Massicot: Difference between revisions

Massicot
Massicot
	Massicot from the Monte Cristo mine, Goodsprings District, Clark County, Nevada (size: 5.0 x 4.0 x 4.0 cm)
General
Category	Oxide mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	PbO
IMA symbol	Msi
Strunz classification	4.AC.25
Crystal system	Orthorhombic
Crystal class	Dipyramidal (mmm) ; H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group	Pbcm
Unit cell	a = 5.4903 Å, b = 5.892 Å, ; c = 4.752 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Yellow may have a red tint
Crystal habit	Scaly as incrustations, massive
Cleavage	Distinct on {100} and {010}
Fracture	Flexible
Mohs scale hardness	2
Luster	Greasy to dull
Streak	Yellow
Diaphaneity	Translucent
Specific gravity	9.642 calculated
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 2.510 nβ = 2.610 nγ = 2.710
Birefringence	δ = 0.200
Pleochroism	Y = light sulfur-yellow; Z = deep yellow
2V angle	Measured: 90°, calculated: 86°
Dispersion	Strong
References

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Massicot is lead (II) oxide mineral with an orthorhombic lattice structure. Lead(II) oxide (formula: PbO) can occur in one of two lattice formats, orthorhombic and tetragonal. The red tetragonal form is called litharge. PbO can be changed from massicot to litharge (or vice versa) by controlled heating and cooling. At room temperature massicot forms soft (Mohs hardness of 2) yellow to reddish-yellow, earthy, scaley masses which are very dense, with a specific gravity of 9.64. Massicot can be found as a natural mineral, though it is only found in minor quantities. In bygone centuries it was mined. Nowadays massicot arises during industrial processing of lead and lead oxides,^[6] especially in the glass industry, which is the biggest user of PbO.

The definition of massicot as orthorhombic PbO dates from the 1840s,^[5] but the substance massicot and the name massicot has been in use since the late medieval era.^[7] There is some evidence that the ancient Romans used the substance.^[8]

It may occur as an oxidation product of other lead-bearing minerals such as galena, bournonite, boulangerite, either naturally or in industrial processing. When massicot is found in a natural environment, some other minerals that may be found with it may include cerussite, litharge, minium, wulfenite, valentinite and limonite.^[3]

References

^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ Mineralienatlas
^ ^a ^b Mineral data publishing - PDF
^ Webmineral data
^ ^a ^b Mindat with location data
^ A simple example is given in A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, by Anil Kumar De, year 2007, page 383. A more complex example is in The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, year 2002, section 9.4 on lead alkoxides, page 115.
^ Some comments about the evolution of the definition of the word massicot over the past few centuries is in Lead Manufacturing in Britain: A History, by David John Rowe, year 1983, page 16. The word is in Italian and French in the late medieval era meaning naturally occurring massicot and in some records more vaguely a lead-based ceramics glaze that may or may not have been massicot.
^ Archaeomineralogy, by George Robert Rapp, year 2002, page 173, says three lead oxides were known to the ancient Romans: minium, litharge, and massicot.

Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 516–517

This article about a specific oxide mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.

[2] Mineralienatlas

[HBM-3] Mineral data publishing - PDF

[Webmin-4] Webmineral data

[Mindat-5] Mindat with location data

[6] A simple example is given in A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, by Anil Kumar De, year 2007, page 383. A more complex example is in The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, year 2002, section 9.4 on lead alkoxides, page 115.

[7] Some comments about the evolution of the definition of the word massicot over the past few centuries is in Lead Manufacturing in Britain: A History, by David John Rowe, year 1983, page 16. The word is in Italian and French in the late medieval era meaning naturally occurring massicot and in some records more vaguely a lead-based ceramics glaze that may or may not have been massicot.

[8] Archaeomineralogy, by George Robert Rapp, year 2002, page 173, says three lead oxides were known to the ancient Romans: minium, litharge, and massicot.

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+{{Infobox mineral
-'''Massicot''' is a natural mineral form of [[lead(II) oxide]], PbO. Massicot is the [[orthorhombic]] dimorph of the [[tetragonal]] form of lead oxide, [[litharge]]. It forms soft ([[Mohs hardness]] of 2) yellow to reddish-yellow earthy scaley masses which are very dense, with a [[specific gravity]] of 9.64.
+| name        = Massicot
+| boxwidth    =
+| boxbgcolor  =
+| image       = File:Massicot-177335.jpg
+| imagesize   = 260px
+| alt         =
+| caption     = Massicot from the Monte Cristo mine, Goodsprings District, Clark County, Nevada (size: 5.0 x 4.0 x 4.0 cm)
+| category    = [[Oxide mineral]]
+| formula     = [[PbO]]
+| IMAsymbol   = Msi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3 |pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W |s2cid=235729616 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+| molweight   =
+| strunz      = 4.AC.25
+| dana        =
+| system      = [[Orthorhombic]]
+| class       = Dipyramidal (mmm) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
+| symmetry    = ''Pbcm''
+| unit cell   = a = 5.4903&nbsp;Å, b = 5.892&nbsp;Å, <br/>c = 4.752&nbsp;Å; Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;4
+| color       = Yellow may have a red tint
+| colour      =
+| habit       = Scaly as incrustations, massive
+| twinning    =
+| cleavage    = Distinct on {100} and {010}
+| fracture    = Flexible
+| tenacity    =
+| mohs        = 2
+| luster      = Greasy to dull
+| streak      = Yellow
+| diaphaneity = Translucent
+| gravity     = 9.642 calculated
+| density     =
+| polish      =
+| opticalprop = Biaxial (+)
+| refractive  = n<sub>α</sub> = 2.510 n<sub>β</sub> = 2.610 n<sub>γ</sub> = 2.710
+| birefringence = δ = 0.200
+| pleochroism = Y = light sulfur-yellow; Z = deep yellow
+| 2V          = Measured: 90°, calculated: 86°
+| dispersion  = Strong
+| extinction  =
+| length fast/slow =
+| fluorescence =
+| absorption  =
+| melt        =
+| fusibility  =
+| diagnostic  =
+| solubility  =
+| impurities  =
+| alteration  =
+| other       =
+| prop1       =
+| prop1text   =
+| references  = <ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Massicot Mineralienatlas]</ref><ref name=HBM>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/massicot.pdf Mineral data publishing - PDF]</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Massicot.shtml Webmineral data]</ref><ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=2587&ld=1&pho= Mindat with location data]</ref>
+}}
+'''Massicot''' is [[Lead(II) oxide|lead (II)]] [[oxide mineral]] with an [[orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic lattice structure]].
-It was first described in 1841 for an occurrence in Stolberg, near Aachen, [[Germany]]. The name is French for for lead oxide.
+Lead(II) oxide (formula: PbO) can occur in one of two lattice formats, [[orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic]] and [[tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]]. The red tetragonal form is called [[litharge]]. PbO can be changed from massicot to litharge (or vice versa) by controlled heating and cooling. At room temperature massicot forms soft ([[Mohs hardness]] of 2) yellow to reddish-yellow, earthy, scaley masses which are very dense, with a [[specific gravity]] of 9.64. Massicot can be found as a natural mineral, though it is only found in minor quantities. In bygone centuries it was mined. Nowadays massicot arises during industrial processing of lead and lead oxides,<ref>A simple example is given in [https://books.google.com/books?id=PpTi_JAx7PgC&dq=massicot&pg=PA383 ''A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry''], by Anil Kumar De, year 2007, page 383. A more complex example is in [https://books.google.com/books?id=rPzaMRjK8pQC&dq=massicot&pg=PA115 ''The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides''], published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, year 2002, section 9.4 on lead alkoxides, page 115.</ref> especially in the glass industry, which is the biggest user of PbO.
+The definition of massicot as orthorhombic PbO dates from the 1840s,<ref name=Mindat/> but the substance massicot and the name massicot has been in use since the late medieval era.<ref>Some comments about the evolution of the definition of the word massicot over the past few centuries is in [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL4OAAAAQAAJ&dq=massicot&pg=PA16 ''Lead Manufacturing in Britain: A History''], by David John Rowe, year 1983, page 16. The word is in Italian and French in the late medieval era meaning naturally occurring massicot and in some records more vaguely a lead-based ceramics glaze that may or may not have been massicot.</ref> There is some evidence that the ancient Romans used the substance.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7VMVguiMmY0C&dq=massicot&pg=PA172 ''Archaeomineralogy''], by George Robert Rapp, year 2002, page 173, says three lead oxides were known to the ancient Romans: [[Minium (mineral)|minium]], litharge, and massicot.</ref>
+It may occur as an [[oxidation]] product of other lead-bearing minerals such as [[galena]], [[bournonite]], [[boulangerite]], either naturally or in industrial processing. When massicot is found in a natural environment, some other minerals that may be found with it may include [[cerussite]], litharge, [[Minium (mineral)|minium]], [[wulfenite]], [[valentinite]] and [[limonite]].<ref name=HBM/>
 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
 * Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 516–517
-*[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Massicot.shtml Webmineral data]
-*[http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=2587&ld=1&pho= Mindat with location data]
-*[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/massicot.pdf Mineral data publishing - PDF]
 [[Category:Oxide minerals]]
 [[Category:Lead minerals]]
+[[Category:Alchemical substances]]
-{{mineral-stub}}
+[[Category:Orthorhombic minerals]]
+[[Category:Minerals in space group 57]]
+{{oxide-mineral-stub}}
-[[it:Massicot]]