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==Election==
==Election==
[[File:Dvr_flyer_1939.jpg|thumb|right|DVR flyer, calling for support to the unity list]]After years of delays election to the ''Soim'' was held on February 12, 1939, on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on November 22, 1938.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> 32 members of the ''Soim'' were elected from a single constituency.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The Ukrainian National Union (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.<ref>{{cite book|title=Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3WArAQAAMAAJ|volume=3-5|year=1947|publisher=UCVA|page=79}}</ref>
[[File:Dvr_flyer_1939.jpg|thumb|right|DVR flyer, calling for support to the unity list]]After years of delays election to the ''Soim'' was held on February 12, 1939, on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on November 22, 1938.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> 32 members of the ''Soim'' were elected from a single constituency.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The Ukrainian National Union (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.<ref>{{cite book|title=Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3WArAQAAMAAJ|volume=3–5|year=1947|publisher=UCVA|page=79}}</ref>


Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The German deputy was Anton Ernst Oldofredi, leader of the [[German People's Council (Carpatho-Ukraine)|German People's Council]] (DVR).<ref name="Balling1991c"/>
Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The German deputy was Anton Ernst Oldofredi, leader of the [[German People's Council (Carpatho-Ukraine)|German People's Council]] (DVR).<ref name="Balling1991c"/>
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The ''Soim'' met once on March 15, 1939.<ref name="Balling1991c"/><ref name="Kertesz1974">{{cite book|author=Stephen Denis Kertesz|title=Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ehsqAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-7540-9|page=45}}</ref> The inaugural session had been scheduled for March 2, 1939, but the Czecho-Slovak president [[Emil Hácha]] opted not to convene the assembly.<ref name="Kubiĭovych1963">{{cite book|author=Volodymyr Kubiĭovych|title=Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhdKAQAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Ukrainian National Association|page=855}}</ref> In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on March 14, 1939, the regional government of [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the [[Third Reich|German Reich]].<ref name="Kertesz1974"/>
The ''Soim'' met once on March 15, 1939.<ref name="Balling1991c"/><ref name="Kertesz1974">{{cite book|author=Stephen Denis Kertesz|title=Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ehsqAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-7540-9|page=45}}</ref> The inaugural session had been scheduled for March 2, 1939, but the Czecho-Slovak president [[Emil Hácha]] opted not to convene the assembly.<ref name="Kubiĭovych1963">{{cite book|author=Volodymyr Kubiĭovych|title=Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhdKAQAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Ukrainian National Association|page=855}}</ref> In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on March 14, 1939, the regional government of [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the [[Third Reich|German Reich]].<ref name="Kertesz1974"/>


Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.<ref name="Magocsi1996">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&pg=PA615|year=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-7820-9|page=615}}</ref> Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.<ref name="ucc">{{cite book|title=The Ukrainian Quarterly|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KklpAAAAMAAJ|volume=34-35|year=1978|publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.|page=412}}</ref> Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.<ref name="Magocsi1973">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gABpAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University|page=247}}</ref>
Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.<ref name="Magocsi1996">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&pg=PA615|year=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-7820-9|page=615}}</ref> Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.<ref name="ucc">{{cite book|title=The Ukrainian Quarterly|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KklpAAAAMAAJ|volume=34–35|year=1978|publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.|page=412}}</ref> Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.<ref name="Magocsi1973">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Magocsi|title=An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gABpAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University|page=247}}</ref>


The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language and a presidential form of governance.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=Ivan Katchanovski|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio|coauthors=Myroslav Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA69|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=69–70}}</ref> The ''Soim'' elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.<ref name="ucc"/><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/> Yulian Revai was named Prime Minister.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/>
The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref name="Balling1991c"/> The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language and a presidential form of governance.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=Ivan Katchanovski|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio|coauthors=Myroslav Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA69|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=69–70}}</ref> The ''Soim'' elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.<ref name="ucc"/><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/> Yulian Revai was named Prime Minister.<ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013"/>
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==''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine''==
==''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine''==
The ''Soim'' session is depicted in the 1940 movie ''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine'', produced by [[Vasyl Avramenko]].<ref name="Gevinson1997">{{cite book|author=Alan Gevinson|title=Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911-1960|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&pg=PA1061|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20964-0|pages=1060–1061}}</ref>
The ''Soim'' session is depicted in the 1940 movie ''Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine'', produced by [[Vasyl Avramenko]].<ref name="Gevinson1997">{{cite book|author=Alan Gevinson|title=Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&pg=PA1061|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20964-0|pages=1060–1061}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:55, 30 March 2016

The Soim (Ukrainian: Сойм Карпатської України) was the parliament of the short-lived Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1] The assembly had its seat in Khust.[1]

Background

The establishment of a Soim, an autonomous parliament for the Ruthenian region, had been stipulated in the 11th article of the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[2] But the establishment of the autonomous parliament was delayed for many years.[2]

Election

DVR flyer, calling for support to the unity list

After years of delays election to the Soim was held on February 12, 1939, on the basis of the passing of legislation by the Czechoslovak parliament providing further autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine on November 22, 1938.[1] 32 members of the Soim were elected from a single constituency.[1] The Ukrainian National Union (UNO) presented a unity list for the vote.[1] According to results published, 244,922 out of 265,002 votes cast (92%) went in favour of the unity list.[3]

Out of the 32 members elected there were 29 Ukrainians, 1 Czech, 1 German and 1 Romanian.[1] The German deputy was Anton Ernst Oldofredi, leader of the German People's Council (DVR).[1]

Session

The Soim met once on March 15, 1939.[1][4] The inaugural session had been scheduled for March 2, 1939, but the Czecho-Slovak president Emil Hácha opted not to convene the assembly.[5] In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on March 14, 1939, the regional government of Avgustyn Voloshyn called for an independent Carpatho-Ukrainian state under the protection of the German Reich.[4]

Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho-Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.[6] Augustin Stefan served as the speaker of the assembly.[7] Stefan Roscha served as the vice speaker of the assembly.[8]

The assembly, with 22 members present, declared the independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1] The session ratified the constitution of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with Ukrainian as the official language and a presidential form of governance.[9] The Soim elected Voloshyn as President of the Republic.[7][9] Yulian Revai was named Prime Minister.[9]

Khust was attacked by Hungarian forces on the same day as the session was held.[6] Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary the following day, ending the brief existence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.[1]

Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine

The Soim session is depicted in the 1940 movie Tragedy of Carpatho-Ukraine, produced by Vasyl Avramenko.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Ungarn, Jugoslawien, Rumänien, Slowakei, Karpatenukraine, Kroatien, Memelländischer Landtag, Schlesischer Landtag, komparative Analyse, Quellen und Literatur, Register (in German). Dokumentation Verlag. pp. 671, 673. ISBN 978-87-983829-5-9.
  2. ^ a b Aldo Dami (1936). Destin des minorités. Sorlont. p. 182.
  3. ^ Opinion: Official Publication of Ukrainian Canadian Veterans' Association. Vol. 3–5. UCVA. 1947. p. 79.
  4. ^ a b Stephen Denis Kertesz (1974). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. Greenwood Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8371-7540-9.
  5. ^ Volodymyr Kubiĭovych (1963). Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia. Ukrainian National Association. p. 855.
  6. ^ a b Paul R. Magocsi (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 615. ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
  7. ^ a b The Ukrainian Quarterly. Vol. 34–35. Ukrainian Congress Committee of America. 1978. p. 412.
  8. ^ Paul R. Magocsi (1973). An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rusʹ. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University. p. 247.
  9. ^ a b c Ivan Katchanovski; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio (11 July 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Alan Gevinson (1997). Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960. University of California Press. pp. 1060–1061. ISBN 978-0-520-20964-0.
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