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The '''''Soim''''' ({{lang-uk|Сойм Карпатської України}}) was the parliament of the short-lived [[Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine]].<ref name="Balling1991c">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Ungarn, Jugoslawien, Rumänien, Slowakei, Karpatenukraine, Kroatien, Memelländischer Landtag, Schlesischer Landtag, komparative Analyse, Quellen und Literatur, Register|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ftyzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-5-9|pages=671, 673|language=German}}</ref> The assembly had its seat in [[Khust]].<ref name="Balling1991c"/>
The '''''Soim''''' ({{lang-uk|Сойм Карпатської України}}) was the parliament of the short-lived [[Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine]].<ref name="Balling1991c">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Ungarn, Jugoslawien, Rumänien, Slowakei, Karpatenukraine, Kroatien, Memelländischer Landtag, Schlesischer Landtag, komparative Analyse, Quellen und Literatur, Register|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftyzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-5-9|pages=671, 673|language=German}}</ref> The assembly had its seat in [[Khust]].<ref name="Balling1991c"/>


==Background==
==Background==
The establishment of a ''Soim'', an autonomous parliament for the Ruthenian region, had been stipulated in the 11th article of the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].<ref name="Dami1936"/> But the establishment of the autonomous parliament was delayed for many years.<ref name="Dami1936">{{cite book|author=Aldo Dami|title=Destin des minorités|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Bv_OAAAAMAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Sorlont|page=182}}</ref>
The establishment of a ''Soim'', an autonomous parliament for the Ruthenian region, had been stipulated in the 11th article of the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].<ref name="Dami1936"/> But the establishment of the autonomous parliament was delayed for many years.<ref name="Dami1936">{{cite book|author=Aldo Dami|title=Destin des minorités|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv_OAAAAMAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Sorlont|page=182}}</ref>


==Election==
==Election==
[[File:Dvr_flyer_1939.jpg|thumb|right|DVR flyer, calling for support to the unity list]]After years of delays election to the ''Soim'' was held on February 12, 1939, on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on November 22, 1938.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> 32 members of the ''Soim'' were elected from a single constituency.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The Ukrainian National Union (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.<ref>{{cite book|title=Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3WArAQAAMAAJ|volume=3-5|year=1947|publisher=UCVA|page=79}}</ref>
[[File:Dvr_flyer_1939.jpg|thumb|right|DVR flyer, calling to Germans of Carpathian Ukraine for support to the unity list]]After years of delays, election to the ''Soim'' was held on 12 February 1939 on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on 22 November 1938.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> 32 members of the ''Soim'' were elected from a single constituency.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The {{ill|Ukrainian National Union (1939)|lt=Ukrainian National Union|uk|Українське національне об'єднання}} (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.<ref>{{cite book|title=Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WArAQAAMAAJ|volume=3–5|year=1947|publisher=UCVA|page=79}}</ref>


Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The German deputy was Anton Ernst Oldofredi, leader of the [[German People's Council (Carpatho-Ukraine)|German People's Council]] (DVR).<ref name="Balling1991c"/>
Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The German deputy was [[Anton Ernst Oldofredi]], leader of the [[German People's Council (Carpatho-Ukraine)|German People's Council]] (Deutsche VolksRat, DVR).<ref name="Balling1991c"/>

The elected candidates were:<ref>{{cite book|title=The Trident|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uI1JAAAAMAAJ|volume=3-4|year=1939|publisher=Published by Organization for Rebirth of Ukraine.|pages=12, 22}}</ref><ref name="Stercho1971">{{cite book|author=Peter George Stercho|title=Diplomacy of Double Morality: Europe's Crossroads in Carpatho-Ukraine, 1919-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbRBAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Carpathian Research Center|page=408}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Name
!Village
!Office/Profession
|-
|1
|Dr. [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]]
|Khust
|Premier of the Government of Carpatho-Ukraine
|-
|2
|Yulian Revay
|Khust
|Minister of the Government of Carpatho-Ukraine
|-
|3
|Dr. Mychailo Briaschayko
|Khust
|notary public
|-
|4
|Dr. Julius Briaschayko
|Khust
|attorney
|-
|5
|Ivan Gryga
|Vyshni Verets'ky
|farmer
|-
|6
| Rev. Adalbert Dovbak
| Izky
| Priest
|-
|7
|Dr. Mykola Dolynay
|Khust
|Hospital Director of the hospital, Khust
|-
|8
|Dr. Milosh Drbal
|Khust
|attorney
|-
|9
|Augustine Dutka
|Khust
|Judge
|-
|10
|Ivan Ihnatko
|Bilky
|farmer
|-
|11
|Dr. Volodymyr Komarynsky
|Khust
|Head of Press Department
|-
|12
|Ivan Kachala
|Perechyn
|railroad engineer
|-
|13
|Vasyl' Klempush
|Yasinya
|businessman, Yasinya
|-
|14
|[[Stepan Klochurak]]
|Khust
|Secretary to the Prime Minister
|-
|15
|Vasyl' Latsanych
|Velykyy Bereznyy
|teacher
|-
|16
|Mykola Mandzyuk
|Sevlyush
|teacher
|-
|17
|Mykhaylo Marushchak
|Velykyy Bychkiv
|farmer
|-
|18
|Leonid Romanyuk
|Khust
|engineer
|-
|19
|Rev. Grigorie Moysh
|Bila Tserkov
|protopop
|-
|20
|Dmytro Nimchuk
|Khust
|President of the Public Health Insurance Institution
|-
|21
|[[Anton Ernst Oldofredi]]
|Khust
|Under Secretary of State
|-
|22
|Yuriy Pazukhanych
|Khust
|school inspector
|-
|23
|Ivan Perevuznyk
|Serednye
|farmer
|-
|24
|Petro Popovych
|[[Velyki Luchky]]
|farmer
|-
|25
|Fedir Revay
|Khust
|Director of the State Printing House
|-
|26
|Dr. Mykola Risdorfer
|Svalyava
|physician
|-
|27
|Dr. Stefan Roscha
|Khust
|Ministry of Education officia
|-
|28
|Rev. Yuriy Stanynets'
|Vonihovo
|pastor
|-
|29
|Vasyl' Shobey
|Vul'khivtsi
|farmer
|-
|30
|Avhustyn Shtefan
|Khust
|Chief of the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs
|-
|31
|Rev. Fedelesh
|Khust
|Professor of Religion
|-
|32
|Mykhaylo Tulyk
|Khust
|journalist
|}


==Session==
==Session==
The ''Soim'' met once on March 15, 1939.<ref name="Balling1991c"/><ref name="Kertesz1974">{{cite book|author=Stephen Denis Kertesz|title=Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ehsqAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-7540-9|page=45}}</ref> The inaugural session had been scheduled for March 2, 1939 but the Czecho-Slovak president [[Emil Hácha]] opted not to convene the assembly.<ref name="Kubiĭovych1963">{{cite book|author=Volodymyr Kubiĭovych|title=Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhdKAQAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Ukrainian National Association|page=855}}</ref> In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on March 14, 1939, the regional government of [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the [[Third Reich|German Reich]].<ref name="Kertesz1974"/>
The ''Soim'' met once on 15 March 1939.<ref name="Balling1991c"/><ref name="Kertesz1974">{{cite book|author=Stephen Denis Kertesz|title=Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehsqAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-7540-9|page=45}}</ref> The inaugural session had been scheduled for 2 March 1939 but the Czecho-Slovak president [[Emil Hácha]] opted not to convene the assembly.<ref name="Kubiĭovych1963">{{cite book|author=Volodymyr Kubiĭovych|title=Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhdKAQAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Ukrainian National Association|page=855}}</ref> In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on 14 March 1939, the regional government of [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the [[Third Reich|German Reich]].<ref name="Kertesz1974"/>


Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.<ref name="Magocsi1996">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&pg=PA615|year=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-7820-9|page=615}}</ref> Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.<ref name="ucc">{{cite book|title=The Ukrainian Quarterly|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KklpAAAAMAAJ|volume=34-35|year=1978|publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.|page=412}}</ref> Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.<ref name="Magocsi1973">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gABpAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University|page=247}}</ref>
Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.<ref name="Magocsi1996">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&pg=PA615|year=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-7820-9|page=615}}</ref> Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.<ref name="ucc">{{cite book|title=The Ukrainian Quarterly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KklpAAAAMAAJ|volume=34–35|year=1978|publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.|page=412}}</ref> Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.<ref name="Magocsi1973">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gABpAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University|page=247}}</ref>


The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language and a presidential form of governance.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=Ivan Katchanovski|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio|coauthors=Myroslav Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA69|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=69–70}}</ref> The ''Soim'' elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.<ref name="ucc"/><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/> Yulian Revai was named Prime Minister.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/>
The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language and a presidential form of governance.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=[[Ivan Katchanovski]]|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio |author4=Myroslav Yurkevich |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA69|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=69–70}}</ref> The ''Soim'' elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.<ref name="ucc"/><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/> Yulian Revay was named Prime Minister.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/>


Khust was attacked by Hungarian forces on the same day as the session was held.<ref name="Magocsi1996"/> Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by [[Hungary]] the following day, ending the brief existence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/>
Khust was attacked by Hungarian forces on the same day as the session was held.<ref name="Magocsi1996"/> Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]] the following day, ending the brief existence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/>


==''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine''==
==''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine''==
The ''Soim'' session is depicted in the 1940 movie ''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine'', produced by [[Vasyl Avramenko]].<ref name="Gevinson1997">{{cite book|author=Alan Gevinson|title=Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911-1960|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&pg=PA1061|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20964-0|pages=1060–1061}}</ref>
The ''Soim'' session is depicted in the 1940 movie ''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine'', produced by [[Vasyl Avramenko]].<ref name="Gevinson1997">{{cite book|author=Alan Gevinson|title=Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&pg=PA1061|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20964-0|pages=1060–1061}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Verkhovna Rada}}
{{Ukrainian elections}}

[[Category:Carpatho-Ukraine]]
[[Category:Carpatho-Ukraine]]
[[Category:Defunct national legislatures]]
[[Category:Defunct national legislatures]]
[[Category:Law of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Parliamentary elections in Ukraine|1939]]
[[Category:Elections in Carpatho-Ukraine]]
[[Category:1939 in Ukraine]]

Latest revision as of 10:56, 17 February 2024

The Soim (Ukrainian: Сойм Карпатської України) was the parliament of the short-lived Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1] The assembly had its seat in Khust.[1]

Background[edit]

The establishment of a Soim, an autonomous parliament for the Ruthenian region, had been stipulated in the 11th article of the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[2] But the establishment of the autonomous parliament was delayed for many years.[2]

Election[edit]

DVR flyer, calling to Germans of Carpathian Ukraine for support to the unity list

After years of delays, election to the Soim was held on 12 February 1939 on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on 22 November 1938.[1] 32 members of the Soim were elected from a single constituency.[1] The Ukrainian National Union [uk] (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.[1] According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.[3]

Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.[1] The German deputy was Anton Ernst Oldofredi, leader of the German People's Council (Deutsche VolksRat, DVR).[1]

The elected candidates were:[4][5]

Name Village Office/Profession
1 Dr. Avgustyn Voloshyn Khust Premier of the Government of Carpatho-Ukraine
2 Yulian Revay Khust Minister of the Government of Carpatho-Ukraine
3 Dr. Mychailo Briaschayko Khust notary public
4 Dr. Julius Briaschayko Khust attorney
5 Ivan Gryga Vyshni Verets'ky farmer
6 Rev. Adalbert Dovbak Izky Priest
7 Dr. Mykola Dolynay Khust Hospital Director of the hospital, Khust
8 Dr. Milosh Drbal Khust attorney
9 Augustine Dutka Khust Judge
10 Ivan Ihnatko Bilky farmer
11 Dr. Volodymyr Komarynsky Khust Head of Press Department
12 Ivan Kachala Perechyn railroad engineer
13 Vasyl' Klempush Yasinya businessman, Yasinya
14 Stepan Klochurak Khust Secretary to the Prime Minister
15 Vasyl' Latsanych Velykyy Bereznyy teacher
16 Mykola Mandzyuk Sevlyush teacher
17 Mykhaylo Marushchak Velykyy Bychkiv farmer
18 Leonid Romanyuk Khust engineer
19 Rev. Grigorie Moysh Bila Tserkov protopop
20 Dmytro Nimchuk Khust President of the Public Health Insurance Institution
21 Anton Ernst Oldofredi Khust Under Secretary of State
22 Yuriy Pazukhanych Khust school inspector
23 Ivan Perevuznyk Serednye farmer
24 Petro Popovych Velyki Luchky farmer
25 Fedir Revay Khust Director of the State Printing House
26 Dr. Mykola Risdorfer Svalyava physician
27 Dr. Stefan Roscha Khust Ministry of Education officia
28 Rev. Yuriy Stanynets' Vonihovo pastor
29 Vasyl' Shobey Vul'khivtsi farmer
30 Avhustyn Shtefan Khust Chief of the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs
31 Rev. Fedelesh Khust Professor of Religion
32 Mykhaylo Tulyk Khust journalist

Session[edit]

The Soim met once on 15 March 1939.[1][6] The inaugural session had been scheduled for 2 March 1939 but the Czecho-Slovak president Emil Hácha opted not to convene the assembly.[7] In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on 14 March 1939, the regional government of Avgustyn Voloshyn called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the German Reich.[6]

Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.[8] Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.[9] Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.[10]

The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1] The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with Ukrainian as the official language and a presidential form of governance.[11] The Soim elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.[9][11] Yulian Revay was named Prime Minister.[11]

Khust was attacked by Hungarian forces on the same day as the session was held.[8] Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary the following day, ending the brief existence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1]

Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine[edit]

The Soim session is depicted in the 1940 movie Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine, produced by Vasyl Avramenko.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Ungarn, Jugoslawien, Rumänien, Slowakei, Karpatenukraine, Kroatien, Memelländischer Landtag, Schlesischer Landtag, komparative Analyse, Quellen und Literatur, Register (in German). Dokumentation Verlag. pp. 671, 673. ISBN 978-87-983829-5-9.
  2. ^ a b Aldo Dami (1936). Destin des minorités. Sorlont. p. 182.
  3. ^ Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association. Vol. 3–5. UCVA. 1947. p. 79.
  4. ^ The Trident. Vol. 3–4. Published by Organization for Rebirth of Ukraine. 1939. pp. 12, 22.
  5. ^ Peter George Stercho (1971). Diplomacy of Double Morality: Europe's Crossroads in Carpatho-Ukraine, 1919-1939. Carpathian Research Center. p. 408.
  6. ^ a b Stephen Denis Kertesz (1974). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. Greenwood Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8371-7540-9.
  7. ^ Volodymyr Kubiĭovych (1963). Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia. Ukrainian National Association. p. 855.
  8. ^ a b Paul R. Magocsi (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 615. ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
  9. ^ a b The Ukrainian Quarterly. Vol. 34–35. Ukrainian Congress Committee of America. 1978. p. 412.
  10. ^ Paul R. Magocsi (1973). An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University. p. 247.
  11. ^ a b c Ivan Katchanovski; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio; Myroslav Yurkevich (11 July 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1.
  12. ^ Alan Gevinson (1997). Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960. University of California Press. pp. 1060–1061. ISBN 978-0-520-20964-0.
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