Malabar (naval exercise): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Malabar 07-2 exercise.jpg|250px||right|thumb|Ships of the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]], and [[Singapore]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].]] |
[[File:Malabar 07-2 exercise.jpg|250px||right|thumb|Ships of the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]], and [[Singapore]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].]] |
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'''Exercise Malabar''' is a trilateral naval exercise involving the [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[India]] as permanent partners. |
'''Exercise Malabar''' is a trilateral naval exercise involving the [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[India]] as permanent partners. Originally a bilateral exercise between India and the U.S., Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Past non-permanent participants are Australia and [[Singapore]]. The annual Malabar series began in 1992 and includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through [[Maritime Interdiction Operations]] Exercises.<ref name="MilEx08">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm |title=Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008}}</ref> |
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==History |
==History== |
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Three exercises were conducted |
Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after India tested nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3165228.stm |title=India, US hold naval exercises |date=2003-10-05 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, the U.S. renewed military contacts following the [[September 11 attacks]] when India joined President George W Bush's campaign against international terrorism. |
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===2002=== |
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In |
In 2002, the exercises comprised basic passing maneuvers among naval vessels, [[anti-submarine]] exercises and [[Underway replenishment|replenishment-at-sea drill]]s. |
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===2003=== |
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In |
In 2003, US warships {{USS|Fitzgerald|DDG-62}} and {{USS|Chosin|CG-65}}; US submarine {{USS|Pasadena|SSN-752}}; Indian guided missile frigates [[INS Brahmaputra|INS ''Brahmaputra'']] and [[INS Ganga|INS ''Ganga'']]; Indian submarine [[INS Shalki (S46)|INS ''Shalki'']] and aircraft conducted anti-submarine warfare tactics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/06/stories/2003100602700500.htm |title=Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today |date=2003-10-06 | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu}}</ref> |
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===2004=== |
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In |
In 2004, Malabar participants included advanced assets like the [[USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964)]], {{USS|Alexandria|SSN-757}}, a [[Los Angeles class submarine|''Los Angeles''-class submarine]], US Navy [[P-3 Orion|P-3C Orion]] maritime patrol aircraft, and the [[SH-60B Seahawk]] [[LAMPS]] MKIII helicopter. This enabled both navies to engage in submarine familiarization exercises, a key capability for anti-submarine warfare collaboration. |
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===2005=== |
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In |
In 2005, Malabar featured the participation of the aircraft carriers {{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68}} and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']]. During a month of operations, US and Indian forces collaborated on a wide variety of tasks ranging from a joint diving salvage operation to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation that saw the two forces engage in mock combat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr092605.html |title=Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea}}</ref><ref>http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm More than expected achieved during Indo-US naval exercises</ref><ref>http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld04.htm Interview with Admiral Gary Roughead, Commander, US Pacific Fleet</ref> |
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===2006=== |
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In |
In 2006, the {{USS|Boxer|LHD 4}} Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including [[Amphibious warfare ship|amphibious ships]], [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, and the US submarine {{USS|Providence|SSN-719}} as well as Marines from the [[15th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a U.S. Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the [[High endurance cutter|U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726)]] and an [[Samar-class offshore patrol vessel|Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship]] allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]]. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a [[Habitat for Humanity]] project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces. |
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===2007=== |
===2007=== |
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[[File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]] flying in formation besides a pair of [[Indian Navy]] [[Sea Harriers]] and a pair of [[U.S. Navy]] [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat]] during Exercise Malabar 2007.]] |
[[File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]] flying in formation besides a pair of [[Indian Navy]] [[Sea Harriers]] and a pair of [[U.S. Navy]] [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat]] during Exercise Malabar 2007.]] |
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Malabar |
Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.<ref name=br9j>{{cite web|title=Malabar 07-01|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2007/Malabar0701/|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=sksam>{{cite web|title=Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h1.htm|publisher=Sainik Samachar|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=is9j>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories45.htm|publisher=India Strategic|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> |
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Besides interception and dissimilar air combat exercises, it featured surface and anti-submarine warfare, [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|maritime interdiction]] and [[visit, board, search, and seizure]] operations to counter piracy and other non-state acts at sea. On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. This was the first time a joint exercise of this scale involving 25 vessels was conducted. The exercise was previously a bilateral India-US engagement that was expanded for the first time. |
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⚫ | India's [[Left Front (India)|Left parties]] that have criticised [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]'s government on the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act|India-US civilian nuclear deal]] |
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⚫ | India's [[Left Front (India)|Left parties]] that have criticised [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]'s government on the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act|India-US civilian nuclear deal]] had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the [[Indian government]] was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the [[Indian Navy]] put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible. |
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[[China]], which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has also been strengthening military cooperation with [[Sri Lanka]]. In June, China had issued a '[[demarche]]' to [[India]], [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda. |
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The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar |
[[China]], which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with [[Sri Lanka]]. In June, China had issued a '[[demarche]]' to [[India]], [[United States]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda. |
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The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 [[warships]], including the [[nuclear-powered]] [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Nimitz|USS ''Nimitz'']] that was protested<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-2310/USS-Nimitz-touches-Chennai-port-despite-protests.html |title=USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests |date=2007-07-02}}</ref> when it dropped anchor off [[Chennai]] in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']], the [[nuclear submarine]] {{USS|Chicago|SSN-721}}, two [[guided missile cruiser]]s, and six [[guided missile destroyer]]s. Eight [[warship]]s, including the aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']], represented the [[Indian Navy]]. The other warships were the destroyers [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS ''Mysore'']], [[INS Rana (D52)|INS ''Rana'']] and [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS ''Ranjit'']], fleet tanker [[Komandarm Fedko class oiler|INS ''Jyoti'' (A58)]] and a corvette [[INS Kuthar (P46)|INS ''Kuthar'']]. ''Viraat'''s [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier jet]]s and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King helicopters]], and the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a [[frigate]] and a [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.<ref name=br9j /><ref name=sksam /><ref name=is9j /> |
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===2008=== |
===2008=== |
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From 19 October 2008, Exercise |
From 19 October 2008, Exercise Malabar 08, the twelfth of the series, was conducted in the Arabian Sea. The purpose of Malabar 2008 was to promote increase inter-operability between the United States and India, with a special emphasis on maritime interdiction, including counter-piracy and counter-terrorism operation.<ref name=IndianDefence101808>{{cite web | title= Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008 | url= http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4053 | publisher= Indian Defence | date= 18 October 2008 | accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref> |
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Rear Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]], Flag Officer Commanding, [[Western Naval Command|Western Fleet]] (FOCWF), noted: |
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:"This greatly enhances our two navies’ interoperability, which is very important to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions, as well as issues of maritime security and piracy."<ref name=Flanders2008/> |
:"This greatly enhances our two navies’ interoperability, which is very important to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions, as well as issues of maritime security and piracy."<ref name=Flanders2008/> |
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The US Navy was represented by the {{USS|Ronald Reagan|CVN-76}}'s [[Carrier Strike Group Seven]]. In addition, one submarine, {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761}}, and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.<ref name="MilEx08"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924 |title=Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR}}</ref> Joining Carrier Group Seven were the [[fast combat support ship]] {{USNS|Bridge|T-AOE 10|2}} and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761|2}} and a [[Lockheed P-3|P-3C maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name=IndianDefence101808/><ref name=Flanders2008>{{cite web | author= Lt. Ron Flanders | title= U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise | url= http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm | work= Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs | publisher= U.S. Seventh Fleet | date= 17 October 2008 | accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref> |
The US Navy was represented by the {{USS|Ronald Reagan|CVN-76}}'s [[Carrier Strike Group Seven]]. In addition, one submarine, {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761}}, and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.<ref name="MilEx08"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40924 |title=Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR}}</ref> Joining Carrier Group Seven were the [[fast combat support ship]] {{USNS|Bridge|T-AOE 10|2}} and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine {{USS|Springfield|SSN-761|2}} and a [[Lockheed P-3|P-3C maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name=IndianDefence101808/><ref name=Flanders2008>{{cite web | author= Lt. Ron Flanders | title= U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise | url= http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2008/10-october/10.htm | work= Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs | publisher= U.S. Seventh Fleet | date= 17 October 2008 | accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref> Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers {{INS|Mumbai|D62|2}} and {{INS|Rana|D52|2}}; the guided-missile frigates {{INS|Talwar|F40|2}}, {{INS|Godavari|F20|2}}, {{INS|Brahmaputra|F31|2}}, and {{INS|Betwa|F39|2}}; the [[Replenishment oiler|replenishment tanker]] {{INS|Aditya|A59|2}}; and a [[Shishumar class submarine|''Shishumar''-class diesel-electric submarine]].<ref name="MilEx08"/><ref name=IndianDefence101808/> |
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===2009=== |
===2009=== |
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The [[Indian Navy]], [[Japan Maritime Self Defense Force]] and [[U.S. Navy]] expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise |
The [[Indian Navy]], [[Japan Maritime Self Defense Force]] and [[U.S. Navy]] expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009. |
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The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: |
The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: |
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The ships involved from India were [[INS Mumbai (D62)]], [[INS Khanjar (P47)]], [[INS Ranvir (D54)]] and [[INS Jyoti (A58)]]. |
The ships involved from India were [[INS Mumbai (D62)]], [[INS Khanjar (P47)]], [[INS Ranvir (D54)]] and [[INS Jyoti (A58)]]. |
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The ships involved from Japan were [[Shirane-class destroyer|JDS Kurama (DDH144)]] and [[Hatsuyuki-class destroyer|JDS Asayuki (DD132)]]. |
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The ships |
The ships from Japan were [[Shirane-class destroyer|JDS Kurama (DDH144)]] and [[Hatsuyuki-class destroyer|JDS Asayuki (DD132)]]. |
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The ships from the US were [[USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19)]], [[USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62)]], [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)]] and the [[USS Seawolf (SSN 21)]].<ref>http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022</ref><ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/</ref> |
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===2010=== |
===2010=== |
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"The U.S. Navy and Indian Navy are natural partners and friends who share a mutual desire to ensure security and stability in this region," said Rear Adm. Kevin M. Donegan, Commander, Battle Force Seventh Fleet. "A high-end exercise like Malabar strengthens our growing naval relationship and the interoperability between our two professional maritime forces." |
"The U.S. Navy and Indian Navy are natural partners and friends who share a mutual desire to ensure security and stability in this region," said Rear Adm. Kevin M. Donegan, Commander, Battle Force Seventh Fleet. "A high-end exercise like Malabar strengthens our growing naval relationship and the interoperability between our two professional maritime forces." |
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Training conducted at-sea |
Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. U.S. Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa. |
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U.S. forces participating in Malabar |
U.S. forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser [[USS Shiloh (CG 67)]], Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers [[USS Lassen (DDG 82)]] and [[USS Chafee (DDG 90)]], Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate [[USS Curts (FFG 38)]], Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine [[USS Annapolis (SSN 760)]], [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft, [[SH-60]] helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.<ref>http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm</ref> |
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===2011=== |
===2011=== |
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[[File:US Navy 110410-N-IC111-115 The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) and ships from the Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group and the Indian nav.jpg|thumb|300px|right|U.S. Carrier Strike Group Ronald Reagan with the Indian Navy]] |
[[File:US Navy 110410-N-IC111-115 The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) and ships from the Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group and the Indian nav.jpg|thumb|300px|right|U.S. Carrier Strike Group Ronald Reagan with the Indian Navy]] |
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The Malabar Series of Exercises, from 2–10 April 2011 |
The Malabar Series of Exercises, from 2–10 April 2011 were be held off the Okinawa coast.<ref name="Dikshit">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1459675.ece| title=Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Sandeep | last=Dikshit | date=16 February 2011}}</ref> India had stopped involving more countries in the Indo-U.S. exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.<ref name="Dikshit"/> |
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[[Carrier Strike Group Seven]] participated in Malabar 2011.<ref name=NNS110410-01/> U.S. naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers {{USS|Sterett|DDG-104|2}} and {{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|2}}; the guided-missile frigate {{USS|Reuben James|FFG-57|2}}; and nuclear-powered attack submarine [[USS Santa Fe (SSN-763)]]. Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61|2}}, {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55|2}}, and {{ship|INS|Ranvir|D54}}; the corvette {{ship|INS|Kirch|P62}}; and the replenishment tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|''Jyoti'']].<ref name=NNS110410-01>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685 | work= NNS110410-01 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref name=NNS110402-12>{{cite web | title= Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538 | work= NNS110402-12 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 2 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011 | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59568 | work= NNS110405-08 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-02-28}}</ref> |
[[Carrier Strike Group Seven]] participated in Malabar 2011.<ref name=NNS110410-01/> U.S. naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers {{USS|Sterett|DDG-104|2}} and {{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|2}}; the guided-missile frigate {{USS|Reuben James|FFG-57|2}}; and nuclear-powered attack submarine [[USS Santa Fe (SSN-763)]]. Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61|2}}, {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55|2}}, and {{ship|INS|Ranvir|D54}}; the corvette {{ship|INS|Kirch|P62}}; and the replenishment tanker [[INS Jyoti (A58)|''Jyoti'']].<ref name=NNS110410-01>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59685 | work= NNS110410-01 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref name=NNS110402-12>{{cite web | title= Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59538 | work= NNS110402-12 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 2 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN | title= U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011 | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59568 | work= NNS110405-08 | publisher= U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs | date= 10 April 2011 | accessdate=2011-02-28}}</ref> |
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The at-sea portions were conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the [[Luzon Strait]], and east of [[Okinawa]]. The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.<ref name=NNS110410-01/> Malabar 2011 was designed to advance U.S.-Indian |
The at-sea portions were conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the [[Luzon Strait]], and east of [[Okinawa]]. The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.<ref name=NNS110410-01/> Malabar 2011 was designed to advance U.S.-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.<ref name=NNS110402-12/> U.S. and Indian navy ships ended the exercise on 9 April 2011. |
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===2012=== |
===2012=== |
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[[File:INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson.jpg|thumb|300px|[[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] replenishing [[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']] during Exercise Malabar 2012.]] |
[[File:INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson.jpg|thumb|300px|[[INS Shakti (A57)|INS ''Shakti'']] replenishing [[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']] during Exercise Malabar 2012.]] |
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[[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1]] of the US Navy, comprising |
[[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1]] of the US Navy, comprising<ref name="usn">[http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012]</ref>[[USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)|USS ''Carl Vinson'']], embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, [[Ticonderoga class cruiser|''Ticonderoga''-class]] guided-missile cruiser [[USS Bunker Hill (CG-52)|USS ''Bunker Hill'']] and [[Arleigh Burke class destroyer|''Arleigh Burke''-class]] guided-missile destroyer [[USS Halsey (DDG-97)|USS ''Halsey'']] participated in the 10-day exercise. [[Military Sealift Command|Military Sealift Command's]] fast combat support ship [[USNS Bridge (T-AOE-10)|USNS ''Bridge'']] also provided support for the exercise.<ref>http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx#.T9err7Uth50 Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012</ref> |
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The frigate [[INS Satpura (F48)|INS ''Satpura'']], destroyers [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'']] and [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], and corvette [[INS Kulish (P63)|INS ''Kulish'']] represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler [[INS Shakti|INS ''Shakti'']] (A57).<ref name="usn" /><ref name=tdt>{{cite web|title=India’s Navy Good U.S. Option|url=http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|publisher=The Diplomat|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |
The frigate [[INS Satpura (F48)|INS ''Satpura'']], destroyers [[INS Ranvir (D54)|INS ''Ranvir'']] and [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS ''Ranvijay'']], and corvette [[INS Kulish (P63)|INS ''Kulish'']] represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler [[INS Shakti|INS ''Shakti'']] (A57).<ref name="usn" /><ref name=tdt>{{cite web|title=India’s Navy Good U.S. Option|url=http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/04/10/indias-navy-good-u-s-option/|publisher=The Diplomat|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |
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===2013=== |
===2013=== |
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Indian Navy-US Navy bilateral exercise, MALABAR 2013 commenced on 5 November 2013 and continued until 11 November 2013 in the Bay of Bengal. Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase |
Indian Navy-US Navy bilateral exercise, MALABAR 2013 commenced on 5 November 2013 and continued until 11 November 2013 in the Bay of Bengal. Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW). |
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Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyer [[USS McCampbell (DDG 85)]] and a [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built Frigate [[INS Shivalik (F47)]], the Guided Missile Destroyer [[INS Ranvijay (D55)]] and [[Tupolev Tu-142]] Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences</ref> |
Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyer [[USS McCampbell (DDG 85)]] and a [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built Frigate [[INS Shivalik (F47)]], the Guided Missile Destroyer [[INS Ranvijay (D55)]] and [[Tupolev Tu-142]] Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences</ref> |
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===2014=== |
===2014=== |
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[[File:Malabar 2014 Line Astern.jpg|thumb|Ships of the Indian, Japanese and the U.S. Navies sail together during Exercise Malabar 2014.]] |
[[File:Malabar 2014 Line Astern.jpg|thumb|Ships of the Indian, Japanese and the U.S. Navies sail together during Exercise Malabar 2014.]] |
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Exercise |
Exercise Malabar 2014 commenced on 24 July 2014 at [[United States Fleet Activities Sasebo|Sasebo Naval Base]], [[Japan]]. This edition of MALABAR was a trilateral one involving the navies of India, Japan and the United States. The exercise involved [[Carrier strike group]] operations, [[Maritime patrol]] and [[Reconnaissance]] operations, [[Piracy|anti piracy]] operations and [[Visit, board, search, and seizure]] (VBSS) operations, [[Search and rescue]] exercises, [[Cross-deck (naval terminology)|helicopter cross-deck landings]], [[Underway replenishment]], [[Naval artillery|gunnery]] and [[anti-submarine warfare]] exercises, and [[Liaison officer]] exchange and embarkation.<ref name="in14">{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/malabar-2014-multilateral-naval-exercise-starts |title=Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts |publisher= Indian Navy Press Release |accessdate= 26 July 2014 }}</ref> |
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The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]] (guided missile destroyer), [[INS Shivalik]] (stealth frigate) and [[INS Shakti]] (fleet tanker). Two destroyers along with a [[P3C Orion]] and a [[ShinMaywa US-2]] were participating from the [[Japanese Navy]]. From the [[U.S. Navy]] one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft |
The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]] (guided missile destroyer), [[INS Shivalik]] (stealth frigate) and [[INS Shakti]] (fleet tanker). Two destroyers along with a [[P3C Orion]] and a [[ShinMaywa US-2]] were participating from the [[Japanese Navy]]. From the [[U.S. Navy]] one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One U.S. Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz class carrier]] [[USS George Washington (CVN-73)|USS George Washington]] joined for the sea phase of the exercise.<ref name="in14"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-japan-malabar-2014-a-good-beginning/|title=Malabar 2014: a good beginning|last=Brewster |first= David|work=[[Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations|Gateway House]]|date=29 July 2014|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> |
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===2015=== |
===2015=== |
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On 26 January 2015, the [[President of the United States|U.S.President]] and [[Indian Prime Minister]] agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|title = U.S India Joint Statement|url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|website = http://www.whitehouse.gov|publisher = The White House|accessdate = 26 January 2015|last = Office of the Press Secretary}}</ref> [[India]] |
On 26 January 2015, the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] and [[Indian Prime Minister]] agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|title = U.S India Joint Statement|url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/30/us-india-joint-statement|website = http://www.whitehouse.gov|publisher = The White House|accessdate = 26 January 2015|last = Office of the Press Secretary}}</ref> [[India]] invited [[Japan]] to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2015/07/22/world/asia/22reuters-india-military-exercises.html?_r=0 |title=India, Japan, US plan naval exercises in Indian Ocean |publisher= New York Times |accessdate= 22 July 2015 }}</ref> The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506687/malabar-15-naval-exercise-begins.html Malabar-15 naval exercise begins] Deccan Herald 15 October 2015</ref> |
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The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Sindhuraj]] (diesel-electric submarine), [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]] (guided missile destroyer), [[INS Shivalik]] (stealth frigate), [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]] (guided-missile frigate) and [[INS Shakti]] (fleet tanker). The [[Japanese Navy]] sent destroyer [[Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)|JS Fuyuzuki]]. From the [[U.S. Navy]] came the nuclear aircraft carrier [[USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)]], the USS Normandy, Freedom-class littoral combat ship USS Fort Worth (LCS 3) and Los Angeles-class submarine [[USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN 705)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|title=Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015|last=Sirmans|first=MCS2 Danica M.|work=U.S. Navy|date=17 October 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015}}</ref> |
The [[Indian Navy]] was represented by [[INS Sindhuraj]] (diesel-electric submarine), [[INS Ranvijay (D55)|INS Ranvijay]] (guided missile destroyer), [[INS Shivalik]] (stealth frigate), [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]] (guided-missile frigate) and [[INS Shakti]] (fleet tanker). The [[Japanese Navy]] sent destroyer [[Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)|JS Fuyuzuki]]. From the [[U.S. Navy]] came the nuclear aircraft carrier [[USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)]], the USS Normandy, Freedom-class littoral combat ship USS Fort Worth (LCS 3) and Los Angeles-class submarine [[USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN 705)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=91587|title=Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015|last=Sirmans|first=MCS2 Danica M.|work=U.S. Navy|date=17 October 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015}}</ref> |
Revision as of 00:10, 19 May 2016
Exercise Malabar is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners. Originally a bilateral exercise between India and the U.S., Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Past non-permanent participants are Australia and Singapore. The annual Malabar series began in 1992 and includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through Maritime Interdiction Operations Exercises.[1]
History
Three exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after India tested nuclear weapons.[2] However, the U.S. renewed military contacts following the September 11 attacks when India joined President George W Bush's campaign against international terrorism.
2002
In 2002, the exercises comprised basic passing maneuvers among naval vessels, anti-submarine exercises and replenishment-at-sea drills.
2003
In 2003, US warships USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62) and USS Chosin (CG-65); US submarine USS Pasadena (SSN-752); Indian guided missile frigates INS Brahmaputra and INS Ganga; Indian submarine INS Shalki and aircraft conducted anti-submarine warfare tactics.[3]
2004
In 2004, Malabar participants included advanced assets like the USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), USS Alexandria (SSN-757), a Los Angeles-class submarine, US Navy P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft, and the SH-60B Seahawk LAMPS MKIII helicopter. This enabled both navies to engage in submarine familiarization exercises, a key capability for anti-submarine warfare collaboration.
2005
In 2005, Malabar featured the participation of the aircraft carriers USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and INS Viraat. During a month of operations, US and Indian forces collaborated on a wide variety of tasks ranging from a joint diving salvage operation to a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation that saw the two forces engage in mock combat.[4][5][6]
2006
In 2006, the USS Boxer (LHD 4) Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG) comprising 13 ships including amphibious ships, cruisers, destroyers, and the US submarine USS Providence (SSN-719) as well as Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) participated in the exercise. It was the first time a U.S. Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) led the exercise. The addition of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Midgett (WHEC 726) and an Indian Coast Guard Patrol Ship allowed for the exchange of Coast Guard practices between nations in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support. During the second phase, BOXESG pulled into several Indian ports, including Mumbai and Goa. The stop offered BOXESG a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a Habitat for Humanity project. The visit gave leadership a chance to discuss future Malabar exercises and interoperability between the three nation's armed forces.
2007
Malabar 2007 was the ninth Malabar exercise and was the first one to be held outside the Indian Ocean, off the Japanese island of Okinawa.[7][8][9]
Besides interception and dissimilar air combat exercises, it featured surface and anti-submarine warfare, maritime interdiction and visit, board, search, and seizure operations to counter piracy and other non-state acts at sea. On 4 September 2007, the naval exercise included 25 vessels from India, the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the Bay of Bengal. This was the first time a joint exercise of this scale involving 25 vessels was conducted. The exercise was previously a bilateral India-US engagement that was expanded for the first time.
India's Left parties that have criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government on the India-US civilian nuclear deal had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the Indian government was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the Indian Navy put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible.
China, which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with Bangladesh and Myanmar to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with Sri Lanka. In June, China had issued a 'demarche' to India, United States, Japan and Australia seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.
The US Navy had the largest representation during Malabar 2007 with 13 warships, including the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Nimitz that was protested[10] when it dropped anchor off Chennai in July. The other vessels included the conventionally powered carrier USS Kitty Hawk, the nuclear submarine USS Chicago (SSN-721), two guided missile cruisers, and six guided missile destroyers. Eight warships, including the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, represented the Indian Navy. The other warships were the destroyers INS Mysore, INS Rana and INS Ranjit, fleet tanker INS Jyoti (A58) and a corvette INS Kuthar. Viraat's Sea Harrier jets and Sea King helicopters, and the Indian Air Force's Jaguar deep-penetration strike aircraft were also seen in action. Australia was represented by a frigate and a tanker; Japan by two destroyers; and Singapore by a frigate.[7][8][9]
2008
From 19 October 2008, Exercise Malabar 08, the twelfth of the series, was conducted in the Arabian Sea. The purpose of Malabar 2008 was to promote increase inter-operability between the United States and India, with a special emphasis on maritime interdiction, including counter-piracy and counter-terrorism operation.[11]
Rear Admiral Anil Chopra, Flag Officer Commanding, Western Fleet (FOCWF), noted:
- "This greatly enhances our two navies’ interoperability, which is very important to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions, as well as issues of maritime security and piracy."[12]
The US Navy was represented by the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)'s Carrier Strike Group Seven. In addition, one submarine, USS Springfield (SSN-761), and one P3C Orion aircraft also participated in the exercise.[1][13] Joining Carrier Group Seven were the fast combat support ship Bridge and the nuclear-powered fast-attack submarine Springfield and a P-3C maritime patrol aircraft.[11][12] Indian naval units included guided-missile destroyers Mumbai and Rana; the guided-missile frigates Talwar, Godavari, Brahmaputra, and Betwa; the replenishment tanker Aditya; and a Shishumar-class diesel-electric submarine.[1][11]
2009
The Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and U.S. Navy expanded their maritime partnerships during exercise Malabar 2009, held off the coast of Japan between 29 April and 3 May 2009.
The features of Exercise Malabar 2009 were: • Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBBS) techniques • Surface warfare maneuvers • Anti-submarine warfare • Gunnery training • Air defense
The ships involved from India were INS Mumbai (D62), INS Khanjar (P47), INS Ranvir (D54) and INS Jyoti (A58).
The ships from Japan were JDS Kurama (DDH144) and JDS Asayuki (DD132).
The ships from the US were USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62), USS Chafee (DDG 90) and the USS Seawolf (SSN 21).[14][15]
2010
Ships, submarines and aircraft from the U.S. Navy’s Seventh Fleet arrived in Goa, India, 23 April to begin Exercise Malabar 2010 hosted by the Indian Navy.
"The U.S. Navy and Indian Navy are natural partners and friends who share a mutual desire to ensure security and stability in this region," said Rear Adm. Kevin M. Donegan, Commander, Battle Force Seventh Fleet. "A high-end exercise like Malabar strengthens our growing naval relationship and the interoperability between our two professional maritime forces."
Training conducted at-sea included surface and antisubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. U.S. Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa.
U.S. forces participating in Malabar included the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Shiloh (CG 67), Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers USS Lassen (DDG 82) and USS Chafee (DDG 90), Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate USS Curts (FFG 38), Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine USS Annapolis (SSN 760), P-3 Orion aircraft, SH-60 helicopters and a Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) special forces detachment.[16]
2011
The Malabar Series of Exercises, from 2–10 April 2011 were be held off the Okinawa coast.[17] India had stopped involving more countries in the Indo-U.S. exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force to participate.[17]
Carrier Strike Group Seven participated in Malabar 2011.[18] U.S. naval units initially included the guided-missile destroyers Sterett and Stethem; the guided-missile frigate Reuben James; and nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Santa Fe (SSN-763). Indian naval units included the guided-missile destroyers Delhi, Ranvijay, and INS Ranvir (D54); the corvette INS Kirch (P62); and the replenishment tanker Jyoti.[18][19][20]
The at-sea portions were conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Luzon Strait, and east of Okinawa. The exercise's location coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.[18] Malabar 2011 was designed to advance U.S.-Indian coordination and operational capacity. Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; visit, board, search and seizure; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and anti-submarine warfare.[19] U.S. and Indian navy ships ended the exercise on 9 April 2011.
2012
Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, comprising[21]USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey participated in the 10-day exercise. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise.[22]
The frigate INS Satpura, destroyers INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay, and corvette INS Kulish represented the Indian Navy, along with Indian Navy replenishment oiler INS Shakti (A57).[21][23]
The exercise took place in approximately 450 nautical miles of sea and air space, and offered the opportunity for the U.S. and Indian naval services to conduct communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other. Carl Vinson and CVW-17 provided air support for the exercise.[21]
2013
Indian Navy-US Navy bilateral exercise, MALABAR 2013 commenced on 5 November 2013 and continued until 11 November 2013 in the Bay of Bengal. Events planned during the 'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW).
Participation from the US Navy includes the Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyer USS McCampbell (DDG 85) and a P-3 Orion aircraft. Indian Navy participation includes the indigenously built Frigate INS Shivalik (F47), the Guided Missile Destroyer INS Ranvijay (D55) and Tupolev Tu-142 Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft.[24]
2014
Exercise Malabar 2014 commenced on 24 July 2014 at Sasebo Naval Base, Japan. This edition of MALABAR was a trilateral one involving the navies of India, Japan and the United States. The exercise involved Carrier strike group operations, Maritime patrol and Reconnaissance operations, anti piracy operations and Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operations, Search and rescue exercises, helicopter cross-deck landings, Underway replenishment, gunnery and anti-submarine warfare exercises, and Liaison officer exchange and embarkation.[25]
The Indian Navy was represented by INS Ranvijay (guided missile destroyer), INS Shivalik (stealth frigate) and INS Shakti (fleet tanker). Two destroyers along with a P3C Orion and a ShinMaywa US-2 were participating from the Japanese Navy. From the U.S. Navy one submarine (SSN), two destroyers, one tanker along with one Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft participated. One U.S. Navy Carrier Strike group (CSG) based on the Nimitz class carrier USS George Washington joined for the sea phase of the exercise.[25][26]
2015
On 26 January 2015, the U.S. President and Indian Prime Minister agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.[27] India invited Japan to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal. Since 2007, India has only hosted Exercise Malabar when the US and India are the two participating parties. Malabar 2009, 2011, and 2014 all took place off the coast of Japan and included the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces.[28] The exercise was undertaken by the three countries in the Bay of Bengal from 15 October 2015 till 19 October 2015.[29]
The Indian Navy was represented by INS Sindhuraj (diesel-electric submarine), INS Ranvijay (guided missile destroyer), INS Shivalik (stealth frigate), INS Betwa (guided-missile frigate) and INS Shakti (fleet tanker). The Japanese Navy sent destroyer JS Fuyuzuki. From the U.S. Navy came the nuclear aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71), the USS Normandy, Freedom-class littoral combat ship USS Fort Worth (LCS 3) and Los Angeles-class submarine USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN 705).[30]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008".
- ^ "India, US hold naval exercises". BBC News. 5 October 2003.
- ^ "Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 October 2003.
- ^ "Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea".
- ^ http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/29navy.htm More than expected achieved during Indo-US naval exercises
- ^ http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31sld04.htm Interview with Admiral Gary Roughead, Commander, US Pacific Fleet
- ^ a b "Malabar 07-01". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities". Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises". India Strategic. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ "USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests". 2 July 2007.
- ^ a b c "Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008". Indian Defence. 18 October 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ a b Lt. Ron Flanders (17 October 2008). "U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise". Carrier Strike Group 7 Public Affairs. U.S. Seventh Fleet. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group Concludes Operations in 7th Fleet AOR".
- ^ http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=45022
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/Bridges/2009/Malabar/
- ^ http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2010/04-april/16.htm
- ^ a b Dikshit, Sandeep (16 February 2011). "Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ a b c Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase". NNS110410-01. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy". NNS110402-12. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Mass Communication Specialist Aaron M. Pineda, USN (10 April 2011). "U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011". NNS110405-08. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ a b c Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012
- ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx#.T9err7Uth50 Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012
- ^ "India's Navy Good U.S. Option". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/indo-us-naval-exercise-malabar-2013-commences
- ^ a b "Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts". Indian Navy Press Release. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ Brewster, David (29 July 2014). "Malabar 2014: a good beginning". Gateway House. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary. "U.S India Joint Statement". http://www.whitehouse.gov. The White House. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
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- ^ "India, Japan, US plan naval exercises in Indian Ocean". New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
- ^ Malabar-15 naval exercise begins Deccan Herald 15 October 2015
- ^ Sirmans, MCS2 Danica M. (17 October 2015). "Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)