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{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
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| name = Soil Association
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The '''Soil Association''' is a British [[registered charity]]. Its activities include campaigning – against [[intensive farming]], for [[local purchasing]] and public education on nutrition – and certification of [[organic food]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history|url=http://www.soilassociation.org/aboutus/ourhistory|publisher=Soil Association|access-date=11 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327163627/http://www.soilassociation.org/aboutus/ourhistory|archive-date=27 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was established in 1946.{{r|cc2}}
The '''Soil Association''' is a British [[registered charity]]. Its activities include campaigning – against [[intensive farming]], for [[local purchasing]] and public education on nutrition – and certification of [[organic food]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history|url=http://www.soilassociation.org/aboutus/ourhistory|publisher=Soil Association|access-date=11 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327163627/http://www.soilassociation.org/aboutus/ourhistory|archive-date=27 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was established in 1946.{{r|cc2}}


== History ==
== History ==
Line 36: Line 35:
:"The Soil Association was founded in 1946 by a group of farmers, scientists and nutritionists who observed a direct connection between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health..."The catalyst was the publication of "''[[The Living Soil]]''" by Lady Eve Balfour, the niece of former Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]], in 1943. The book was inspired by her experience of the [[Haughley Experiment|Haughley experiment]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828140722|title=America goes green : an encyclopedia of eco-friendly culture in the United States|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Kim Kennedy White, Leslie A. Duram|isbn=1-59884-658-2|location=Santa Barbara|oclc=828140722}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Desmond|first=Kevin|title=Lady Eve Balfour|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.978-1-909493-73-5_77|work=Planet Savers: 301 Extraordinary Environmentalists|pages=81–81|publisher=Greenleaf Publishing Limited|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> and presented the case for an alternative, [[sustainable]] approach to agriculture that has since become known as [[organic farming]]."
:"The Soil Association was founded in 1946 by a group of farmers, scientists and nutritionists who observed a direct connection between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health..."The catalyst was the publication of "''[[The Living Soil]]''" by Lady Eve Balfour, the niece of former Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]], in 1943. The book was inspired by her experience of the [[Haughley Experiment|Haughley experiment]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828140722|title=America goes green : an encyclopedia of eco-friendly culture in the United States|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Kim Kennedy White, Leslie A. Duram|isbn=1-59884-658-2|location=Santa Barbara|oclc=828140722}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Desmond|first=Kevin|title=Lady Eve Balfour|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.978-1-909493-73-5_77|work=Planet Savers: 301 Extraordinary Environmentalists|pages=81–81|publisher=Greenleaf Publishing Limited|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> and presented the case for an alternative, [[sustainable]] approach to agriculture that has since become known as [[organic farming]]."


⚫
The [[Haughley Experiment|Haughley experiment]] was based on an idea that farmers were over-reliant on fertilizers, that livestock, crops and the soil should be treated as a whole system, and that "natural" farming produced food which was in some way more wholesome than food produced with more intensive methods.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Ian R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58547418|title=Reproductive technologies in farm animals|date=2004|publisher=CABI Pub|isbn=0-85199-049-5|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|oclc=58547418}}</ref> Lady Balfour believed that mankind's future and human health were dependent on how the soil was treated, and ran the experiment to generate scientific data that would support these beliefs. The Soil Association was founded on these beliefs

⚫
The [[Haughley Experiment|Haughley experiment]] was based on an idea that farmers were over-reliant on fertilizers, that livestock, crops and the soil should be treated as a whole system, and that "natural" farming produced food which was in some way more wholesome than food produced with more intensive methods<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Ian R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58547418|title=Reproductive technologies in farm animals|date=2004|publisher=CABI Pub|isbn=0-85199-049-5|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|oclc=58547418}}</ref>. Lady Balfour believed that mankind's future and human health were dependent on how the soil was treated, and ran the experiment to generate scientific data that would support these beliefs. The Soil Association was founded on these beliefs


=== Founders of the Soil Association ===
=== Founders of the Soil Association ===
The founders of the Soil Association included [[Lady Eve Balfour|Lady Eve]], [[Friend Sykes]], [[Jorian Jenks]], George Scott Williamson, [[Innes Hope Pearse]] and Mary Langman amongst others.
The founders of the Soil Association included [[Lady Eve Balfour|Lady Eve]], [[Friend Sykes]], [[Jorian Jenks]], George Scott Williamson, [[Innes Hope Pearse]] and Mary Langman amongst others.


Friend Sykes (1888–1965) was an English organic farmer and writer. Along with [[Albert Howard|Sir Albert Howard]] an English botanist, Sykes has been described as a founder of the organic movement<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51045500|title=Organic agriculture, environment and food security|date=2002|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|others=Nadia Scialabba, Caroline Hattam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sustainable Development Department|isbn=92-5-104819-3|location=Rome|oclc=51045500}}</ref>. The use of compost and manure to improve soil was important to Sykes' approach to farming. Sykes and Frank Newman Turner's organic farming emphasized ploughless soil cultivation, green manure, organic soil cover and ley farming.
Friend Sykes (1888–1965) was an English organic farmer and writer. Along with [[Albert Howard|Sir Albert Howard]] an English botanist, Sykes has been described as a founder of the organic movement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51045500|title=Organic agriculture, environment and food security|date=2002|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|others=Nadia Scialabba, Caroline Hattam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sustainable Development Department|isbn=92-5-104819-3|location=Rome|oclc=51045500}}</ref> The use of compost and manure to improve soil was important to Sykes' approach to farming. Sykes and Frank Newman Turner's organic farming emphasized ploughless soil cultivation, green manure, organic soil cover and ley farming.


Jorian Jenks was an English farmer, environmentalism pioneer and member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) closely associated with Oswald Mosley. Jenks was the editorial secretary of the Association's journal "Mother Earth". During the late 1940s the Association involved far-right and even antisemitic elements, remnants of the defunct BUF, and was driven by far-right political ideas as much as ecological concerns. Following Jenks' death in 1963, the Association tilted towards the left of the political spectrum, especially under the new president of the Association, Barry Commoner<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macklin|first=Graham|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122181377|title=Very deeply dyed in black : Sir Oswald Mosley and the resurrection of British fascism after 1945|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-284-4|location=London|oclc=122181377}}</ref>.
Jorian Jenks was an English farmer, environmentalism pioneer and member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) closely associated with Oswald Mosley. Jenks was the editorial secretary of the Association's journal "Mother Earth". During the late 1940s the Association involved far-right and even antisemitic elements, remnants of the defunct BUF, and was driven by far-right political ideas as much as ecological concerns. Following Jenks' death in 1963, the Association tilted towards the left of the political spectrum, especially under the new president of the Association, Barry Commoner.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macklin|first=Graham|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122181377|title=Very deeply dyed in black : Sir Oswald Mosley and the resurrection of British fascism after 1945|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-284-4|location=London|oclc=122181377}}</ref>


George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse were both doctors who designed the [[The Peckham Experiment|Peckham Experiment]] which was designed to determine whether people as a whole would, given the opportunity, take a vested interest in their own health and fitness and expend effort to maintain it. The experiment took place between 1926 and 1950, initially generated by rising public concern over the health of the working class and an increasing interest in preventive social medicine.
George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse were both doctors who designed the [[The Peckham Experiment|Peckham Experiment]] which was designed to determine whether people as a whole would, given the opportunity, take a vested interest in their own health and fitness and expend effort to maintain it. The experiment took place between 1926 and 1950, initially generated by rising public concern over the health of the working class and an increasing interest in preventive social medicine.


Mary Langman, who secretary to George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse, was also involved in the delivery of the Peckham Experiment, was an organic farmer and a pivotal contributor to the development of the wholefood and organic movement in Britain. As a French speaker, Langman played an important role in setting up IFOAM, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements<ref>{{Citation|title='A genius pain-obsessed', Manchester Guardian obituary, 1930|date=2013-01-11|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203195116-98|work=D.H. Lawrence|pages=337–339|publisher=Routledge|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref>.
Mary Langman, who secretary to George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse, was also involved in the delivery of the Peckham Experiment, was an organic farmer and a pivotal contributor to the development of the wholefood and organic movement in Britain. As a French speaker, Langman played an important role in setting up IFOAM, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.<ref>{{Citation|title='A genius pain-obsessed', Manchester Guardian obituary, 1930|date=2013-01-11|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203195116-98|work=D.H. Lawrence|pages=337–339|publisher=Routledge|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref>


The Soil Association was one of five like-minded associations that founded the [[International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements]] (IFOAM) in 1972 in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France, to act as the [[umbrella organisation]] to advocate for the global uptake of [[organic farming]].<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Paull| first1 = John| year = 2010| title = From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)| journal = Journal of Social Research & Policy| volume = 1| issue = 2| pages = 93–102| url = http://orgprints.org/18808/1/Paull2010IfoamJSRP.pdf}}</ref>
The Soil Association was one of five like-minded associations that founded the [[International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements]] (IFOAM) in 1972 in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France, to act as the [[umbrella organisation]] to advocate for the global uptake of [[organic farming]].<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Paull| first1 = John| year = 2010| title = From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)| journal = Journal of Social Research & Policy| volume = 1| issue = 2| pages = 93–102| url = http://orgprints.org/18808/1/Paull2010IfoamJSRP.pdf}}</ref>


===Standards===
===Standards===
In 1973 Soil Association Certification was launched. To date, 70% of organic food in the UK is certified by Soil Association Certification, and the organisation is one of only six UK approved control bodies approved by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zorn|first=Alexander|last2=Lippert|first2=Christian|last3=Dabbert|first3=Stephan|date=2012-06|title=Supervising a system of approved private control bodies for certification: The case of organic farming in Germany|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013|journal=Food Control|volume=25|issue=2|pages=525–532|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013|issn=0956-7135}}</ref>. Organic certification sets strict benchmarks for organic food production, packaging, animal welfare, wildlife conservation, residues and additives to reassure the buying public over the quality of products labelled organic. The standards cover agriculture, aquaculture, EU equivalent standards, food and drink processing, forestry, health and beauty products, and textiles<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soil Association Organic Standards {{!}} Soil Association|url=https://www.soilassociation.org/our-standards/read-our-organic-standards/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.soilassociation.org}}</ref>. Products certified by the Soil Association carry an organic logo.
In 1973 Soil Association Certification was launched. To date, 70% of organic food in the UK is certified by Soil Association Certification, and the organisation is one of only six UK approved control bodies approved by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zorn|first=Alexander|last2=Lippert|first2=Christian|last3=Dabbert|first3=Stephan|date=June 2012|title=Supervising a system of approved private control bodies for certification: The case of organic farming in Germany|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013|journal=Food Control|volume=25|issue=2|pages=525–532|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013|issn=0956-7135}}</ref> Organic certification sets strict benchmarks for organic food production, packaging, animal welfare, wildlife conservation, residues and additives to reassure the buying public over the quality of products labelled organic. The standards cover agriculture, aquaculture, EU equivalent standards, food and drink processing, forestry, health and beauty products, and textiles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soil Association Organic Standards {{!}} Soil Association|url=https://www.soilassociation.org/our-standards/read-our-organic-standards/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.soilassociation.org}}</ref> Products certified by the Soil Association carry an organic logo.


===Certification===
===Certification===

Revision as of 17:11, 13 December 2021

Soil Association
Founded1946
Founder
TypeCharity
Legal status
FocusOrganic movement
Location
  • Soil Association, Spear House, 51 Victoria Street, Bristol, BS1 6AD
Area served
United Kingdom
MethodCampaigning and certification
Key people
Websitehttps://soilassociation.org

The Soil Association is a British registered charity. Its activities include campaigning – against intensive farming, for local purchasing and public education on nutrition – and certification of organic foods.[3] It was established in 1946.[4]

History

The Soil Association was founded on 12 June 1945 at a founders meeting in which about a hundred people attended.[5][6] The Soil Association was formally registered on 3 May 1946, and in the next decade grew from a few hundred to over four thousand members.[7]

According to its website:

"The Soil Association was founded in 1946 by a group of farmers, scientists and nutritionists who observed a direct connection between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health..."The catalyst was the publication of "The Living Soil" by Lady Eve Balfour, the niece of former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, in 1943. The book was inspired by her experience of the Haughley experiment[8][9] and presented the case for an alternative, sustainable approach to agriculture that has since become known as organic farming."

The Haughley experiment was based on an idea that farmers were over-reliant on fertilizers, that livestock, crops and the soil should be treated as a whole system, and that "natural" farming produced food which was in some way more wholesome than food produced with more intensive methods.[10] Lady Balfour believed that mankind's future and human health were dependent on how the soil was treated, and ran the experiment to generate scientific data that would support these beliefs. The Soil Association was founded on these beliefs

Founders of the Soil Association

The founders of the Soil Association included Lady Eve, Friend Sykes, Jorian Jenks, George Scott Williamson, Innes Hope Pearse and Mary Langman amongst others.

Friend Sykes (1888–1965) was an English organic farmer and writer. Along with Sir Albert Howard an English botanist, Sykes has been described as a founder of the organic movement.[11] The use of compost and manure to improve soil was important to Sykes' approach to farming. Sykes and Frank Newman Turner's organic farming emphasized ploughless soil cultivation, green manure, organic soil cover and ley farming.

Jorian Jenks was an English farmer, environmentalism pioneer and member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) closely associated with Oswald Mosley. Jenks was the editorial secretary of the Association's journal "Mother Earth". During the late 1940s the Association involved far-right and even antisemitic elements, remnants of the defunct BUF, and was driven by far-right political ideas as much as ecological concerns. Following Jenks' death in 1963, the Association tilted towards the left of the political spectrum, especially under the new president of the Association, Barry Commoner.[12]

George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse were both doctors who designed the Peckham Experiment which was designed to determine whether people as a whole would, given the opportunity, take a vested interest in their own health and fitness and expend effort to maintain it. The experiment took place between 1926 and 1950, initially generated by rising public concern over the health of the working class and an increasing interest in preventive social medicine.

Mary Langman, who secretary to George Scott Williamson and Innes Hope Pearse, was also involved in the delivery of the Peckham Experiment, was an organic farmer and a pivotal contributor to the development of the wholefood and organic movement in Britain. As a French speaker, Langman played an important role in setting up IFOAM, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.[13]

The Soil Association was one of five like-minded associations that founded the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) in 1972 in Versailles, France, to act as the umbrella organisation to advocate for the global uptake of organic farming.[14]

Standards

In 1973 Soil Association Certification was launched. To date, 70% of organic food in the UK is certified by Soil Association Certification, and the organisation is one of only six UK approved control bodies approved by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.[15] Organic certification sets strict benchmarks for organic food production, packaging, animal welfare, wildlife conservation, residues and additives to reassure the buying public over the quality of products labelled organic. The standards cover agriculture, aquaculture, EU equivalent standards, food and drink processing, forestry, health and beauty products, and textiles.[16] Products certified by the Soil Association carry an organic logo.

Certification

Soil Association Certification Ltd (SACL) is a not-for-profit subsidiary of the Soil Association charity, independently providing organic certification services and advisory support on all aspects of organic certification. SACL is one of the organic certification bodies in the UK,[17] approved by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Activities

The Soil Association carries out work certifying products as organic in the following areas: farming, food processing, restaurants and catering, fisheries, textiles and leather, health and beauty, and fulfilment.

Campaigns

The Association's campaign priorities are to promote organic food and farming, promote food security, and to lobby against genetic modification, many pesticides and the routine use of antibiotics.[18] Many campaigns are led by reports produced by the policy department.

Policy reports

The Soil Association's policy department carries out research and releases reports to further its aims. The reports have covered topics relating to climate-friendly farming, welfare and wildlife, health, and genetic modification.

Education

The Soil Association runs a number of schemes designed to educate people and reconnect them with the land and where their food comes from. The Food for Life Partnership[19] is a £16.9m lottery-funded programme involving four charities – the Soil Association, Focus on Food Campaign, Health Education Trust and Garden Organic. It aims to transform school and community food culture across England by giving schools and communities access to seasonal, local and organic food and the skills they need to cook and grow fresh food for themselves. Organic Farm School is a series of over 300 hands-on courses on growing food, rearing animals, cooking and rural crafts. The Organic Apprenticeship Scheme is a two-year course involving a work-based placement with an organic farmer or grower and eight structured seminars per year.

Quality of food

In July 2009 the Food Standards Agency published a report[20] which concluded that there were "no important differences in the nutrition content, or any additional health benefits, of organic food when compared with conventionally produced food." The Soil Association issued a statement[21] criticising the report for not taking into account existing studies on the subject and noting reasons other than nutrition for consumers to choose organic food, such as environmental and animal welfare concerns.

BOOM Awards

The Soil Association awards annual BOOM Awards (Best of Organic Market) for businesses, producers and brands. In 2017 there were awards in 21 categories such as "Bakery", "Best Organic Box Scheme" and "Best Organic Blogger", and "The Nation's Favourite", won that year by Island Bakery of Mull for their "Lemon melts" (lemon biscuits dipped in white chocolate), out of 3,000 public nominations.[22][23]

Key Personnel

Helen Browning serves as chief executive;[24] broadcaster Monty Don served as president from 2008 to 2016;[25] honorary vice-presidents include Jonathan Dimbleby, George McRobie, and Charlotte Mitchell; and The Prince of Wales is a royal patron[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Soil Association Limited, Charity number: 206862. The Charity Commission of England and Wales. Accessed December 2021.
  2. ^ Charity Details: Soil Association Ltd, SC039168. Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. Accessed December 2021.
  3. ^ "Our history". Soil Association. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  4. ^ The Soil Association Limited, Charity number: 206862; Governing document. The Charity Commission of England and Wales. Accessed December 2021.
  5. ^ Conford, Philip. (2001). The Origins of the Organic Movement. Floris Books. p. 252. ISBN 978-0863153365
  6. ^ Lockeretz, William. (2018). Organic Farming: An International History. CABI. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-85199-833-6
  7. ^ Conford, Philip & Holden, Patrick (2007), "The Soil Association", in William Lockeretz (ed.), Organic Farming: An International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI), pp. 187–200, ISBN 978-0-85199-833-6, retrieved 10 August 2010 ebook ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3
  8. ^ America goes green : an encyclopedia of eco-friendly culture in the United States. Kim Kennedy White, Leslie A. Duram. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 2013. ISBN 1-59884-658-2. OCLC 828140722.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ Desmond, Kevin, "Lady Eve Balfour", Planet Savers: 301 Extraordinary Environmentalists, Greenleaf Publishing Limited, pp. 81–81, retrieved 2021-12-13
  10. ^ Gordon, Ian R. (2004). Reproductive technologies in farm animals. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Pub. ISBN 0-85199-049-5. OCLC 58547418.
  11. ^ Organic agriculture, environment and food security. Nadia Scialabba, Caroline Hattam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sustainable Development Department. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2002. ISBN 92-5-104819-3. OCLC 51045500.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ Macklin, Graham (2007). Very deeply dyed in black : Sir Oswald Mosley and the resurrection of British fascism after 1945. London. ISBN 978-1-84511-284-4. OCLC 122181377.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ "'A genius pain-obsessed', Manchester Guardian obituary, 1930", D.H. Lawrence, Routledge, pp. 337–339, 2013-01-11, retrieved 2021-12-13
  14. ^ Paull, John (2010). "From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)" (PDF). Journal of Social Research & Policy. 1 (2): 93–102.
  15. ^ Zorn, Alexander; Lippert, Christian; Dabbert, Stephan (June 2012). "Supervising a system of approved private control bodies for certification: The case of organic farming in Germany". Food Control. 25 (2): 525–532. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013. ISSN 0956-7135.
  16. ^ "Soil Association Organic Standards | Soil Association". www.soilassociation.org. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  17. ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/organic-certification-list-of-uk-approved-organic-control-bodies
  18. ^ http://www.soilassociation.org/whatisorganic/organicfarming
  19. ^ Food For Life website
  20. ^ Organic review. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  21. ^ Soil Association response to the Food Standards Agency's Organic Review. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  22. ^ "The BOOM Award Winners 2017". Soil Association. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  23. ^ "The 2017 Nation's Favourite Shortlist". Soil Association. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  24. ^ Soil Association website Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 October 2015
  25. ^ Monty Don: ‘I like dogs because they are not humans’, The Guardian, 11 Dezember 2016
  26. ^ "Who We Are". Soil Association. Retrieved 26 September 2016.

Further reading

  • Conford, Philip (2001), The Origins of the Organic Movement, Floris Books, ISBN 0-86315-336-4
Sayre, Laura (4 March 2004), Review: The Origins of the Organic Movement, Rodale Institute, retrieved 14 August 2010 (provides useful overview and commentary on the book's contents).

External links

Video clips

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