryland : Lexington Books|others=|isbn=978-1-4985-2092-8|pages=182–186|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In 2007, for the first time, navies other than Indian and US joined the exercise with the armada including Japan, Singapore and Australia. Also for the first time, the exercise was shifted from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=":7" /> |
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India's [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left parties]] that have criticised [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]'s government on the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act|India-US civilian nuclear deal]] had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the [[Indian government]] was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the [[Indian Navy]] put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible. |
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[[China]], which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with [[Sri Lanka]]. In June, China had issued a '[[demarche]]' to [[India]], [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|date=10 July 2017|title=What is Malabar naval exercise? Why is Chinese media considering it a threat?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/malabar-exercise-2017-india-us-japan-china-naval-navy-ins-vikramaditya-1023389-2017-07-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226142832/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/malabar-exercise-2017-india-us-japan-china-naval-navy-ins-vikramaditya-1023389-2017-07-10|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> |
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Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.<ref name="br9j">{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class John L. Beeman|date=9 April 2007|others=7th Fleet Public Affairs|title=Malabar 07-01.|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2007/Malabar0701/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225022201/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2007/Malabar0701/|archive-date=25 February 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=|via=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><ref name="sksam">{{cite web|authors=Captain Vinay Garg|date=2007|title=Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515094506/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h1.htm|archive-date=15 May 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref name="is9j">{{cite web|last=Ved|first=Mahendra|date=September 2007|title=Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories45.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117143438/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories45.htm|archive-date=17 January 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=India Strategic}}</ref> |
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|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Pant|first=Harsh V.|last2=Mann|first2=Anant Singh|date=14 August 2020|title=India’s Malabar Dilemma (ORF Issue Brief No. 393)|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-malabar-dilemma/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Observer Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[USS Chancellorsville]] and [[USS Paul F. Foster|USS Paul F Foster]] |
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Aircraft and submarines<ref name=":5">[https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2003_0.pdf Annual Report. 2002-2003.] ''Ministry of Defence''. Government of India. pg 27. Retrieved on 13 October 2021.</ref> |
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|Basic passing maneuvers, [[anti-submarine]] exercises and [[Underway replenishment|replenishment-at-sea drill]]s<ref>{{Cite web|last=Griffin|first=Christopher J.|date=31 December 2006|others=Armed Forces Journal|title=What India Wants|url=https://www.aei.org/articles/what-india-wants/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=American Enterprise Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Aircraft<ref name=":10">{{cite news|date=2003-10-06|title=Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/06/stories/2003100602700500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013031739/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/06/stories/2003100602700500.htm|archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=20 October 2003|title=Malabar-2003 naval exercise signals new high in cooperation between India and US|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20031020-malabar-2003-naval-exercise-signals-new-high-in-cooperation-between-india-and-us-791635-2003-10-20|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=India Today}}</ref> |
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|{{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68}} and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2005|title=Press Releases 2005. Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea.|url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr092605.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111222635/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr092605.html|archive-date=11 January 2009|website=Embassy of the United States, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sathe|first=Abhijeet|date=29 September 2005|title=Indo-US navy exercises:More than expected achieved|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306123211/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=28 April 2019|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authors=Ramananda Sengupta and Nikhil Lakshman|date=2006|title=''Your navy is world class'': Interview: US Pacific Fleet Commander Gary Roughead|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld01.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182508/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld04.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=3 May 2012|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> |
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|Joint diving salvage exercises, to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation |
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|{{USS|Boxer|LHD 4}} Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including [[Amphibious warfare ship|amphibious ships]], [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, and the US submarine {{USS|Providence|SSN-719}} as well as Marines from the [[15th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a United States Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the [[High endurance cutter|U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726)]] and an [[Samar-class offshore patrol vessel|Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship]] allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]]. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a [[Habitat for Humanity]] project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces. |
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|On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. |
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The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 [[warships]], including the [[nuclear-powered]] [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Nimitz|USS ''Nimitz'']] that was protested<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2007|others=MIL/NDTV|title=USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests|url=http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-2310/USS-Nimitz-touches-Chennai-port-despite-protests.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828110825/http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-2310/USS-Nimitz-touches-Chennai-port-despite-protests.html|archive-date=28 August 2008|website=International Reporter}}</ref> when it dropped anchor off [[Chennai]] in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']], the [[nuclear submarine]] {{USS|Chicago|SSN-721}}, two [[guided missile cruiser]]s, and six [[guided missile destroyer]]s. Eight [[warship]]s, including the aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']], represented the [[Indian Navy]]. The other warships were the destroyers [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS ''Mysore'']], [[INS Rana (D52)|INS ''Rana'']] and [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS ''Ranjit'']], fleet tanker [[Komandarm Fedko class oiler|INS ''Jyoti'' (A58)]] and a corvette [[INS Kuthar (P46)|INS ''Kuthar'']]. ''Viraat'''s [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier jet]]s and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King helicopters]], and the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a [[frigate]] and a [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.<ref name="br9j" /><ref name="sksam" /><ref name="is9j" /> |
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== 2008–2014 == |
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[[File:Malabar 2014 Line Astern.jpg|thumb|Ships of the Indian, Japanese and the U.S. Navies sail together during Exercise Malabar 2014.]] |
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[[File:INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson.jpg|thumb|300px|[[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] replenishing [[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']] during Exercise Malabar 2012.]]However, domestic political changes in Australia and Japan, including China's opposition, resulted in Malabar 2008 being on a much smaller scale with only participation from India and the US, and being conducted in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":7" /> Some protests in India against the 2008 exercise were led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2008|title=Against the Malabar Exercises|url=https://cpim.org/content/against-malabar-exercises|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|language=en|quote=The CPI(M), alongwith the Left parties and other democratic forces, will organise big protests against the Malabar exercises when it is held in October.}}</ref> |
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The [[Indian Navy]], [[Japan Maritime Self Defense Force]] and [[U.S. Navy]] expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009. |
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The [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] on the east coast of Japan in March 2011 caused Japan to back out of the next Malabar.<ref name=":7" /> In 2015, Japan joined as a permanent member.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2021-08-31|title=Explained: The Malabar Exercise of Quad nations, and why it matters to India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malabar-exercise-of-quad-nations-why-it-matters-to-india-7472058/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> |
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In 2015, the United States brought up the fact that India was doing its "bare minimum" with regard the participation in the exercise.<ref name=":9" /> However, seeming to understand India's limitation, the United States has also responded accordingly.<ref name=":2" /> For India, one of the reasons for converting Malabar into a multilateral exercise has been "resource optimisation".<ref name=":2" /> As the number of maritime bilateral exercises over the years has been increasing, the Navy's resources are heavily strained. Further, the returns from the international exercises seem to be levelling out.<ref name=":2" /> Inviting China to "socialise" during the Malabar exercises has been suggested.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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The Malabar Series of Exercises 2–10 April 2011 were held off the Okinawa coast.<ref name="Dikshit">{{cite news|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|date=16 February 2011|title=Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1459675.ece|url-status=live|access-date=16 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122440/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1459675.ece|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> India had stopped involving more countries in the exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.<ref name="Dikshit" /> |
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|The US Navy was represented by the {{USS|Ronald Reagan|CVN-76}}'s [[Carrier Strike Group Seven]]. In addition, one submarine, {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761}}, and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.<ref name="MilEx08" /><ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Bill Larned|date=16 November 2008|others=Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs|title=Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522134452/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924|archive-date=22 May 2011|access-date=28 November 2008|website=Navy.mil}}</ref> Joining Carrier Group Seven were the [[fast combat support ship]] {{USNS|Bridge|T-AOE 10|2}} and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761|2}} and a [[Lockheed P-3|P-3C maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name="IndianDefence101808">{{cite web|date=18 October 2008|title=Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4053|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307083217/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4053|archive-date=7 March 2012|access-date=27 December 2011|publisher=Indian Defence}}</ref><ref name="Flanders2008">{{cite web|author=Lt. Ron Flanders|date=17 October 2008|title=U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise|url=http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611121827/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm|archive-date=11 June 2012|access-date=27 December 2011|work=Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs|publisher=U.S. Seventh Fleet}}</ref> Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers {{INS|Mumbai|D62|2}} and {{INS|Rana|D52|2}}; the guided-missile frigates {{INS|Talwar|F40|2}}, {{INS|Godavari|F20|2}}, {{INS|Brahmaputra|F31|2}}, and {{INS|Betwa|F39|2}}; the [[Replenishment oiler|replenishment tanker]] {{INS|Aditya|A59|2}}; and a [[Shishumar class submarine|''Shishumar''-class diesel-electric submarine]].<ref name="MilEx08" /><ref name="IndianDefence101808" /><ref name="Flanders2008" /> |
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|The ships involved from India were [[INS Mumbai (D62)|INS ''Mumbai'' (D62)]], [[INS Khanjar (P47)|INS ''Khanjar'' (P47)]], [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'' (D54)]] and [[INS Jyoti (A58)|INS ''Jyoti'' (A58)]]. The ships from Japan were [[Shirane-class destroyer|JDS ''Kurama'' (DDH144)]] and [[Hatsuyuki-class destroyer|JDS ''Asayuki'' (DD132)]]. The ships from the US were [[USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19)|USS ''Blue Ridge'' (LCC 19)]], [[USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62)|USS ''Fitzgerald'' (DDG 62)]], [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)|USS ''Chafee'' (DDG 90)]] and the [[USS Seawolf (SSN 21)|USS ''Seawolf'' (SSN 21)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Josh Cassatt|date=5 May 2009|title=India, Japan, U.S. Foster Relationships During MALABAR|url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107061304/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022|archive-date=7 November 2018|access-date=28 April 2019|website=navy.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Matthew R. White, Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Josh Cassatt|title=Malabar 2009|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720141802/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/|archive-date=20 July 2014|access-date=5 June 2014|website=|via=bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref> |
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|The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBBS) techniques; Surface warfare maneuvers; Anti-submarine warfare; Gunnery training; Air defense. |
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|United States forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser [[USS Shiloh (CG 67)|USS ''Shiloh'' (CG 67)]], Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers [[USS Lassen (DDG 82)|USS ''Lassen'' (DDG 82)]] and [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)|USS ''Chafee'' (DDG 90)]], Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate [[USS Curts (FFG 38)|USS ''Curts'' (FFG 38)]], Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine [[USS Annapolis (SSN 760)|USS ''Annapolis'' (SSN 760)]], [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft, [[SH-60]] helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.<ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Charles Oki aboard USS Lassen|date=23 April 2010|title=U.S. Navy prepares to participate in Exercise Malabar 2010|url=http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220174946/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm|archive-date=20 February 2013|access-date=2014-06-05|website=U.S. 7th Fleet.}}</ref> |
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|Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. United States Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa. |
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|[[Carrier Strike Group Seven]] participated in Malabar 2011.<ref name="NNS110410-01">{{cite web|author=Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN|date=10 April 2011|title=Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415193313/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685|archive-date=15 April 2011|access-date=2011-12-28|work=NNS110410-01|publisher=U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs}}</ref> United States naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers {{USS|Sterett|DDG-104|2}} and {{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|2}}; the guided-missile frigate {{USS|Reuben James|FFG-57|2}}; and nuclear-powered attack submarine [[USS Santa Fe (SSN-763)|USS ''Santa Fe'' (SSN-763)]]. Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61|2}}, {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55|2}}, and {{ship|INS|Ranvir|D54}}; the corvette {{ship|INS|Kirch|P62}}; and the replenishment tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|''Jyoti'']].<ref name="NNS110410-01" /><ref name="NNS110402-12">{{cite web|date=2 April 2011|title=Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419113407/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538|archive-date=19 April 2011|access-date=2011-12-28|work=NNS110402-12|publisher=U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN|date=10 April 2011|title=U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59568|access-date=2011-02-28|work=NNS110405-08|publisher=U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs}}</ref> |
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|The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.<ref name="NNS110410-01" />Malabar 2011 was designed to advance United States-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.<ref name="NNS110402-12" /> |
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|[[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1]] of the US Navy, comprising<ref name="usn">Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Byron C. Linder (17 April 2012). [http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012] . U.S. 7th Fleet. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314183830/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm|date=14 March 2014}}</ref>[[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']], embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, [[Ticonderoga class cruiser|''Ticonderoga''-class]] guided-missile cruiser [[USS Bunker Hill (CG-52)|USS ''Bunker Hill'']] and [[Arleigh Burke class destroyer|''Arleigh Burke''-class]] guided-missile destroyer [[USS Halsey (DDG-97)|USS ''Halsey'']] participated in the 10-day exercise. [[Military Sealift Command|Military Sealift Command's]] fast combat support ship [[USNS Bridge (T-AOE-10)|USNS ''Bridge'']] also provided support for the exercise.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class (SW) Byron C. Linder, USS Carl Vinson Public Affairs|date=13 April 2012|title=Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012|url=https://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702162534/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|archive-date=2 July 2017|access-date=28 April 2019|website=www.public.navy.mil}}</ref>The frigate [[INS Satpura (F48)|INS ''Satpura'']], destroyers [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'']] and [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], and corvette [[INS Kulish (P63)|INS ''Kulish'']] represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler {{INS|Shakti|A57}}.<ref name="usn" /><ref name="tdt">{{cite web|last=Keck|first=Zachary|date=10 April 2012|title=India's Navy Good U.S. Option|url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720003557/https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|archive-date=20 July 2012|access-date=2 August 2012|publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref> |
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|The exercise took place in approximately 450 nautical miles of sea and air space, and offered the opportunity for the United States and Indian naval services to conduct communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other. ''Carl Vinson'' and CVW-17 provided air support for the exercise.<ref name="usn" /> |
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|Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer [[USS McCampbell (DDG 85)|USS ''McCampbell'' (DDG 85)]] and a [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built frigate [[INS Shivalik (F47)|INS ''Shivalik'' (F47)]], the guided missile destroyer [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'' (D55)]] and [[Tupolev Tu-142]] Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|others=Indian Navy Press Release|title=Indo - US Naval Exercise 'MALABAR 2013' Commences in Bay of Bengal|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428191549/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences|archive-date=6 June 2014|access-date=28 April 2019|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> |
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|Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW). |
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|[[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]], [[INS Shivalik]], {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}} |
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Two destroyers along with a [[P3C Orion]] and a [[ShinMaywa US-2]] were participating from the [[Japanese Navy]] |
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[[U.S. Navy]] one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One United States Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz class carrier]] [[USS George Washington (CVN-73)|USS ''George Washington'']] joined for the sea phase of the exercise.<ref name="in14">{{cite web|title=Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/malabar-2014-multilateral-naval-exercise-starts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044752/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/malabar-2014-multilateral-naval-exercise-starts|archive-date=14 July 2015|access-date=26 July 2014|publisher=Indian Navy Press Release}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Brewster|first=David|date=29 July 2014|title=Malabar 2014: a good beginning|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-japan-malabar-2014-a-good-beginning/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811180816/http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-japan-malabar-2014-a-good-beginning/|archive-date=11 August 2014|access-date=29 July 2014|work=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}}</ref> |
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|The exercise involved [[Carrier strike group]] operations, [[Maritime patrol]] and [[Reconnaissance]] operations, [[Piracy|anti piracy]] operations and [[Visit, board, search, and seizure]] (VBSS) operations, [[Search and rescue]] exercises, [[Cross-deck (naval terminology)|helicopter cross-deck landings]], [[Underway replenishment]], [[Naval artillery|gunnery]] and [[anti-submarine warfare]] exercises, and [[Liaison officer]] exchange and embarkation.<ref name="in14" /> |
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== 2015–2019 == |
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[[File:Ships from the Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the U.S. Navy sail in formation in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017.jpg|upright=1.3|right|thumb|Ships of the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Japan]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during exercise Malabar 2017]] |
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[[File:Malabar 2019 ships (48836791626).jpg|thumb|American, Indian, and Japanese ships participating in Malabar 2019]] |
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[[File:An Indian navy MIG-29K Fulcrum aircraft flies over USS Nimitz during Exercise Malabar 2017. (35174458953).jpg|thumb|An [[Indian navy]] [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MIG-29K]] Fulcrum aircraft flies over [[USS Nimitz]]]]On 26 January 2015, the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] and [[Indian Prime Minister]] agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|last=|authors=|date=30 September 2014|others=Office of the Press Secretary|title=U.S India Joint Statement|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121024455/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|archive-date=21 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2015|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> [[India]] invited [[Japan]] to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces. The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506687/malabar-15-naval-exercise-begins.html Malabar-15 naval exercise begins.] [[Deccan Herald|''Deccan Herald'']]. 15 October 2015. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131122/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506687/malabar-15-naval-exercise-begins.html|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> |
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Malabar 2017 was the first exercise between the three countries which involved three aircraft carriers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Panda|first=Ankit|date=10 July 2017|title=India-Japan-US Malabar 2017 Naval Exercises Kick Off With Anti-Submarine Warfare in Focus|language=en-US|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/india-japan-us-malabar-2017-naval-exercises-kick-off-with-anti-submarine-warfare-in-focus/|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713003216/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/india-japan-us-malabar-2017-naval-exercises-kick-off-with-anti-submarine-warfare-in-focus|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> |
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The 2018 Malabar exercise was conducted from 7 to 16 June 2018 off the coast of [[Guam]] in the [[Philippine Sea]]. This was the 22nd edition of the exercise and the first time it was held on United States territory. The exercise is divided into two phases. The harbor phase was held from 7 to 10 June at [[Naval Base Guam]], and the sea phase from 11 to 16 June.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|date=5 June 2018|title=India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220800/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=5 June 2018|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> Based on news reports, India refused Australia participation in the exercise to avoid posturing it as a military group against China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundaramurthy|first=Asha|date=8 May 2018|title=India Keeps Australia Out of the Malabar Exercise -- Again|language=en-US|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/india-keeps-australia-out-of-the-malabar-exercise-again/|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140156/https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/india-keeps-australia-out-of-the-malabar-exercise-again/|archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Edition |
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!Exercise Area |
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|{{Flagicon|India}} {{Flagicon|USA}} {{Flagicon|Japan}} |
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|Bay of Bengal |
|Bay of Bengal |
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|[[INS Sindhuraj (S57)|INS ''Sindhuraj'']], [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], {{INS|Shivalik}}, [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS ''Betwa'']], {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}} |
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{{JS|Fuyuzuki}}. |
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{{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71}}, the USS ''Normandy'', USS ''Fort Worth'' (LCS-3) [[USS City of Corpus Christi|USS ''City of Corpus Christi'' (SSN-705)]]<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class (MCS2) Danica M. Sirmans|date=17 October 2015|title=Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018181856/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|archive-date=18 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|work=U.S. Navy}}</ref> |
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|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Exercise Malabar - 2016 {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-2016|access-date=2020-11-05|website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Exercise Malabar - 2016 {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-2016|access-date=2020-11-05|website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> |
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|{{Flagicon|India}} {{Flagicon|USA}} {{Flagicon|Japan}} |
|{{Flagicon|India}} {{Flagicon|USA}} {{Flagicon|Japan}} |
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|Philippine Sea |
|Philippine Sea |
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|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|authors=MC2 Ryan J. Batchelder|date=16 July 2016|title=Three nations set sail for exercise Malabar 2016|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg53/Pages/Three-nations-set-sail-for-exercise-Malabar-2016.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116151925/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg53/Pages/Three-nations-set-sail-for-exercise-Malabar-2016.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2017|access-date=2017-01-13|website=www.public.navy.mil}}</ref> |
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|{{Flagicon|India}} {{Flagicon|USA}} {{Flagicon|Japan}} |
|{{Flagicon|India}} {{Flagicon|USA}} {{Flagicon|Japan}} |
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|Bay of Bengal |
|Bay of Bengal |
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|A total of 16 ships, 2 submarines and 95 aircraft participated in this exercise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Exercise Malabar commences in Bay of Bengal/ North Indian Ocean|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-commences-bay-bengal-north-indian-ocean|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711084912/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-commences-bay-bengal-north-indian-ocean|archive-date=11 July 2017|access-date=2017-07-12|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-11|title=Malabar 2017: India-Japan-U.S. joint exercise kicks off|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/malabar-2017-india-japan-us-joint-exercise-kicks-off/article19256919.ece|access-date=2021-10-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], [[INS Ranvir|INS ''Ranvir'']], [[INS Shivalik|INS ''Shivalik'']] and [[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']], [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'']], [[INS Kora (P61)|INS ''Kora'']] and [[INS Kirpan (P44)|INS ''Kirpan'']], one [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh''-class submarine]], fleet tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|INS ''Jyoti'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Poseidon P8I]] aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68|6}}, {{USS|Princeton|CG-59|6}}, {{USS|Howard|DDG-83|6}}, {{USS|Shoup|DDG-86|6}} and {{USS|Kidd|DDG-100|6}}, a [[Los Angeles-class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class]] fast-attack submarine and a Poseidon P-8A aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[JS Izumo|JS ''Izumo'']] (DDH 183) and its air wing and a missile destroyer [[JS Sazanami|JS ''Sazanami'']] (DD1 13).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2017|others=U.S. Mission India|title=Indian, Japanese and U.S. maritime forces to participate in Malabar 2017|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/indian-japanese-u-s-maritime-forces-participate-malabar-2017/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709121738/https://in.usembassy.gov/indian-japanese-u-s-maritime-forces-participate-malabar-2017/|archive-date=9 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India}}</ref> |
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|Aircraft Carrier operations, Air defense, Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), Surface warfare, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), Search and Rescue (SAR), joint and tactical procedures. There was also joint training between the naval special forces of the Indian and US Navies |
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|<ref name=":8" /> |
|<ref name=":8" /> |
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|Philippine Sea |
|Philippine Sea |
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|[[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']]; [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'']], [[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]] aircraft.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=4 June 2018|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Eastern Fleet Ships Underway to Guam, USA for Exercise Malabar 2018|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179746|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2018|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>[[USS Ronald Reagan|USS ''Ronald Reagan'']], [[USS Antietam (CG-54)|USS ''Antietam'']] and [[USS Chancellorsville|USS ''Chancellorsville'']]; [[USS Benfold|USS ''Benfold'']] and [[USS Mustin (DDG-89)|USS ''Mustin'']]; a [[Los Angeles-class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class]] fast-attack submarine, Poseidon P-8A aircraft.<ref name=":1" /> |
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[[JDS Ise|JS ''Ise'']], [[JS Suzunami|JS ''Suzunami'']] and [[Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)|JS ''Fuyuzuki'']]; a Kawasaki P-1 patrol aircraft, a submarine<ref name=":1" /> |
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|Onshore and at-sea training, aircraft carrier operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, visit, board, search and seizure operations and professional exchanges<ref name=":11" /> |
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|Japan |
|Japan |
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|[[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']], [[INS Kiltan|INS ''Kiltan'']], [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]] aircraft<ref name="2019IN">{{cite web|title=Exercise Malabar 2019|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/24158|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926013439/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/24158|archive-date=26 September 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|website=Indian Navy}}</ref>[[USS McCampbell|USS ''McCampbell'']], [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8A Poseidon]] aircraft |
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[[JS Kaga|JS ''Kaga'']], [[Murasame-class destroyer (1994)|JS ''Samidare'']], [[JS Chōkai|JS ''Choukai'']], P1 aircraft<ref name="2019IN" /> |
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|<ref name=":8" /> |
|<ref name=":8" /> |
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== 2020–present == |
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[[File:Australian MH 60R Takeoff from USS John S. McCain, Bay of Bengal, 03 Nov 2020.jpg|thumb|Australian [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|MH 60R]] takeoff from [[USS John S. McCain]], Bay of Bengal, 3 Nov 2020]]Malabar 2020 is a "non-contact, at sea only" exercise taking into consideration [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-10-31|title=Malabar 2020: the coming together of the Quad in the seas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/malabar-2020-the-coming-together-of-the-quad-in-the-seas/article32992805.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2020-11-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malabar-20 Phase 1 : 03 To 06 November 2020|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/malabar-20-phase-1-03-06-november-2020|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Indian Navy}}</ref> |
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It was decided that [[Australia]] shall also be a part of the Malabar Naval exercise, in view to support a free, open and rule based Indo Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2020|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1665830|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2020|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=|ref=1665830}}</ref> This is the first time that all four navies of the quad will be in a joint exercise in 13 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-11-03|title=Navies of India, Australia, Japan, US start first phase of Malabar exercises|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/navies-of-india-australia-japan-us-start-first-phase-of-malabar-exercises-11604412809894.html|access-date=2020-11-04|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> |
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US Deputy Secretary of State [[Stephen E. Biegun|Stephen E Biegun]], on 20 October, said that Quad should be "more regularised", and at some point "formalised" with the passage of time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|others=The Indian Express|date=21 October 2020|title=Malabar exercise: US wants Quad to be 'more regularised', China 'notices' it|work=The Indian Hawk|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/quad-malabar-exercise-us-wants-quad-to-be-more-regularised-china-notices.html|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> |
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It was reported in the ''[[Sunday Telegraph]]'' on 7 March 2021 that [[France]] planned to join the four other nations in 2021, and had planned its annual [[Jeanne d'Arc naval exercise]] around this event.<ref name="nsst">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Nicola|date=7 March 2021|title=France sends navy mission to South China Sea as tensions build in Beijing's back yard|publisher=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/07/france-sends-navy-mission-south-china-sea-tensions-build-beijings/|url-access=registration|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|(1) Bay of Bengal (2) Arabian Sea |
|(1) Bay of Bengal (2) Arabian Sea |
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|[[USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)|USS ''John S. McCain'']], [[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']], [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], [[INS Shivalik (F47)|INS ''Shivalik'']], [[INS Sindhuraj (S57)|INS ''Sindhuraj'']], [[HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155)|HMAS ''Ballarat'']] and [[JS Ōnami (DD-111)|JS ''Ōnami'']].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|others=Task Force 70 Public Affairs|title=India Hosts Japan, Australia, U.S. in Naval Exercise MALABAR 2020|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2402780/india-hosts-japan-australia-us-in-naval-exercise-malabar-2020/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=United States Navy|language=en-US}}</ref> Two [[Carrier battle group|carrier battle groups]]— [[INS Vikramaditya|Vikramaditya]] and [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|title=Phase 2 of Exercise Malabar 2020 in Western Indian Ocean|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/27125|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Indian Navy}}</ref> |
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|Phase II included tactical training night operations, [[underway replenishment]], and gunnery exercises.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|others=U.S. Seventh Fleet|title=Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2417181/nimitz-strike-group-participates-in-malabar-with-australia-india-and-japan/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-21|website=United States Navy|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|(1) Philippine Sea (2) Bay of Bengal |
|(1) Philippine Sea (2) Bay of Bengal |
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|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/exercise-malabar-2021-second-phase/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Naval Technology}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/exercise-malabar-2021-second-phase/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Naval Technology}}</ref> |
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== 2002 to 2012 == |
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;2002 |
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In 2002, the exercise comprised basic passing maneuvers among naval vessels, [[anti-submarine]] exercises and [[Underway replenishment|replenishment-at-sea drill]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Griffin|first=Christopher J.|date=31 December 2006|others=Armed Forces Journal|title=What India Wants|url=https://www.aei.org/articles/what-india-wants/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=American Enterprise Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Participating ships included [[INS Delhi (D61)|INS Delhi]], [[INS Gomati (F21)|INS Gomati]], [[INS Shankul (S47)|INS Shankul]], [[INS Aditya (A59)|INS Aditya]], [[USS Chancellorsville]] and [[USS Paul F. Foster|USS Paul F Foster]].<ref name=":5">[https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2003_0.pdf Annual Report. 2002-2003.] ''Ministry of Defence''. Government of India. pg 27. Retrieved on 13 October 2021.</ref> Aircraft and submarines were also part of the exercise.<ref name=":5" /> |
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;2003; |
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In 2003, US warships {{USS|Fitzgerald|DDG-62}} and {{USS|Chosin|CG-65}}; US submarine {{USS|Pasadena|SSN-752}}; Indian guided missile frigates {{INS|Brahmaputra|F31|6}} and {{INS|Ganga|F22|6}}; Indian submarine [[INS Shalki (S46)|INS ''Shalki'']] and aircraft conducted anti-submarine warfare tactics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/06/stories/2003100602700500.htm |title=Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today |date=2003-10-06 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013031739/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/06/stories/2003100602700500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=20 October 2003|title=Malabar-2003 naval exercise signals new high in cooperation between India and US|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20031020-malabar-2003-naval-exercise-signals-new-high-in-cooperation-between-india-and-us-791635-2003-10-20|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=India Today}}</ref> |
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;2004 |
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In 2004, Malabar participants included advanced assets like the [[USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964)|USS ''Paul F. Foster'' (DD-964)]], {{USS|Alexandria|SSN-757}}, a [[Los Angeles class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class submarine]], US Navy [[P-3 Orion|P-3C Orion]] maritime patrol aircraft, and the [[SH-60B Seahawk]] [[LAMPS]] MKIII helicopter. This enabled both navies to engage in submarine familiarization exercises, a key capability for anti-submarine warfare collaboration. |
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;2005 |
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In 2005, Malabar featured the participation of the aircraft carriers {{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68}} and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']]. During a month of operations, US and Indian forces collaborated on a wide variety of tasks ranging from a joint diving salvage operation to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation that saw the two forces engage in mock combat.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2005|title=Press Releases 2005. Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea.|url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr092605.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111222635/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr092605.html|archive-date=11 January 2009|website=Embassy of the United States, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sathe|first=Abhijeet|date=29 September 2005|title=Indo-US navy exercises:More than expected achieved|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306123211/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=28 April 2019|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authors=Ramananda Sengupta and Nikhil Lakshman|date=2006|title=''Your navy is world class'': Interview: US Pacific Fleet Commander Gary Roughead|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld01.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182508/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld04.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=3 May 2012|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> |
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;2006 |
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In 2006, the {{USS|Boxer|LHD 4}} Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including [[Amphibious warfare ship|amphibious ships]], [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, and the US submarine {{USS|Providence|SSN-719}} as well as Marines from the [[15th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a United States Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the [[High endurance cutter|U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726)]] and an [[Samar-class offshore patrol vessel|Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship]] allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]]. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a [[Habitat for Humanity]] project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces. |
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;2007 |
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[[File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]] flying in formation beside a pair of [[Indian Navy]] [[Sea Harriers]] and a pair of [[U.S. Navy]] [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat]] during Exercise Malabar 2007.]] |
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Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.<ref name="br9j">{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class John L. Beeman|date=9 April 2007|others=7th Fleet Public Affairs|title=Malabar 07-01.|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2007/Malabar0701/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225022201/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2007/Malabar0701/|archive-date=25 February 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=|via=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><ref name="sksam">{{cite web|authors=Captain Vinay Garg|date=2007|title=Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515094506/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h1.htm|archive-date=15 May 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref name="is9j">{{cite web|last=Ved|first=Mahendra|date=September 2007|title=Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories45.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117143438/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories45.htm|archive-date=17 January 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=India Strategic}}</ref> |
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Besides interception and dissimilar air combat exercises, it featured surface and anti-submarine warfare, [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|maritime interdiction]] and [[visit, board, search, and seizure]] operations to counter piracy and other non-state acts at sea. On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. This was the first time a joint exercise of this scale involving 25 vessels was conducted. The exercise was previously a bilateral India-US engagement that was expanded for the first time. |
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India's [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left parties]] that have criticised [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]'s government on the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act|India-US civilian nuclear deal]] had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the [[Indian government]] was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the [[Indian Navy]] put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible. |
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[[China]], which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with [[Sri Lanka]]. In June, China had issued a '[[demarche]]' to [[India]], [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|date=10 July 2017|title=What is Malabar naval exercise? Why is Chinese media considering it a threat?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/malabar-exercise-2017-india-us-japan-china-naval-navy-ins-vikramaditya-1023389-2017-07-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226142832/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/malabar-exercise-2017-india-us-japan-china-naval-navy-ins-vikramaditya-1023389-2017-07-10|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> |
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The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 [[warships]], including the [[nuclear-powered]] [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Nimitz|USS ''Nimitz'']] that was protested<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2007|others=MIL/NDTV|title=USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests|url=http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-2310/USS-Nimitz-touches-Chennai-port-despite-protests.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828110825/http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-2310/USS-Nimitz-touches-Chennai-port-despite-protests.html|archive-date=28 August 2008|website=International Reporter}}</ref> when it dropped anchor off [[Chennai]] in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']], the [[nuclear submarine]] {{USS|Chicago|SSN-721}}, two [[guided missile cruiser]]s, and six [[guided missile destroyer]]s. Eight [[warship]]s, including the aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']], represented the [[Indian Navy]]. The other warships were the destroyers [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS ''Mysore'']], [[INS Rana (D52)|INS ''Rana'']] and [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS ''Ranjit'']], fleet tanker [[Komandarm Fedko class oiler|INS ''Jyoti'' (A58)]] and a corvette [[INS Kuthar (P46)|INS ''Kuthar'']]. ''Viraat'''s [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier jet]]s and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King helicopters]], and the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a [[frigate]] and a [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.<ref name="br9j" /><ref name="sksam" /><ref name="is9j" /> |
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;2008 |
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From 19 October 2008, Exercise Malabar 08, the twelfth of the series, was conducted in the Arabian Sea. The purpose of Malabar 2008 was to promote increased inter-operability between the United States and India, with a special emphasis on maritime interdiction, including counter-piracy and counter-terrorism operation.<ref name="IndianDefence101808">{{cite web|title=Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008 |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4053 |publisher=Indian Defence |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307083217/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4053 |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref> |
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Rear Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]], Flag Officer Commanding, [[Western Naval Command|Western Fleet]] (FOCWF), noted: |
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:"This greatly enhances our two navies' interoperability, which is very important to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions, as well as issues of maritime security and piracy."<ref name="Flanders2008" /> |
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The US Navy was represented by the {{USS|Ronald Reagan|CVN-76}}'s [[Carrier Strike Group Seven]]. In addition, one submarine, {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761}}, and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.<ref name="MilEx08" /><ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Bill Larned|date=16 November 2008|others=Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs|title=Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522134452/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924|archive-date=22 May 2011|access-date=28 November 2008|website=Navy.mil}}</ref> Joining Carrier Group Seven were the [[fast combat support ship]] {{USNS|Bridge|T-AOE 10|2}} and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761|2}} and a [[Lockheed P-3|P-3C maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name="IndianDefence101808" /><ref name="Flanders2008">{{cite web|author=Lt. Ron Flanders |title = U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise |url=http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm |work=Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs |publisher=U.S. Seventh Fleet |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611121827/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref> Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers {{INS|Mumbai|D62|2}} and {{INS|Rana|D52|2}}; the guided-missile frigates {{INS|Talwar|F40|2}}, {{INS|Godavari|F20|2}}, {{INS|Brahmaputra|F31|2}}, and {{INS|Betwa|F39|2}}; the [[Replenishment oiler|replenishment tanker]] {{INS|Aditya|A59|2}}; and a [[Shishumar class submarine|''Shishumar''-class diesel-electric submarine]].<ref name="MilEx08" /><ref name="IndianDefence101808" /> |
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;2009 |
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The [[Indian Navy]], [[Japan Maritime Self Defense Force]] and [[U.S. Navy]] expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009. |
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The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBBS) techniques; Surface warfare maneuvers; Anti-submarine warfare; Gunnery training; Air defense. |
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The ships involved from India were [[INS Mumbai (D62)|INS ''Mumbai'' (D62)]], [[INS Khanjar (P47)|INS ''Khanjar'' (P47)]], [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'' (D54)]] and [[INS Jyoti (A58)|INS ''Jyoti'' (A58)]]. The ships from Japan were [[Shirane-class destroyer|JDS ''Kurama'' (DDH144)]] and [[Hatsuyuki-class destroyer|JDS ''Asayuki'' (DD132)]]. The ships from the US were [[USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19)|USS ''Blue Ridge'' (LCC 19)]], [[USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62)|USS ''Fitzgerald'' (DDG 62)]], [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)|USS ''Chafee'' (DDG 90)]] and the [[USS Seawolf (SSN 21)|USS ''Seawolf'' (SSN 21)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Josh Cassatt|date=5 May 2009|title=India, Japan, U.S. Foster Relationships During MALABAR|url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107061304/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022|archive-date=7 November 2018|access-date=28 April 2019|website=navy.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Matthew R. White, Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Josh Cassatt|title=Malabar 2009|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720141802/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/|archive-date=20 July 2014|access-date=5 June 2014|website=|via=bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref> |
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;2010 |
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Ships, submarines and aircraft from the United States Navy's Seventh Fleet arrived in Goa, India, 23 April to begin Exercise Malabar 2010 hosted by the Indian Navy. |
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"The U.S. Navy and Indian Navy are natural partners and friends who share a mutual desire to ensure security and stability in this region," said Rear Adm. Kevin M. Donegan, Commander, Battle Force Seventh Fleet. "A high-end exercise like Malabar strengthens our growing naval relationship and the interoperability between our two professional maritime forces." |
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Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. United States Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa. |
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United States forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser [[USS Shiloh (CG 67)|USS ''Shiloh'' (CG 67)]], Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers [[USS Lassen (DDG 82)|USS ''Lassen'' (DDG 82)]] and [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)|USS ''Chafee'' (DDG 90)]], Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate [[USS Curts (FFG 38)|USS ''Curts'' (FFG 38)]], Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine [[USS Annapolis (SSN 760)|USS ''Annapolis'' (SSN 760)]], [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft, [[SH-60]] helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.<ref>{{cite web|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Charles Oki aboard USS Lassen|date=23 April 2010|title=U.S. Navy prepares to participate in Exercise Malabar 2010|url=http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220174946/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm|archive-date=20 February 2013|access-date=2014-06-05|website=U.S. 7th Fleet.}}</ref> |
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;2011 |
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[[File:US Navy 110410-N-IC111-115 The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) and ships from the Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group and the Indian nav.jpg|thumb|300px|right|U.S. Carrier Strike Group Ronald Reagan with the Indian Navy]] |
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The Malabar Series of Exercises 2–10 April 2011 were held off the Okinawa coast.<ref name="Dikshit">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1459675.ece | title=Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Sandeep | last=Dikshit | date=16 February 2011 | access-date=16 February 2011 | archive-date=29 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122440/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1459675.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> India had stopped involving more countries in the exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.<ref name="Dikshit" /> |
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[[Carrier Strike Group Seven]] participated in Malabar 2011.<ref name="NNS110410-01" /> United States naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers {{USS|Sterett|DDG-104|2}} and {{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|2}}; the guided-missile frigate {{USS|Reuben James|FFG-57|2}}; and nuclear-powered attack submarine [[USS Santa Fe (SSN-763)|USS ''Santa Fe'' (SSN-763)]]. Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61|2}}, {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55|2}}, and {{ship|INS|Ranvir|D54}}; the corvette {{ship|INS|Kirch|P62}}; and the replenishment tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|''Jyoti'']].<ref name="NNS110410-01">{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685 | work= NNS110410-01 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | access-date= 2011-12-28 | archive-date= 15 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110415193313/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="NNS110402-12">{{cite web | title= Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538 | work= NNS110402-12 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 2 April 2011 | access-date= 2011-12-28 | archive-date= 19 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110419113407/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011 | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59568 | work= NNS110405-08 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | access-date=2011-02-28}}</ref> |
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The at-sea portions were conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the [[Luzon Strait]], and east of [[Okinawa]]. The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.<ref name="NNS110410-01" /> |
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Malabar 2011 was designed to advance United States-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.<ref name="NNS110402-12" /> United States and Indian navy ships ended the exercise on 9 April 2011. |
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;2012 |
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[[File:INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson.jpg|thumb|300px|[[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] replenishing [[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']] during Exercise Malabar 2012.]] |
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[[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1]] of the US Navy, comprising<ref name="usn">Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Byron C. Linder (17 April 2012). [http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012] . U.S. 7th Fleet. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314183830/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm|date=14 March 2014}}</ref>[[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']], embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, [[Ticonderoga class cruiser|''Ticonderoga''-class]] guided-missile cruiser [[USS Bunker Hill (CG-52)|USS ''Bunker Hill'']] and [[Arleigh Burke class destroyer|''Arleigh Burke''-class]] guided-missile destroyer [[USS Halsey (DDG-97)|USS ''Halsey'']] participated in the 10-day exercise. [[Military Sealift Command|Military Sealift Command's]] fast combat support ship [[USNS Bridge (T-AOE-10)|USNS ''Bridge'']] also provided support for the exercise.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class (SW) Byron C. Linder, USS Carl Vinson Public Affairs|date=13 April 2012|title=Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012|url=https://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702162534/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|archive-date=2 July 2017|access-date=28 April 2019|website=www.public.navy.mil}}</ref> |
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The frigate [[INS Satpura (F48)|INS ''Satpura'']], destroyers [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'']] and [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], and corvette [[INS Kulish (P63)|INS ''Kulish'']] represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler {{INS|Shakti|A57}}.<ref name="usn" /><ref name="tdt">{{cite web|last=Keck|first=Zachary|date=10 April 2012|title=India's Navy Good U.S. Option|url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720003557/https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|archive-date=20 July 2012|access-date=2 August 2012|publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref> |
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The exercise took place in approximately 450 nautical miles of sea and air space, and offered the opportunity for the United States and Indian naval services to conduct communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other. ''Carl Vinson'' and CVW-17 provided air support for the exercise.<ref name="usn" /> |
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==2013 to Present== |
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;2013 |
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Indian Navy-US Navy bilateral exercise, MALABAR 2013 commenced on 5 November 2013 and continued until 11 November 2013 in the Bay of Bengal. Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW). |
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Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer [[USS McCampbell (DDG 85)|USS ''McCampbell'' (DDG 85)]] and a [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built frigate [[INS Shivalik (F47)|INS ''Shivalik'' (F47)]], the guided missile destroyer [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'' (D55)]] and [[Tupolev Tu-142]] Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|others=Indian Navy Press Release|title=Indo - US Naval Exercise 'MALABAR 2013' Commences in Bay of Bengal|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428191549/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences|archive-date=6 June 2014|access-date=28 April 2019|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> |
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;2014 |
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[[File:Malabar 2014 Line Astern.jpg|thumb|Ships of the Indian, Japanese and the U.S. Navies sail together during Exercise Malabar 2014.]] |
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Exercise Malabar 2014 commenced on 24 July 2014 at [[United States Fleet Activities Sasebo|Sasebo Naval Base]], [[Japan]]. This edition of MALABAR was a trilateral one involving the navies of India, Japan and the United States. The exercise involved [[Carrier strike group]] operations, [[Maritime patrol]] and [[Reconnaissance]] operations, [[Piracy|anti piracy]] operations and [[Visit, board, search, and seizure]] (VBSS) operations, [[Search and rescue]] exercises, [[Cross-deck (naval terminology)|helicopter cross-deck landings]], [[Underway replenishment]], [[Naval artillery|gunnery]] and [[anti-submarine warfare]] exercises, and [[Liaison officer]] exchange and embarkation.<ref name="in14">{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/malabar-2014-multilateral-naval-exercise-starts |title=Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts |publisher=Indian Navy Press Release |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044752/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/malabar-2014-multilateral-naval-exercise-starts |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]] (guided missile destroyer), [[INS Shivalik]] (stealth frigate) and {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}} (fleet tanker). Two destroyers along with a [[P3C Orion]] and a [[ShinMaywa US-2]] were participating from the [[Japanese Navy]]. From the [[U.S. Navy]] one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One United States Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz class carrier]] [[USS George Washington (CVN-73)|USS ''George Washington'']] joined for the sea phase of the exercise.<ref name="in14" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-japan-malabar-2014-a-good-beginning/ |title=Malabar 2014: a good beginning |last=Brewster |first=David |work=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811180816/http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-japan-malabar-2014-a-good-beginning/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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;2015 |
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On 26 January 2015, the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] and [[Indian Prime Minister]] agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|last=|authors=|date=30 September 2014|others=Office of the Press Secretary|title=U.S India Joint Statement|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121024455/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|archive-date=21 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2015|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> [[India]] invited [[Japan]] to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces. The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506687/malabar-15-naval-exercise-begins.html Malabar-15 naval exercise begins.] [[Deccan Herald|''Deccan Herald'']]. 15 October 2015. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131122/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506687/malabar-15-naval-exercise-begins.html|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Sindhuraj (S57)|INS ''Sindhuraj'']] (diesel-electric submarine), [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']] (guided missile destroyer), {{INS|Shivalik}} (stealth frigate), [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS ''Betwa'']] (guided-missile frigate) and {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}} (fleet tanker). The [[Japanese Navy]] sent destroyer {{JS|Fuyuzuki}}. From the [[U.S. Navy]] came the nuclear aircraft carrier {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71}}, the USS ''Normandy'', ''Freedom''-class littoral combat ship USS ''Fort Worth'' (LCS-3) and Los Angeles-class submarine [[USS City of Corpus Christi|USS ''City of Corpus Christi'' (SSN-705)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authors=Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class (MCS2) Danica M. Sirmans|date=17 October 2015|title=Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018181856/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|archive-date=18 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|work=U.S. Navy}}</ref> |
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;2016 |
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The 2016 Malabar exercise was conducted on 26 June 2016. This time, Japan was also a part of the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|authors=MC2 Ryan J. Batchelder|date=16 July 2016|title=Three nations set sail for exercise Malabar 2016|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg53/Pages/Three-nations-set-sail-for-exercise-Malabar-2016.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116151925/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg53/Pages/Three-nations-set-sail-for-exercise-Malabar-2016.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2017|access-date=2017-01-13|website=www.public.navy.mil}}</ref> |
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;2017 |
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[[File:Ships from the Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the U.S. Navy sail in formation in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017.jpg|upright=1.3|right|thumb|Ships of the [[United States]], [[India]] and [[Japan]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during exercise Malabar 2017]] |
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[[File:An Indian navy MIG-29K Fulcrum aircraft flies over USS Nimitz during Exercise Malabar 2017. (35174458953).jpg|thumb|An [[Indian navy]] [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MIG-29K]] Fulcrum aircraft flies over [[USS Nimitz]]]] |
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The 2017 Malabar exercise was the 21st edition of the exercise and conducted from 10 to 17 July 2017. This edition involved navies from India, USA and Japan. The exercise included a harbor phase at Chennai from 10 to 13 July 2017 and a sea phase from 14 to 17 July 2017 in the Bay of Bengal. This edition focused on Aircraft Carrier operations, Air defense, Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), Surface warfare, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), Search and Rescue (SAR), joint and tactical procedures. There was also joint training between the naval special forces of the Indian and US Navies at INS Karna, Visakhapatnam. A total of 16 ships, 2 submarines and 95 aircraft participated in this exercise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Exercise Malabar commences in Bay of Bengal/ North Indian Ocean|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-commences-bay-bengal-north-indian-ocean|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711084912/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-commences-bay-bengal-north-indian-ocean|archive-date=11 July 2017|access-date=2017-07-12|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-11|title=Malabar 2017: India-Japan-U.S. joint exercise kicks off|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/malabar-2017-india-japan-us-joint-exercise-kicks-off/article19256919.ece|access-date=2021-10-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was the first exercise between the three countries which involved three aircraft carriers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Panda|first=Ankit|date=10 July 2017|title=India-Japan-US Malabar 2017 Naval Exercises Kick Off With Anti-Submarine Warfare in Focus|language=en-US|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/india-japan-us-malabar-2017-naval-exercises-kick-off-with-anti-submarine-warfare-in-focus/|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713003216/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/india-japan-us-malabar-2017-naval-exercises-kick-off-with-anti-submarine-warfare-in-focus|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> |
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The Indian Navy was represented by the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] and its air wing, a guided missile destroyer [[INS Ranvir|INS ''Ranvir'']], two indigenous stealth frigates [[INS Shivalik|INS ''Shivalik'']] and [[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']], an ASW corvette [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'']], two missile corvettes [[INS Kora (P61)|INS ''Kora'']] and [[INS Kirpan (P44)|INS ''Kirpan'']], one [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh''-class submarine]], fleet tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|INS ''Jyoti'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Poseidon P8I]] aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The American Navy was represented by the aircraft carrier {{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68|6}} and its air wing, a guided missile cruiser {{USS|Princeton|CG-59|6}}, three guided missile destroyers: {{USS|Howard|DDG-83|6}}, {{USS|Shoup|DDG-86|6}} and {{USS|Kidd|DDG-100|6}}, a [[Los Angeles-class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class]] fast-attack submarine and a Poseidon P-8A aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) was represented by a helicopter carrier [[JS Izumo|JS ''Izumo'']] (DDH 183) and its air wing and a missile destroyer [[JS Sazanami|JS ''Sazanami'']] (DD1 13).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2017|others=U.S. Mission India|title=Indian, Japanese and U.S. maritime forces to participate in Malabar 2017|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/indian-japanese-u-s-maritime-forces-participate-malabar-2017/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709121738/https://in.usembassy.gov/indian-japanese-u-s-maritime-forces-participate-malabar-2017/|archive-date=9 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India}}</ref> |
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;2018 |
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The 2018 Malabar exercise was conducted from 7 to 16 June 2018 off the coast of [[Guam]] in the [[Philippine Sea]]. This was the 22nd edition of the exercise and the first time it was held on United States territory. The exercise is divided into two phases. The harbor phase was held from 7 to 10 June at [[Naval Base Guam]], and the sea phase from 11 to 16 June. The exercise focused on onshore and at-sea training, aircraft carrier operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, visit, board, search and seizure operations and professional exchanges.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|date=5 June 2018|title=India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220800/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=5 June 2018|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> Based on news reports, India refused Australia participation in the exercise to avoid posturing it as a military group against China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundaramurthy|first=Asha|date=8 May 2018|title=India Keeps Australia Out of the Malabar Exercise -- Again|language=en-US|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/india-keeps-australia-out-of-the-malabar-exercise-again/|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140156/https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/india-keeps-australia-out-of-the-malabar-exercise-again/|archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> |
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The Indian Navy was represented by stealth frigate [[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']]; ASW corvette [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'']] and fleet tanker [[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]] aircraft.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=4 June 2018|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Eastern Fleet Ships Underway to Guam, USA for Exercise Malabar 2018|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179746|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2018|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> |
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The U.S. Navy was represented by aircraft carrier [[USS Ronald Reagan|USS ''Ronald Reagan'']] with its air wing; two guided missile cruisers, [[USS Antietam (CG-54)|USS ''Antietam'']] and [[USS Chancellorsville|USS ''Chancellorsville'']]; two guided missile destroyers, [[USS Benfold|USS ''Benfold'']] and [[USS Mustin (DDG-89)|USS ''Mustin'']]; a [[Los Angeles-class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class]] fast-attack submarine and a Poseidon P-8A aircraft.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) was represented by a helicopter carrier [[JDS Ise|JS ''Ise'']] and its air wing; two missile destroyer [[JS Suzunami|JS ''Suzunami'']] and [[Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)|JS ''Fuyuzuki'']]; a Kawasaki P-1 patrol aircraft and a diesel-electric attack submarine.<ref name=":1" /> |
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;2019 |
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[[File:Malabar 2019 ships (48836791626).jpg|thumb|American, Indian, and Japanese ships participating in Malabar 2019]] |
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At the Japan-India Annual Defence Ministerial Dialogue held at Tokyo on 2 September 2019, Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and Japanese Defence Minister [[Takeshi Iwaya]] announced that Malabar 2019 would be held in Japan from 26 September to 4 October 2019. |
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The Indian Navy was represented by stealth frigate [[INS Sahyadri|INS ''Sahyadri'']], ASW corvette [[INS Kiltan|INS ''Kiltan'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]] aircraft. The Indian Navy contingent was led by [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] [[Suraj Berry]], Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet.<ref name ="2019IN">{{cite web |title=Exercise Malabar 2019 |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/24158 |website=Indian Navy |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926013439/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/24158 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The U.S. Navy was represented by [[USS McCampbell|USS ''McCampbell'']] and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8A Poseidon]] aircraft. The JMSDF was represented by helicopter destroyer [[JS Kaga|JS ''Kaga'']], guided missile destroyers [[Murasame-class destroyer (1994)|JS ''Samidare'']] and [[JS Chōkai|JS ''Choukai'']], and a P1 aircraft.<ref name ="2019IN"/> |
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;2020 |
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[[File:Australian MH 60R Takeoff from USS John S. McCain, Bay of Bengal, 03 Nov 2020.jpg|thumb|Australian [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|MH 60R]] takeoff from [[USS John S. McCain]], Bay of Bengal, 3 Nov 2020]] |
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The 24th edition of Malabar exercise is in two phases, Phase-I is from 3 to 6 November near the coast of Visakhapatnam in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the Phase-II is from 17 to 20 November in the Arabian Sea.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-10-31|title=Malabar 2020: the coming together of the Quad in the seas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/malabar-2020-the-coming-together-of-the-quad-in-the-seas/article32992805.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2020-11-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Malabar 2020 is a "non-contact, at sea only" exercise taking into consideration [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malabar-20 Phase 1 : 03 To 06 November 2020|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/malabar-20-phase-1-03-06-november-2020|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Indian Navy}}</ref> |
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It was decided that [[Australia]] shall also be a part of the Malabar Naval exercise, in view to support a free, open and rule based Indo Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2020|others=Ministry of Defence|title=Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1665830|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2020|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=|ref=1665830}}</ref> This is the first time that all four navies of the quad will be in a joint exercise in 13 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-11-03|title=Navies of India, Australia, Japan, US start first phase of Malabar exercises|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/navies-of-india-australia-japan-us-start-first-phase-of-malabar-exercises-11604412809894.html|access-date=2020-11-04|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Participating vessels in Phase 1 of Malabar 2020 include [[USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)|USS ''John S. McCain'']], [[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']], [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], [[INS Shivalik (F47)|INS ''Shivalik'']], [[INS Sindhuraj (S57)|INS ''Sindhuraj'']], [[HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155)|HMAS ''Ballarat'']] and [[JS Ōnami (DD-111)|JS ''Ōnami'']].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|others=Task Force 70 Public Affairs|title=India Hosts Japan, Australia, U.S. in Naval Exercise MALABAR 2020|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2402780/india-hosts-japan-australia-us-in-naval-exercise-malabar-2020/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=United States Navy|language=en-US}}</ref> The second phase of the exercise saw joint operations with two [[Carrier battle group|carrier battle groups]]— [[INS Vikramaditya|Vikramaditya]] and [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|title=Phase 2 of Exercise Malabar 2020 in Western Indian Ocean|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/27125|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Indian Navy}}</ref> Phase II included tactical training night operations, [[underway replenishment]], and gunnery exercises.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|others=U.S. Seventh Fleet|title=Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2417181/nimitz-strike-group-participates-in-malabar-with-australia-india-and-japan/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-21|website=United States Navy|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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US Deputy Secretary of State [[Stephen E. Biegun|Stephen E Biegun]], on 20 October, said that Quad should be "more regularised", and at some point "formalised" with the passage of time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|others=The Indian Express|date=21 October 2020|title=Malabar exercise: US wants Quad to be 'more regularised', China 'notices' it|work=The Indian Hawk|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/quad-malabar-exercise-us-wants-quad-to-be-more-regularised-china-notices.html|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> |
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;2021 |
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It was reported in the ''[[Sunday Telegraph]]'' on 7 March 2021 that [[France]] planned to join the four other nations in 2021, and had planned its annual [[Jeanne d'Arc naval exercise]] around this event.<ref name="nsst">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Nicola|date=7 March 2021|title=France sends navy mission to South China Sea as tensions build in Beijing's back yard|publisher=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/07/france-sends-navy-mission-south-china-sea-tensions-build-beijings/|url-access=registration|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> |
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{{Clear}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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; Geostrategy |
; Geostrategy |
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* [[AirSea Battle]] |
* [[AirSea Battle]] |
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*[[Interoperability]] |
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* [[Blue Team (U.S. politics)]] |
* [[Blue Team (U.S. politics)]] |
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* [[China Containment Policy]] |
* [[China Containment Policy]] |
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* [[India-Japan relations]] |
* [[India-Japan relations]] |
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* [[India–United States relations]] |
* [[India–United States relations]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 13:00, 14 October 2021
Exercise Malabar is a naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners.[1] The annual Malabar exercises includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through maritime interdiction operations, anti-submarine warfare, diving salvage operations, amphibious operations, counter-piracy operations, cross–deck helicopter landings and anti–air warfare operations.[2][3] Over the years, the exercise has been conducted in the Philippine Sea, off the coast of Japan, in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[4]
Originally begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, the exercise was expanded in 2007 with the participation of Japan, Singapore and Australia. Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Australia participated in the exercise again in 2020, marking the second time that the Quad will be jointly participating in a military exercise.[5]
The duration of the exercise has ranged from 1 to 11 days.[6] The complexity and sophistication of the exercise has increased over the years. The average participation increased from 8 ships to just over 9 from 2002 to 2014.[7]
1992–2002
The first naval exercise, named Malabar-I, between India and the United States was held on 28/29 May 1992.[8][9] The exercises were located in Cochin, headquarters of the Indian Southern Naval Command, and Goa.[9] It was of an elementary level, including four vessels, passing exercises and basic maneuvers.[3][9] Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after India tested nuclear weapons.[10]
Edition | Year | Participants | Exercise Area | Vessels[a] | Exercises | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1992 | India's west coast | INS Gomti, INS Ranjit | Frequency sharing, basic maneuvers, search and rescue.[9] | [3] | |
2 | 1995 | Persian Gulf | [3] | |||
3 | 1996 | India's west coast | [3] |
2002–2007
The United States renewed military contact following the 2001 September 11 attacks when India joined President George W Bush's campaign against international terrorism.[11]
In 2007, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, an initiative between Japan, United States, Australia and India impacted the Malabar exercise.[12] In 2007, for the first time, navies other than Indian and US joined the exercise with the armada including Japan, Singapore and Australia. Also for the first time, the exercise was shifted from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.[12]
India's Left parties that have criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government on the India-US civilian nuclear deal had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the Indian government was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the Indian Navy put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible.
China, which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with Bangladesh and Myanmar to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with Sri Lanka. In June, China had issued a 'demarche' to India, United States, Japan and Australia seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.[13]
Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.[14][15][16]
Edition | Year | Participants | Exercise Area | Vessels | Exercises | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 2002 | Arabian Sea | INS Delhi, INS Gomati, INS Shankul, INS Aditya
USS Chancellorsville and USS Paul F Foster Aircraft and submarines[17] |
Basic passing maneuvers, anti-submarine exercises and replenishment-at-sea drills[18] | [6] | |
5 | 2003 | India's west coast | INS Brahmaputra, INS Ganga, INS Shalki
USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62), USS Chosin (CG-65), USS Pasadena (SSN-752) |
Anti-submarine exercises[19] | [3] | |
6 | 2004 | India's west coast | USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), USS Alexandria (SSN-757)
P-3C Orion, SH-60B Seahawk LAMPS MKIII |
Submarine familiarization exercises | [3] | |
7 | 2005 | India's west coast | USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and INS Viraat[21][22][23] | Joint diving salvage exercises, to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation | [3] | |
8 | 2006 | India's west coast | USS Boxer (LHD 4) Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including amphibious ships, cruisers, destroyers, and the US submarine USS Providence (SSN-719) as well as Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a United States Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726) and an Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including Mumbai and Goa. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a Habitat for Humanity project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces. | [3] | ||
9 | 2007 | Philippine Sea | [3] | |||
10 | 2007 | Bay of Bengal | On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the Bay of Bengal.
The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 warships, including the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Nimitz that was protested[24] when it dropped anchor off Chennai in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier USS Kitty Hawk, the nuclear submarine USS Chicago (SSN-721), two guided missile cruisers, and six guided missile destroyers. Eight warships, including the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, represented the Indian Navy. The other warships were the destroyers INS Mysore, INS Rana and INS Ranjit, fleet tanker INS Jyoti (A58) and a corvette INS Kuthar. Viraat's Sea Harrier jets and Sea King helicopters, and the Indian Air Force's Jaguar deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a frigate and a tanker; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.[14][15][16] |
[3] |
2008–2014
However, domestic political changes in Australia and Japan, including China's opposition, resulted in Malabar 2008 being on a much smaller scale with only participation from India and the US, and being conducted in the Indian Ocean.[12] Some protests in India against the 2008 exercise were led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist).[12][25]
The Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and U.S. Navy expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009.
The Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on the east coast of Japan in March 2011 caused Japan to back out of the next Malabar.[12] In 2015, Japan joined as a permanent member.[26]
In 2015, the United States brought up the fact that India was doing its "bare minimum" with regard the participation in the exercise.[7] However, seeming to understand India's limitation, the United States has also responded accordingly.[3] For India, one of the reasons for converting Malabar into a multilateral exercise has been "resource optimisation".[3] As the number of maritime bilateral exercises over the years has been increasing, the Navy's resources are heavily strained. Further, the returns from the international exercises seem to be levelling out.[3] Inviting China to "socialise" during the Malabar exercises has been suggested.[3][7]
The Malabar Series of Exercises 2–10 April 2011 were held off the Okinawa coast.[27] India had stopped involving more countries in the exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.[27]
Edition | Year | Participants | Exercise Area | Vessels | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | 2008 | Arabian Sea | The US Navy was represented by the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)'s Carrier Strike Group Seven. In addition, one submarine, USS Springfield (SSN-761), and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.[2][28] Joining Carrier Group Seven were the fast combat support ship Bridge and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine Springfield and a P-3C maritime patrol aircraft.[29][30] Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers Mumbai and Rana; the guided-missile frigates Talwar, Godavari, Brahmaputra, and Betwa; the replenishment tanker Aditya; and a Shishumar-class diesel-electric submarine.[2][29][30] | [3] | ||
12 | 2009 | Japan | The ships involved from India were INS Mumbai (D62), INS Khanjar (P47), INS Ranvir (D54) and INS Jyoti (A58). The ships from Japan were JDS Kurama (DDH144) and JDS Asayuki (DD132). The ships from the US were USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62), USS Chafee (DDG 90) and the USS Seawolf (SSN 21).[31][32] | The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBBS) techniques; Surface warfare maneuvers; Anti-submarine warfare; Gunnery training; Air defense. | [3] | |
13 | 2010 | India's west coast | United States forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Shiloh (CG 67), Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers USS Lassen (DDG 82) and USS Chafee (DDG 90), Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate USS Curts (FFG 38), Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine USS Annapolis (SSN 760), P-3 Orion aircraft, SH-60 helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.[33] | Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. United States Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa. | [3] | |
14 | 2011 | Japan | Carrier Strike Group Seven participated in Malabar 2011.[34] United States naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers Sterett and Stethem; the guided-missile frigate Reuben James; and nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Santa Fe (SSN-763). Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers Delhi, Ranvijay, and INS Ranvir (D54); the corvette INS Kirch (P62); and the replenishment tanker Jyoti.[34][35][36] | The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.[34]Malabar 2011 was designed to advance United States-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.[35] | [3] | |
15 | 2012 | Bay of Bengal | Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, comprising[37]USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey participated in the 10-day exercise. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise.[38]The frigate INS Satpura, destroyers INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay, and corvette INS Kulish represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler INS Shakti (A57).[37][39] | The exercise took place in approximately 450 nautical miles of sea and air space, and offered the opportunity for the United States and Indian naval services to conduct communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other. Carl Vinson and CVW-17 provided air support for the exercise.[37] | [3] | |
16 | 2013 | India's east coast | Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS McCampbell (DDG 85) and a P-3 Orion aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built frigate INS Shivalik (F47), the guided missile destroyer INS Ranvijay (D55) and Tupolev Tu-142 Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.[40] | Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW). | [3] | |
17 | 2014 | Japan | INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Shakti
Two destroyers along with a P3C Orion and a ShinMaywa US-2 were participating from the Japanese Navy U.S. Navy one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One United States Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the Nimitz class carrier USS George Washington joined for the sea phase of the exercise.[41][42] |
The exercise involved Carrier strike group operations, Maritime patrol and Reconnaissance operations, anti piracy operations and Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operations, Search and rescue exercises, helicopter cross-deck landings, Underway replenishment, gunnery and anti-submarine warfare exercises, and Liaison officer exchange and embarkation.[41] | [3] |
2015–2019
On 26 January 2015, the U.S. President and Indian Prime Minister agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.[43] India invited Japan to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces. The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.[44]
Malabar 2017 was the first exercise between the three countries which involved three aircraft carriers.[45]
The 2018 Malabar exercise was conducted from 7 to 16 June 2018 off the coast of Guam in the Philippine Sea. This was the 22nd edition of the exercise and the first time it was held on United States territory. The exercise is divided into two phases. The harbor phase was held from 7 to 10 June at Naval Base Guam, and the sea phase from 11 to 16 June.[46] Based on news reports, India refused Australia participation in the exercise to avoid posturing it as a military group against China.[47]
Edition | Year | Participants | Exercise Area | Vessels | Exercises | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | 2015 | Bay of Bengal | INS Sindhuraj, INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Betwa, INS Shakti
USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), the USS Normandy, USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN-705)[48] |
[49] | ||
19 | 2016 | Philippine Sea | [50] | [49] | ||
20 | 2017 | Bay of Bengal | A total of 16 ships, 2 submarines and 95 aircraft participated in this exercise.[51][52]INS Vikramaditya, INS Ranvir, INS Shivalik and INS Sahyadri, INS Kamorta, INS Kora and INS Kirpan, one Sindhughosh-class submarine, fleet tanker INS Jyoti and a Poseidon P8I aircraft.[51]
USS Nimitz, USS Princeton, USS Howard, USS Shoup and USS Kidd, a Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine and a Poseidon P-8A aircraft.[51] JS Izumo (DDH 183) and its air wing and a missile destroyer JS Sazanami (DD1 13).[51][53] |
Aircraft Carrier operations, Air defense, Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), Surface warfare, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), Search and Rescue (SAR), joint and tactical procedures. There was also joint training between the naval special forces of the Indian and US Navies | [6] | |
21 | 2018 | Philippine Sea | INS Sahyadri; INS Kamorta, INS Shakti and a Boeing P-8I Neptune aircraft.[54]USS Ronald Reagan, USS Antietam and USS Chancellorsville; USS Benfold and USS Mustin; a Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine, Poseidon P-8A aircraft.[54]
JS Ise, JS Suzunami and JS Fuyuzuki; a Kawasaki P-1 patrol aircraft, a submarine[54] |
Onshore and at-sea training, aircraft carrier operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, visit, board, search and seizure operations and professional exchanges[46] | [6] | |
22 | 2019 | Japan | INS Sahyadri, INS Kiltan, Boeing P-8I Neptune aircraft[55]USS McCampbell, Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft
JS Kaga, JS Samidare, JS Choukai, P1 aircraft[55] |
[6] |
2020–present
Malabar 2020 is a "non-contact, at sea only" exercise taking into consideration COVID-19 pandemic.[56][57]
It was decided that Australia shall also be a part of the Malabar Naval exercise, in view to support a free, open and rule based Indo Pacific.[58] This is the first time that all four navies of the quad will be in a joint exercise in 13 years.[59]
US Deputy Secretary of State Stephen E Biegun, on 20 October, said that Quad should be "more regularised", and at some point "formalised" with the passage of time.[60]
It was reported in the Sunday Telegraph on 7 March 2021 that France planned to join the four other nations in 2021, and had planned its annual Jeanne d'Arc naval exercise around this event.[61]
Edition | Year | Participants | Exercise Area | Vessels | Exercises | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 2020 | (1) Bay of Bengal (2) Arabian Sea | USS John S. McCain, INS Shakti, INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, INS Sindhuraj, HMAS Ballarat and JS Ōnami.[62] Two carrier battle groups— Vikramaditya and Nimitz.[63] | Phase II included tactical training night operations, underway replenishment, and gunnery exercises.[64] | [56] | |
24 | 2021 | (1) Philippine Sea (2) Bay of Bengal | [65] |
See also
- Geostrategy
- AirSea Battle
- Interoperability
- Blue Team (U.S. politics)
- China Containment Policy
- India–United States relations
- List of disputed territories of China
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
- Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
- US-Philippines Balikatan Exercise
- International relations
- India-China relations
- China-United States relations
- India-Australia relations
- India-Japan relations
- India–United States relations
Notes
- ^ Other vessel such as tankers also take part
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