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{{short description|Hereditary rank in various European peerages}}
{{short description|Hereditary rank in various European peerages}}{{Redirect-several|Marchesa|Marchese|Marchioness|Marquis|Marquise|Marquesa|Marquess}}

{{about|the hereditary title of nobility}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Marquis|Maquis (disambiguation){{!}}Maquis}}
{{hatnote|"Marchesa", "Marchese", "Marchioness", "Marquis", "Marquise" and "Marquesa" redirect here. For other uses, see [[Marchesa (disambiguation)]], [[Marchese (disambiguation)]], [[Marchioness (disambiguation)]], [[Marquis (disambiguation)]], [[Marquise (disambiguation)]] and [[Marquesa (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Royal and noble ranks}}
{{Royal and noble ranks}}


A '''marquess''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|m|ɑː|(|r|)|k|w|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marquis|title=English: Marquis|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> {{lang-fr|'''marquis'''}} {{IPA-fr|maʁki|}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/marquis|title=French: Marquis|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>{{efn|{{lang-it|marchese}}, {{lang-es|marqués}}, {{lang-pt|marquês}}.}} is a [[nobleman]] of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is [[Markgraf]] (Margrave). A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife of a marquess is a '''marchioness''' or '''marquise'''. These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in [[History of China#Imperial China|Imperial China]] and [[Imperial Japan]].
A '''marquess''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|m|ɑː|(|r|)|k|w|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marquis|title=English: Marquis|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> {{lang-fr|'''marquis'''}} {{IPA-fr|maʁki|}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/marquis|title=French: Marquis|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>{{efn|{{lang-it|marchese}}, {{lang-es|marqués}}, {{lang-pt|marquês}}.}} is a [[nobleman]] of high hereditary rank in various European [[peerage]]s and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is [[Markgraf]] (margrave). A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) of a marquess is a '''marchioness''' or '''marquise'''. These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in [[History of China#Imperial China|Imperial China]] and [[Imperial Japan]].
[[File:William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian on a charger, by David Morier.jpg|thumb|A portrait of [[William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian]] wearing his [[British Army]] uniform.]]

==Etymology==
==Etymology==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - A marquis (State 1).jpg|thumb|right|A 17th-century engraving of a marquis in the robe worn during his creation ceremony]]


The word ''marquess'' entered the English language from the [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|marchis}} ("ruler of a border area") in the late 13th or early 14th century. The French word was derived from {{lang|fro|marche}} ("frontier"), itself descended from the [[Middle Latin]] {{lang|la|marca}} ("frontier"), from which the modern English word ''[[March (territory)|march]]'' also descend. The distinction between governors of frontier territories and interior territories was made as early as the founding of the [[Roman Empire]] when some provinces were set aside for administration by the senate and more unpacified or vulnerable provinces were administered by the emperor. The titles "[[duke]]" and "[[count]]" were similarly distinguished as ranks in the [[Byzantine Empire|late empire]], with {{lang|la|dux}} (literally, "leader") being used for a provincial military governor and the rank of {{lang|la|comes}} (literally "companion," that is, of the Emperor) given to the leader of an active army along the frontier.
The word ''marquess'' entered the English language from the [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|marchis}} ("ruler of a border area") in the late 13th or early 14th century. The French word was derived from {{lang|fro|marche}} ("frontier"), itself descended from the [[Middle Latin]] {{lang|la|marca}} ("frontier") [[Margrave]] and marchese in the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|kingdoms of Italy]], from which the modern English word ''[[March (territory)|march]]'' also descends. The distinction between governors of frontier territories and interior territories was made as early as the founding of the [[Roman Empire]] when some provinces were set aside for administration by the senate and more unpacified or vulnerable provinces were administered by the emperor. The titles "[[duke]]" and "[[count]]" were similarly distinguished as ranks in the [[Byzantine Empire]], with {{lang|la|dux}} (literally, "leader") being used for a provincial military governor and the rank of {{lang|la|comes}} (literally "companion," that is, of the Emperor) given to the leader of an active army along the frontier.


==Belgium==
==Belgium==
Line 19: Line 18:


==United Kingdom==
==United Kingdom==
{{Peerage |Ranks=expanded}}
{{Main article|Marquesses in the United Kingdom}}
{{Main article|Marquesses in the United Kingdom}}


The [[honorific]] prefix "[[The Most Honourable]]" precedes the name of a marquess or marchioness of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Debrett's">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/titles/marquess-and-marchioness|publisher=Debrett's|title=Marquess and Marchioness|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110144107/http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/titles/marquess-and-marchioness|archive-date=10 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In Great Britain and historically in Ireland, a marquess ranks below a [[duke]] and above an [[earl]]. A woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a '''marchioness''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɑː|r|ʃ|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|s}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marchioness?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Marchioness|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> The dignity, rank, or position of the title is a marquisate or marquessate.


The [[honorific]] prefix "[[The Most Honourable]]" precedes the name of a marquess or marchioness of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Debrett's">{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Marquess and Marchioness |url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/titles/marquess-and-marchioness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110144107/http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/titles/marquess-and-marchioness |archive-date=10 November 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Debrett's |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In [[Great Britain]], and historically in [[Ireland]], the correct spelling of the aristocratic title of this rank is '''marquess''' (although on the European mainland and in Canada, the French spelling of '''marquis''' is used in English). In Scotland, the French spelling is also sometimes used. In Great Britain and historically in Ireland, the title ranks below a [[duke]] and above an [[earl]]. A woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a '''marchioness''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɑː|r|ʃ|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|s}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marchioness?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Marchioness|publisher=[[Collins Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> in Great Britain and Ireland or a '''marquise''' {{IPAc-en|m|ɑr|ˈ|k|iː|z}} elsewhere in Europe. The dignity, rank, or position of the title is referred to as a marquisate or marquessate.

In [[Great Britain]], and historically in [[Ireland]], the spelling of this title is '''marquess'''. In Scotland, the French spelling '''marquis''' is sometimes used.


[[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|thumb|right|The [[coronet]] for a marquess in the British realms]]
[[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|thumb|right|The [[coronet]] for a marquess in the British realms]]


The theoretical distinction between a marquess and other titles has, since the [[Middle Ages]], faded into obscurity. In times past, the distinction between a [[count]] and a marquess was that the land of a marquess, called a [[march (territory)|march]], was on the border of the country, while a count's land, called a [[county]], often was not. As a result of this, a marquess was trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbors and was thus more important and ranked higher than a count. The title is ranked below that of a [[duke]], which was often largely restricted to the royal family.
The theoretical distinction between a marquess and other titles has, since the [[Middle Ages]], faded into obscurity. In times past, the distinction between a [[count]] and a marquess was that the land of a marquess, called a [[march (territory)|march]], was on the border of the country, while a count's land, called a [[county]], often was not. As a result of this, a marquess was trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbours and was thus more important and ranked higher than a count. The title is ranked below that of a [[duke]], which was often largely restricted to the royal family.


The rank of marquess was a relatively late introduction to the British peerage: no [[marcher lord]]s had the rank of marquess, though some were [[earl]]s. On the evening of the [[Coronation of Queen Victoria]] in 1838, the Prime Minister [[Lord Melbourne]] explained to her why (from her journals):
The rank of marquess was a relatively late introduction to the British peerage: no [[marcher lord]]s had the rank of marquess, though some were [[earl]]s. On the evening of the [[Coronation of Queen Victoria]] in 1838, the Prime Minister [[Lord Melbourne]] explained to her why (from her journals):
⚫
<blockquote>I spoke to [Lord Melbourne] about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few [[Viscount]]s," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; – that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.<ref>''Queen Victoria's Journals'', Thursday 28th June 1838, Buckingham Palace, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:4 (1st June 1838–1st October 1838) p. 84, [http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/search/displayItemFromId.do?FormatType=fulltextimgsrc&QueryType=articles&ItemID=qvj02134&volumeType=PSBEA#zoomHolder online], accessed May 25, 2013</ref></blockquote>


⚫
==Analogous non-Western titles==
⚫
<blockquote>I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few [[Viscount]]s," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; — that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.<ref>''Queen Victoria's Journals'', Thursday 28th June 1838, Buckingham Palace, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:4 (1st June 1838–1st October 1838) p. 84, [http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/search/displayItemFromId.do?FormatType=fulltextimgsrc&QueryType=articles&ItemID=qvj02134&volumeType=PSBEA#zoomHolder online], accessed May 25, 2013</ref></blockquote>

⚫
==Equivalent non-Western titles==
[[File:Pompa funebris Albert Ardux - Trazegnies.jpg|thumb|The [[Marquess of Trazegnies d'Ittre|Marquess of Trazegnies]]]]
[[File:Pompa funebris Albert Ardux - Trazegnies.jpg|thumb|The [[Marquess of Trazegnies d'Ittre|Marquess of Trazegnies]]]]
Like other major Western noble titles, marquess (or marquis) is sometimes used to translate certain titles from non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are, as a rule, historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered "equivalent" in relative rank.
Like other major Western noble titles, marquess (or marquis) is sometimes used to translate certain titles from non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are, as a rule, historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered "equivalent" in relative rank.


This is the case with: <!-- Titles should not be capitalized unless directly in front of a person's name. -->
This is the case with: <!-- Titles should not be capitalized unless directly in front of a person's name. -->
* In [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], 侯 (''hóu'') was the second of five noble ranks 爵 (''jué'') created by [[King Wu of Zhou]] and is generally translated as marquess or marquis. In [[Imperial era of Chinese history|imperial China]], 侯 (''hóu'') is generally, but not always, a middle-to-high ranking hereditary nobility title. Its exact rank varies greatly from dynasty to dynasty, and even within a dynasty. It is often created with different sub-ranks.
* In [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], 侯 (''hóu'') a [[Zhou dynasty nobility|noble rank]] created by [[King Wu of Zhou]] for rulers of newly conquered regions, and is generally translated as marquess or marquis.<ref>{{ cite journal
| last = Pines | first=Yuri
⚫
* In [[Meiji Japan]], 侯爵 (''kōshaku''), a hereditary peerage (''[[kazoku]]'') rank, was introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until the [[House of Lords Act 1999]]), with the ranks usually rendered as baron, viscount, count, marquis and duke/prince.<ref>{{cite book|title=Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility|last=Lebra|first=Takie Sugiyama|pages=51|publisher=University of California Press|location=CA, USA|year=1993|isbn=9780520911796}}</ref>
| title= Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts
| journal= T'oung Pao| year = 2020
| volume= 106 | page = 715
| publisher= Brill | place = Leiden
}}{{pb}}{{ cite book
| author= Li Feng | year = 2008
| title= Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
| editor1-last = Kuhn | editor1-first = Dieter
| editor2-last = Stahl | editor2-first = Helga
| chapter= Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the “Five Ranks”
| page = 112
| publisher= Würzburger Sinologische Schriften
| place = Würzberg
| ref = {{sfnref|Li|2008}}
}}
</ref> In [[Imperial era of Chinese history|imperial China]], 侯 (''hóu'') is generally, but not always, a middle-to-high ranking hereditary nobility title. Its exact rank varies greatly from dynasty to dynasty, and even within a dynasty. It is often created with different sub-ranks, with {{zh|labels=no|c=列侯}} (''liè hóu'', [[Ranged Marquis]]) generally the highest.<ref>{{Cite book
|title = Dong Han Liehou juewei zhidu
|script-title=zh:东汉列侯爵位制度
|author=You Jia (尤佳)
|publisher=云南大学出版社
|year=2015|location=Kunming
|pages=47–48, 52, 73}}</ref>
⚫
* In [[Meiji Japan]], 侯爵 (''kōshaku''), a hereditary peerage (''[[kazoku]]'') rank, was introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until the [[House of Lords Act 1999]]), with the ranks usually rendered as baron, viscount, count, marquis and duke/prince.<ref>{{cite book|title=Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility|last=Lebra|first=Takie Sugiyama|pages=51|publisher=University of California Press|location=CA, US|year=1993|isbn=9780520911796}}</ref>
* In [[Korea]], the title of 현후 (縣侯; ''hyeonhu''), the meaning of which is "marquess of district", existed for the hereditary nobility in the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]]. It was equivalent to the upper fifth rank of nine bureaucratic orders, and was in the third rank of six nobility orders. The title of Buwongun, could be received only Father in law of King or The Vassals who dedicate Notably to create New kingdom is also same as Marquess. In the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]], there was no title equivalent to marquess.
* In [[Korea]], the title of 현후 (縣侯; ''hyeonhu''), the meaning of which is "marquess of district", existed for the hereditary nobility in the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]]. It was equivalent to the upper fifth rank of nine bureaucratic orders, and was in the third rank of six nobility orders. The title of Buwongun, could be received only Father in law of King or The Vassals who dedicate Notably to create New kingdom is also same as Marquess. In the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]], there was no title equivalent to marquess.
* In [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], ''[[temenggong]]'' (or ''tumenggung'') is a title used by Islamic dynasties such as [[Mataram Sultanate]] and [[Johor]] to designate a noble ruled over a frontier area or district, or to a chief of public security. Tumenggung ranks below [[Bendahara]] or vizier.
* In [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], ''[[temenggong]]'' (or ''tumenggung'') is a title used by Islamic dynasties such as [[Mataram Sultanate]] and [[Johor]] to designate a noble ruled over a frontier area or district, or to a chief of public security. Tumenggung ranks below [[Bendahara]] or vizier.
Line 45: Line 69:


==In fiction==
==In fiction==
Marquesses and marchionesses have occasionally appeared in works of fiction. For examples of fictional marquesses and marchionesses, see [[List of fictional nobility#Marquesses and marchionesses]].
{{see also|List of fictional nobility#Marquesses and marchionesses}}
Marquesses and marchionesses have occasionally appeared in works of fiction.


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 53: Line 78:
* [[List of marquesses in the peerages of Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of marquesses in the peerages of Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of French marquisates]]
* [[List of marquesses in Italy]]
* [[List of marquises in Norway]]
* [[List of marquises in Norway]]
* [[List of marquises in Portugal]]
* [[List of marquises in Portugal]]
* [[Exarch]]
* [[Exarch]]
List of Marquess in Savairita]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Latest revision as of 13:59, 25 April 2024

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Marchesa (disambiguation), Marchese (disambiguation), Marchioness (disambiguation), Marquis (disambiguation), Marquise (disambiguation), Marquesa (disambiguation), and Marquess (disambiguation).

Part of a series on
Imperial, royal, noble,
gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe

A marquess (UK: /ˈmɑː(r)kwɪs/;[1] French: marquis [maʁki])[2][a] is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) of a marquess is a marchioness or marquise. These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in Imperial China and Imperial Japan.

A portrait of William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian wearing his British Army uniform.

Etymology[edit]

The word marquess entered the English language from the Old French marchis ("ruler of a border area") in the late 13th or early 14th century. The French word was derived from marche ("frontier"), itself descended from the Middle Latin marca ("frontier") Margrave and marchese in the kingdoms of Italy, from which the modern English word march also descends. The distinction between governors of frontier territories and interior territories was made as early as the founding of the Roman Empire when some provinces were set aside for administration by the senate and more unpacified or vulnerable provinces were administered by the emperor. The titles "duke" and "count" were similarly distinguished as ranks in the Byzantine Empire, with dux (literally, "leader") being used for a provincial military governor and the rank of comes (literally "companion," that is, of the Emperor) given to the leader of an active army along the frontier.

Belgium[edit]

The title of marquess in Belgium predates the French Revolution and still exists today. See Belgian nobility § Marquesses in the Belgian nobility and List of noble families in Belgium § Marquesses.

Spain[edit]

In Spain, the rank of Marquess/Marchioness (Marqués/Marquesa) still exists. One hundred forty-two of them are Spanish grandees. Normally a marqués is addressed as "The Most Illustrious Lord" (Ilustrísimo Señor), or if he/she is a grandee as "The Most Excellent Lord" (Excelentísimo Señor). Examples include the Marquess of Carpio, Grandee of Spain.

United Kingdom[edit]

Coronet of a duke
Part of a series on
Peerages in the
United Kingdom
Ranks
Types
Divisions
Topics
House of Lords
Main article: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

In Great Britain and historically in Ireland, a marquess ranks below a duke and above an earl. A woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a marchioness /ˌmɑːrʃəˈnɛs/.[3] The dignity, rank, or position of the title is a marquisate or marquessate.

The honorific prefix "The Most Honourable" precedes the name of a marquess or marchioness of the United Kingdom.[4]

In Great Britain, and historically in Ireland, the spelling of this title is marquess. In Scotland, the French spelling marquis is sometimes used.

The coronet for a marquess in the British realms

The theoretical distinction between a marquess and other titles has, since the Middle Ages, faded into obscurity. In times past, the distinction between a count and a marquess was that the land of a marquess, called a march, was on the border of the country, while a count's land, called a county, often was not. As a result of this, a marquess was trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbours and was thus more important and ranked higher than a count. The title is ranked below that of a duke, which was often largely restricted to the royal family.

The rank of marquess was a relatively late introduction to the British peerage: no marcher lords had the rank of marquess, though some were earls. On the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her why (from her journals):

I spoke to [Lord Melbourne] about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few Viscounts," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; – that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.[5]

Analogous non-Western titles[edit]

The Marquess of Trazegnies

Like other major Western noble titles, marquess (or marquis) is sometimes used to translate certain titles from non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are, as a rule, historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered "equivalent" in relative rank.

This is the case with:

  • In ancient China, 侯 (hóu) a noble rank created by King Wu of Zhou for rulers of newly conquered regions, and is generally translated as marquess or marquis.[6] In imperial China, 侯 (hóu) is generally, but not always, a middle-to-high ranking hereditary nobility title. Its exact rank varies greatly from dynasty to dynasty, and even within a dynasty. It is often created with different sub-ranks, with 列侯 (liè hóu, Ranged Marquis) generally the highest.[7]
  • In Meiji Japan, 侯爵 (kōshaku), a hereditary peerage (kazoku) rank, was introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until the House of Lords Act 1999), with the ranks usually rendered as baron, viscount, count, marquis and duke/prince.[8]
  • In Korea, the title of 현후 (縣侯; hyeonhu), the meaning of which is "marquess of district", existed for the hereditary nobility in the Goryeo dynasty. It was equivalent to the upper fifth rank of nine bureaucratic orders, and was in the third rank of six nobility orders. The title of Buwongun, could be received only Father in law of King or The Vassals who dedicate Notably to create New kingdom is also same as Marquess. In the Joseon dynasty, there was no title equivalent to marquess.
  • In Maritime Southeast Asia, temenggong (or tumenggung) is a title used by Islamic dynasties such as Mataram Sultanate and Johor to designate a noble ruled over a frontier area or district, or to a chief of public security. Tumenggung ranks below Bendahara or vizier.
  • In Vietnam, hầu (侯) was a senior title of hereditary nobility, equivalent to marquis, for male members of the imperial clan, ranking under hoàng đế (皇帝)(emperor), vương (王)(king/prince), quốc công (國公)(grand duke/duke of the nation), quận công (郡公)(provincial duke) and công (公)(duke, rather like a German Fürst), and above bá (伯)(count), tử (子)(viscount) and nam (男)(baron).

In fiction[edit]

See also: List of fictional nobility § Marquesses and marchionesses

Marquesses and marchionesses have occasionally appeared in works of fiction.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Italian: marchese, Spanish: marqués, Portuguese: marquês.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "English: Marquis". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  2. ^ "French: Marquis". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  3. ^ "Marchioness". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  4. ^ "Marquess and Marchioness". Debrett's. n.d. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  5. ^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Thursday 28th June 1838, Buckingham Palace, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:4 (1st June 1838–1st October 1838) p. 84, online, accessed May 25, 2013
  6. ^ Pines, Yuri (2020). "Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts". T'oung Pao. 106. Leiden: Brill: 715.
    Li Feng (2008). "Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the "Five Ranks"". In Kuhn, Dieter; Stahl, Helga (eds.). Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization. Würzberg: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften. p. 112.
  7. ^ You Jia (尤佳) (2015). Dong Han Liehou juewei zhidu 东汉列侯爵位制度. Kunming: 云南大学出版社. pp. 47–48, 52, 73.
  8. ^ Lebra, Takie Sugiyama (1993). Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility. CA, US: University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780520911796.

External links[edit]

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