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{{Short description|Type of steam locomotive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use South African English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use South African English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox locomotive
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = DSWA ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T<br>South West African ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T
| name = GSWA ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T<br>South West African ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T
| image = DSWA Zwillinge 73A & B.jpg
| image = DSWA Zwillinge 73A & B.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
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| powertype = Steam
| powertype = Steam
| designer =
| designer =
| builder = [[Krauss-Maffei#Overview|Krauss & Company]]<br>[[Henschel & Son|Henschel and Son]]<br>[[Berliner Maschinenbau|L. Schwartzkopff]]<br>Egestorf<br>Machinenbau Anstalt<br>[[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]
| builder = [[Krauss-Maffei#Overview|Krauss & Company]]<br>[[Henschel & Son|Henschel and Son]]<br>[[Berliner Maschinenbau|L. Schwartzkopff]]<br>Egestorf<br>[[Maschinenbau Anstalt Humboldt]]<br>[[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]
| ordernumber =
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel = ''Zwillinge''
| buildmodel = ''Zwillinge''
| builddate = 1899-1905
| builddate = 1899–1905
| totalproduction = 182 pairs
| totalproduction = 182 pairs
| rebuilder =
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = [[0-6-0|0-6-0T]] (Six-coupled)
| whytetype = {{whyte|0-6-0|T}}
| uicclass =
| uicclass = Cn2t
| driver = 3rd coupled axle
| driver = 3rd coupled axle
| gauge = {{Track gauge|600mm}} narrow
| gauge = {{Track gauge|600mm}} narrow
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| width = {{convert|1600|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1600|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2700|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2700|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}}
| frametype = Plate
| frametype = [[Locomotive frame#Plate frames|Plate]]
| axleload =
| axleload =
| leadingbogie/pony=
| leadingbogie/pony=
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| fueltype = Coal
| fueltype = Coal
| fuelcap = {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| fuelcap = {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|830|l|impgal|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|830|L|impgal|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| sandcap =
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| lpcylindersize =
| lpcylindersize =
| valvegear = [[Stephenson valve gear|Stephenson]]
| valvegear = [[Stephenson valve gear|Stephenson]]
| valvetype = Slide
| valvetype = [[Slide valve#Murdoch's D slide valve|Murdoch's D slide]]
| valvetravel =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelap =
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| trainbrakes =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| safety =
| coupling = [[Railway coupling#Buffers and chain|Buffers and chain]]
| coupling = [[Railway coupling#Buffers and chain|Buffers-and-chain]]
| maxspeed = {{convert|20|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|20|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|60|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|60|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
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| nicknames = ''Zwillinge'' or ''Illinge''
| nicknames = ''Zwillinge'' or ''Illinge''
| axleloadclass =
| axleloadclass =
| deliverydate = 1898-1905
| deliverydate = 1898–1905
| firstrundate = 1898
| firstrundate = 1898
| lastrundate =
| lastrundate =
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The '''South West African ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T''' of 1898 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.
The '''South West African ''Zwillinge'' 0-6-0T''' of 1898 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.


Between 1898 and 1905, more than fifty pairs of ''Zwillinge'' twin tank steam locomotives with a [[0-6-0]] wheel arrangement were delivered to the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'' ([[Swakopmund]]-[[Windhoek]] State Railway) in ''[[Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika]]'' (German South West Africa). By 1922, only two of these locomotives remained to be taken onto the roster of the South African Railways.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|page=117, 121}}</ref><ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South West Africa.'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1947. pp. 667-668.</ref>
Between 1898 and 1905, more than fifty pairs of ''Zwillinge'' twin {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} steam locomotives were delivered to the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'' ([[Swakopmund]]-[[Windhoek]] State Railway) in [[German South West Africa]]. By 1922, only two of these locomotives remained to be taken onto the roster of the South African Railways.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|page=117, 121}}</ref><ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). ''The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII – South African Railways (Continued). South West Africa.'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1947. pp. 667–668.</ref>


==''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn''==
==''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn''==
The first troops of the German ''Feldbahn-Baukommando'' (field railway construction commando) arrived in Swakopmund in [[German South-West Africa|German South West Africa]] (DSWA) on 11 September 1897. They were tasked to build a narrow gauge railway across the [[Namib Desert]] from Swakopmund to Windhoek, via Jakkalswater and [[Karibib]]. The {{convert|382|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} long [[Swakopmund–Windhoek line|''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'']], later the Northern State Railway or ''Nordbahn'', was officially opened to traffic nearly five years later, on 1 July 1902.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Philbullet"/>
The first troops of the German ''Feldbahn-Baukommando'' (field railway construction commando) arrived in Swakopmund in German South West Africa (GSWA) on 11 September 1897. They were tasked to build a narrow gauge railway across the [[Namib Desert]] from Swakopmund to Windhoek, via Jakkalswater and [[Karibib]]. The {{convert|382|km|mi|adj=mid|long|0|abbr=off}} [[Swakopmund–Windhoek line|''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'']], later named the Northern State Railway or ''Nordbahn'', was officially opened to traffic nearly five years later, on 1 July 1902.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Philbullet"/>


The railway was initially intended for temporary military purposes only, to be worked by means of animal power such as Argentine mules or Cape donkeys, but steam traction was soon adopted. The track was laid on steel sleepers with {{convert|19|lb/yd|kg/m|0|abbr=off}} rail and had very severe curves and gradients. Out of the [[Khan River]] gorge, the gradient was 1 in 19 (5¼%) with curves of {{convert|180|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} radius.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>
The railway was initially intended for temporary military purposes only, to be worked by means of animal power such as Argentine mules or Cape donkeys, but steam traction was soon adopted. The track was laid on steel sleepers with {{convert|19|lb/yd|kg/m|0|abbr=off}} rail and had very severe curves and gradients. Climbing out of the [[Khan River]] gorge, the gradient was 1 in 19 (5¼%) with curves of {{convert|180|ft|m|adj=mid|radius|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>


In 1905, a {{convert|14|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} long branchline was constructed from Karibib on the ''Nordbahn'' to Onguati near [[Usakos]], where it connected with the new [[Otavi]] line from Swakopmund to [[Tsumeb]]. This created an alternative line from [[Windhoek]] to the Atlantic Ocean at times when the section through the Khan River gorge suffered from the occasional flooding. The ''Nordbahn'' section between Swakopmund and Karibib was later abandoned and, between 1911 and 1913, the {{convert|119|mi|km|0|abbr=off}} long section between Karibib and Windhoek was regauged to [[Cape gauge]].<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Dulez 150">{{Dulez 150|pages=379-382}}</ref>
In 1905, a {{convert|14|km|mi|adj=mid|long|0|abbr=off}} branch line was constructed from Karibib on the ''Nordbahn'' to Onguati near [[Usakos]], where it connected with the new [[Otavi Mining and Railway Company|Otavi]] line from Swakopmund to [[Tsumeb]]. This created an alternative line from [[Windhoek]] to the Atlantic Ocean at times when the section through the Khan River gorge suffered from the occasional flooding. The ''Nordbahn'' section between Swakopmund and Karibib was later abandoned and, between 1911 and 1913, the {{convert|119|mi|km|adj=mid|long|0|abbr=off}} section between Karibib and Windhoek was regauged to [[Cape gauge]].<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Dulez 150">{{Dulez 150|pages=379–382}}</ref>


==Manufacturers==
==Manufacturers==
''Zwillinge'' locomotives, the first engines to enter service on the ''Nordbahn'', were a class of small {{convert|600|mm|in|1|abbr=off}} narrow gauge paired {{nowrap|0-6-0}} tank steam locomotives. They were built in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for military railways in Germany and the German Empire. The first large consignment of ''Zwillinge'' locomotives arrived in Swakopmund between 1898 and 1899. Eventually, by 1905, more than fifty new or used pairs had been delivered to the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn''.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>
''Zwillinge'' locomotives, the first engines to enter service on the ''Nordbahn'', were a class of small {{convert|600|mm|in|1|abbr=off}} narrow gauge paired {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} steam locomotives. They were built in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for military railways in Germany and the German Empire. The first large consignment of ''Zwillinge'' locomotives arrived in Swakopmund between 1898 and 1899. Eventually, by 1905, more than fifty new or used pairs had been delivered to the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn''.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>


They were built by six manufacturers, [[Krauss-Maffei#Overview|Krauss and Company]], [[Henschel & Son|Henschel and Son]], [[Berliner Maschinenbau|L. Schwartzkopff]], Egestorf, Machinenbau Anstalt and [[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]. These so-called ''Feldbahn'' locomotives, built for the military, were also used in other German colonies and several came to DSWA second-hand.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>
They were built by six manufacturers, [[Krauss-Maffei#Overview|Krauss and Company]], [[Henschel & Son|Henschel and Son]], [[Berliner Maschinenbau|L. Schwartzkopff]], Egestorf, Machinenbau Anstalt and [[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]. These so-called ''Feldbahn'' locomotives, built for the military, were also used in other German colonies and several came to GSWA second-hand.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

The final batch of four pairs of Zwillinge for the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'' were built by Krauss in 1903 with works numbers 4875 to 4878 and engine numbers 179 to 182 A and B.<ref name="Schmeiser">Schmeiser, Bernard (1977). ''Krauss-Lokomotiven''. Verlag Josef Otto Slezak, Wien. {{ISBN|3-900134-36-7}}.</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
As indicated by their name ''Zwillinge'' (twins), they were actually two separate locomotives which were designed to be semi-permanently coupled back-to-back at the cabs, allowing a single footplate crew to fire and control both engines. The pairs of locomotives shared a common manufacturer's works number and engine number, with the separate units being designated as A and B. The A locomotives had higher cabin roofs than the B locomotives so that the roofs could overlap while they were coupled, to provide better protection for the crew. They were designed so that they could also be used separately and each had a complete set of controls. When they were run in single mode, they were commonly referred to as ''Illinge''.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Henschel 5376">[http://www.heeresfeldbahn.de/Zwilling/Henschel5376/henschel_5376.htm Henschel 5376]</ref><ref name="klaus">[http://www.klausdierks.com/Eisenbahnen/ Eisenbahnen]</ref><ref name="Techdata"/>
As indicated by their name ''Zwillinge'' (twins), they were actually two separate locomotives which were designed to be semi-permanently coupled back-to-back at the cabs, allowing a single footplate crew to fire and control both engines. The pairs of locomotives shared a common manufacturer's works number and engine number, with the separate units being designated as A and B. The A locomotives had higher cabin roofs than the B locomotives so that the roofs could overlap while they were coupled to provide better protection for the crew. They were designed so that they could also be used separately and each had a complete set of controls. When they were run in single mode, they were commonly referred to as ''Illinge''.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="klaus">[http://www.klausdierks.com/Eisenbahnen/ Klaus Dierks. ''Namibias Schmalspureisenbahnen erschließen Afrikas letzte Wildnis – Namibias Schienenverkehr zwischen Aufbau und Rückgang''.]</ref><ref name="Techdata"/>


The principle of using two tank locomotives which are semi-perma&shy;nently coupled at their cab ends, was patented in 1855 by the English loco&shy;motive builders [[Robert Stephenson and Company]].<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1943">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Adoption of the 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge on the Cape Government Railways'' (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1943. pp. 592-594.</ref><ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=25-28}}</ref>
The principle of using two tank locomotives which are semi-perma&shy;nently coupled at their cab ends was patented in 1855 by the English loco&shy;motive builders [[Robert Stephenson and Company]].<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1943">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). ''The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II – The Adoption of the 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge on the Cape Government Railways'' (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1943. pp. 592–594.</ref><ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=25–28}}</ref>


The ''Zwillinge'' could negotiate curves of {{convert|66|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} radius and could haul loads of {{convert|32|lt|t|1|abbr=off}} up a 1 in 25 (4%) gradient. They had balloon-type spark arrestors in their chimneys and were coal-fired, the coal being imported from Germany. The steam regulator was arranged outside the high steam dome and, on some, two sandboxes were arranged on top of the boiler, fore and aft of the dome, while others had two small cylindrical sandboxes attached to the smokebox. They had flat "D" type slide valves which were actuated by [[Stephenson valve gear]], arranged outside the {{convert|5/8|in|mm|0|abbr=off}} thick plate frames.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>
The ''Zwillinge'' could negotiate curves of {{convert|66|ft|m|adj=mid|radius|0|abbr=off}} and could haul loads of {{convert|32|lt|t|1|abbr=off}} up a 1 in 25 (4%) gradient. They had balloon-type spark arresters in their chimneys and were coal-fired, the coal being imported from Germany. The steam regulator was arranged outside the high steam dome and, on some, two sandboxes were arranged on top of the boiler, fore and aft of the dome, while others had two small cylindrical sandboxes attached to the smokebox. They had flat [[Slide valve#Murdoch's D slide valve|Murdoch's D slide]] valves which were actuated by [[Stephenson valve gear]], arranged outside the {{convert|5/8|in|mm|adj=mid|thick|0|abbr=off}} plate frames.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>


By the outbreak of the [[First World War]], a total of 182 ''Zwillinge'' pairs had been produced for employment in several German territories. Production of new ''Zwillinge'' was terminated after the adoption of the larger 0-8-0 [[Trench_railways#German_equipment|Brigadelok]] as the new standard military locomotive in 1901.<ref name="Techdata">[http://www.heeresfeldbahn.de/Zwilling/Zwilling.htm The Heeresfeldbahn pages: Zwilling]</ref>
By the outbreak of the [[First World War]], a total of 182 ''Zwillinge'' pairs had been produced for employment in several German territories. Production of new ''Zwillinge'' was terminated a few years after the adoption of the larger {{whyte|0-8-0|T}} [[Trench railways#German equipment|''Brigadelok'']] as the new standard German military locomotive in 1901. At least twelve of these new ''Brigadeloks'' were also delivered to the ''Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn'' between 1901 and 1904, built by Krauss and numbered in the range from 101 to 112.<ref name="Schmeiser"/><ref name="Techdata">[http://www.heeresfeldbahn.de/Zwilling/Zwilling.htm The Heeresfeldbahn pages: Zwilling]</ref>


==Service==
==Service==
[[File:Zwillinge Namibia.jpg|thumb|''Zwillinge'' near Pforte in 1898]]
[[File:Zwillinge Namibia.jpg|thumb|''Zwillinge'' near Pforte in 1898]]
Shortly after the first ''Zwillinge'' locomotives were placed in service, it was found that the tank engine's fuel and water capacities were insufficient for the distances which had to be covered in the German colonies in Africa, especially in the harsh conditions presented by the Namib Desert which had to be crossed between Swakopmund and Windhoek. To solve this, a four-axle water tender was attached to the twin engines. It served the dual purpose of also providing seating for armed escorts. The bench atop the water tender as well as the water pipe between the locomotives and tender is visible in the picture alongside.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Henschel 5376"/><ref name="Techdata"/>
Shortly after the first ''Zwillinge'' locomotives were placed in service, it was found that the tank engine's fuel and water capacities were insufficient for the distances which had to be covered in the German colonies in Africa, especially in the harsh conditions presented by the [[Namib Desert]] which had to be crossed between Swakopmund and Windhoek. To solve this, a four-axle water tender was attached to the twin engines. It served the dual purpose of also providing seating for armed escorts. The bench atop the water tender as well as the water pipe between the locomotives and tender is visible in the picture alongside.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="Techdata"/>


When the German government began to regauge the line between Windhoek and Swakopmund, most of the ''Zwillinge'' were withdrawn from DSWA. Most of them were sold to Japan and a few were purchased by the Otavi Railway for use as construction engines.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>
When the German government began to regauge the line between Windhoek and Swakopmund, most of the ''Zwillinge'' were withdrawn from GSWA. Most of them were sold to Japan and a few were purchased by the Otavi Railway for use as construction engines.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>


[[File:SAR Unclassed Zwillinge no. 169B (0-6-0T).jpg|thumb|left|No. 169B arriving at Bellville Quarry]]
[[File:SAR Unclassed Zwillinge no. 169B (0-6-0T).jpg|thumb|left|No. 169B arriving at Bellville Quarry]]
In 1922, the South African Railways (SAR) took control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA), but the SWA locomotives were never reclassified or renumbered and retained their former German identities until they were withdrawn from service. ''Illinge'' numbers 154A and 169B were the only survivors of the ''Zwillinge'' fleet to be taken onto the SAR roster.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Middleton"/>
In 1922, the South African Railways (SAR) took control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA), but the SWA locomotives were never reclassified or renumbered and retained their former German identities until they were withdrawn from service. ''Illinge'' numbers 154A and 169B were the only known survivors of the ''Zwillinge'' fleet to be taken onto the SAR roster.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Middleton"/>


No. 154A was employed in Windhoek as a non-revenue departmental locomotive and was finally withdrawn from service in 1939, after logging a total mileage of about {{convert|371000|mi|km|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Middleton"/>
No. 154A was employed in Windhoek as a non-revenue departmental locomotive and was finally withdrawn from service in 1939, after logging a total mileage of about {{convert|371000|mi|km|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Middleton"/>


No. 169B, built in 1904 by Machinenbau Anstalt, was shipped to Cape Town after the First World War and placed in non-revenue service at the SAR's [[Bellville, Western Cape|Bellville]] quarry into the side of the [[Tygerberg]].<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>
No. 169B, built in 1904 by Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, was shipped to Cape Town after the First World War and placed in non-revenue service at the [[Bellville, South Africa|Bellville]] quarry into the side of the [[Tygerberg]].<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>


==Preservation==
==Preservation==
The sole surviving ''Illinge'' locomotive, no. 154A, is now plinthed under a shelter outside [[Windhoek Railway Station|Windhoek Station]]. This particular locomotive was half of a pair which was built by Henschel in 1900, works no. 5376. The engine arrived in SWA second-hand in 1904, being shown in the Henschel works lists as originally built new for the Deutsche Feldbahnen in 1900 as one half of seven locomotive pairs with engine numbers 148A&B to 154A&B and works numbers 5364 to 5377. It is not known where it was first placed in service.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="klaus"/><ref name="Techdata"/><ref name="Middleton">{{Middleton-SA Loco Guide|page=67}}</ref><ref name="Henschel">Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow</ref>
The sole surviving ''Zwillinge'' locomotive, no. 154A, is now plinthed under a shelter outside [[Windhoek Railway Station|Windhoek Station]]. This particular locomotive was half of a pair which was built by Henschel in 1900, works no. 5376. The engine arrived in GSWA second-hand in 1904, being shown in the Henschel works lists as originally built new for the Deutsche Feldbahnen in 1900 as one half of seven locomotive pairs with engine numbers 148A&B to 154A&B and works numbers 5364 to 5377. It is not known where it was first placed in service.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/><ref name="klaus"/><ref name="Techdata"/><ref name="Middleton">{{Middleton-SA Loco Guide|page=67}}</ref><ref name="Henschel">Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow</ref>


It was originally plinted at the Railway College at Esselen Park in Kaalfontein, near [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]] in Transvaal. During the late 1950s, it was returned to SWA and plinthed in its present location in front of the station building in Windhoek.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>
It was originally plinthed at the Railway College at Esselen Park in Kaalfontein, near [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]] in Transvaal. During the late 1950s, it was returned to SWA and plinthed in its present location in front of the station building in Windhoek.<ref name="SAR&H Aug 1947"/>


==Commemoration==
==Commemoration==
A postage stamp depicting the ''Zwillinge'' was one of a set of four SWA commemorative stamps which was issued on 2 August 1985, to commemorate the narrow gauge locomotives which pioneered railways in the territory. The stamp design was by the noted stamp designer and artist [[Koos van Ellinckhuijzen]].<ref name="Philbullet">Philatelic Bulletin 44, issued by Philatelic Services and INTERSAPA, 1985</ref><ref name="koos">[http://www.puk.ac.za/hess/Koos.htm De Jager, Okkie and Steenkamp, Riaan - The Art of J.J. (Koos) van Ellinckhuijzen]</ref>
A postage stamp depicting the ''Zwillinge'' was one of a set of four SWA commemorative stamps which was issued on 2 August 1985 to commemorate the narrow gauge locomotives which pioneered railways in the territory. The stamp design was by the noted stamp designer and artist [[Koos van Ellinckhuijzen]].<ref name="Philbullet">Philatelic Bulletin 44, issued by Philatelic Services and INTERSAPA, 1985</ref><ref name="koos">[http://www.puk.ac.za/hess/Koos.htm De Jager, Okkie and Steenkamp, Riaan – The Art of J.J. (Koos) van Ellinckhuijzen]</ref>


The particular locomotives depicted were the second DSWA pair, numbered 2A and 2B. The name of the station on the name board on the stamp, written in [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur script]], is Otjimukoka. In 1903, this station was renamed to Johann Albrechtshöhe in honour of [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]], and again changed later to the shortened Albrechts. A head-on outline of an ''Illinge'' was used by the SWA postal authorities as a commemorative cancellation for Swakopmund on the date of issue. The stamp, the postmark and another painting of the ''Zwillinge'' appeared on the first day cover which marked the release of the four stamps.<ref name="reliable puk.ac">[http://www.puk.ac.za/hess/Koos4.htm The Art of Koos van Ellinckhuijzen: Historical Namibian Railways, on North-West University ''South Africa'' website]</ref>
The particular locomotives depicted were the second GSWA pair, numbered 2A and 2B. The name of the station on the name board on the stamp, written in [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur script]], is Otjimukoka. In 1903, this station was renamed to Johann Albrechtshöhe in honour of [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]], and again changed later to the shortened Albrechts. A head-on outline of an ''Illinge'' was used by the SWA postal authorities as a commemorative cancellation for Swakopmund on the date of issue. The stamp, the postmark and another painting of the ''Zwillinge'' appeared on the first day cover which marked the release of the four stamps.<ref name="reliable puk.ac">[http://www.puk.ac.za/hess/Koos4.htm The Art of Koos van Ellinckhuijzen: Historical Namibian Railways, on North-West University ''South Africa'' website]</ref>


==Other locomotive types==
==Other locomotive types==
Other locomotive types also served on the ''Nordbahn'', but information about them is sketchy. In 1901, the first of another type of twin locomotives, known as ''Pugs'' by the enginemen and probably employed on shunting duties, were delivered from Machinenbau Anstalt of [[Breslau]], with boilers supplied by Krauss and Company.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued).'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1947. p. 859.</ref>
Other locomotive types also served on the ''Nordbahn'', but information about them is sketchy. Apart from the twelve ''Brigadeloks'', the first of another type of small twin locomotives known as ''Pugs'' by the enginemen and probably employed on shunting duties, were delivered in 1901 from Machinenbau Anstalt of [[Breslau]], with boilers supplied by Krauss and Company.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). ''The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII – South African Railways (Continued).'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1947. p. 859.</ref>


The ''Pug'' twins shared a water tank, which was arranged between their engine frames, and had chimneys with balloon-type spark arrestors. The wheel arrangement of the individual engines is not known, but the boiler pressure was set at {{convert|176|psi|kPa|0|abbr=off}}, the total heating surface of the boiler was {{convert|154|sqft|m2|abbr=off}}, the firegrate area was {{convert|3.65|sqft|m2|abbr=off}} and the tractive effort at 50% of boiler pressure was {{convert|2150|lbf|kN|abbr=off}}. The boiler pitch was {{convert|3|ft|7+5/16|in|mm|0|abbr=off}} and the engine weight in working order was {{convert|7|lt|0|lcwt|3|qtr|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=off}}.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947"/>
The ''Pug'' twins shared a water tank which was arranged between their engine frames and had chimneys with balloon-type spark arresters. The wheel arrangement of the individual engines is not known, but the boiler pressure was set at {{convert|176|psi|kPa|0|abbr=off}}, the total heating surface of the boiler was {{convert|154|sqft|m2|abbr=off}}, the firegrate area was {{convert|3.65|sqft|m2|abbr=off}} and the tractive effort at 50% of boiler pressure was {{convert|2150|lbf|kN|abbr=off}}. The boiler pitch was {{convert|3|ft|7+5/16|in|mm|0|abbr=off}} and the engine weight in working order was {{convert|7|lt|0|lcwt|3|qtr|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=off}}.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947"/>


A second pair of such twins was delivered by Machinenbau Anstalt, also in 1901, but with larger boilers and without the balloon type spark arrestors.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947"/>
A second pair of such twins was delivered by Machinenbau Anstalt, also in 1901, but with larger boilers and without the balloon type spark arresters.<ref name="SAR&H Oct 1947"/>


==Illustration==
==Illustration==
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==References==
==References==
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{{Commons category|South African Zwillinge (0-6-0T)|South West African Zwillinge|position=left}}
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{{Reflist}}
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{{Commons category|South African Zwillinge (0-6-0T)}}
{{Locomotives of South West Africa}}
{{Locomotives of South West Africa}}
{{Locomotives of South Africa}}
{{Locomotives of South Africa}}


[[Category:SWA locomotives]]
[[Category:SWA locomotives|0960]]
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[[Category:0-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:C locomotives]]
[[Category:0-6-0T locomotives]]
[[Category:Arnold Jung locomotives]]
[[Category:Arnold Jung locomotives]]
[[Category:Breslau locomotives]]
[[Category:Breslau locomotives]]
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[[Category:Henschel locomotives]]
[[Category:Henschel locomotives]]
[[Category:Krauss locomotives]]
[[Category:Krauss locomotives]]
[[Category:Schwartzkopff locomotives]]
[[Category:Berliner locomotives]]
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[[Category:0-6-0T locomotives]]
[[Category:600 mm gauge railway locomotives]]
[[Category:600 mm gauge railway locomotives]]
[[Category:Military locomotives of Germany]]
[[Category:Military locomotives of Germany]]

Latest revision as of 06:47, 19 April 2024

GSWA Zwillinge 0-6-0T
South West African Zwillinge 0-6-0T
Krauss picture of Zwillinge no. 73 B & A, c. 1899
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
BuilderKrauss & Company
Henschel and Son
L. Schwartzkopff
Egestorf
Maschinenbau Anstalt Humboldt
Arnold Jung
ModelZwillinge
Build date1899–1905
Total produced182 pairs
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte0-6-0T
 • UICCn2t
Driver3rd coupled axle
Gauge600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow
Coupled dia.580 mm (22.8 in)
Wheelbase1,300 mm (4 ft 3.2 in) ​
 • Coupled1,300 mm (4 ft 3.2 in)
Length:
​
 • Over couplers8,200 mm (26 ft 10.8 in) pair
 • Over beams3,510 mm (11 ft 6.2 in) unit
7,200 mm (23 ft 7.5 in) pair
Width1,600 mm (5 ft 3.0 in)
Height2,700 mm (8 ft 10.3 in)
Frame typePlate
Adhesive weight16,500 lb (7,500 kg)
Loco weight8,500 kg (18,700 lb)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity250 kg (550 lb)
Water cap.830 L (180 imp gal)
Firebox:​
 • TypeRound-top
 • Grate area0.3 m2 (3.2 sq ft)
Boiler pressure220 psi (1,517 kPa)
Heating surface:​
 • Tubes14.29 m2 (153.8 sq ft)
CylindersTwo
Cylinder size180 mm (7.1 in) bore
240 mm (9.4 in) stroke
Valve gearStephenson
Valve typeMurdoch's D slide
CouplersBuffers-and-chain
Performance figures
Maximum speed20 km/h (12 mph)
Power output60 hp (45 kW)
Tractive effort12.2 kN (2,700 lbf) @ 60%
Career
OperatorsSwakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn
South African Railways
Number in class50+ pairs
NicknamesZwillinge or Illinge
Delivered1898–1905
First run1898
1. Data for single engine unless indicated otherwise.
2. The total production of 182 pairs includes those built for use in other parts of the world.

The South West African Zwillinge 0-6-0T of 1898 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

Between 1898 and 1905, more than fifty pairs of Zwillinge twin 0-6-0T steam locomotives were delivered to the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn (Swakopmund-Windhoek State Railway) in German South West Africa. By 1922, only two of these locomotives remained to be taken onto the roster of the South African Railways.[1][2]

Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn

[edit]

The first troops of the German Feldbahn-Baukommando (field railway construction commando) arrived in Swakopmund in German South West Africa (GSWA) on 11 September 1897. They were tasked to build a narrow gauge railway across the Namib Desert from Swakopmund to Windhoek, via Jakkalswater and Karibib. The 382-kilometre long (237-mile) Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn, later named the Northern State Railway or Nordbahn, was officially opened to traffic nearly five years later, on 1 July 1902.[2][3]

The railway was initially intended for temporary military purposes only, to be worked by means of animal power such as Argentine mules or Cape donkeys, but steam traction was soon adopted. The track was laid on steel sleepers with 19 pounds per yard (9 kilograms per metre) rail and had very severe curves and gradients. Climbing out of the Khan River gorge, the gradient was 1 in 19 (5¼%) with curves of 180-foot radius (55-metre).[2]

In 1905, a 14-kilometre long (9-mile) branch line was constructed from Karibib on the Nordbahn to Onguati near Usakos, where it connected with the new Otavi line from Swakopmund to Tsumeb. This created an alternative line from Windhoek to the Atlantic Ocean at times when the section through the Khan River gorge suffered from the occasional flooding. The Nordbahn section between Swakopmund and Karibib was later abandoned and, between 1911 and 1913, the 119-mile long (192-kilometre) section between Karibib and Windhoek was regauged to Cape gauge.[2][4]

Manufacturers

[edit]

Zwillinge locomotives, the first engines to enter service on the Nordbahn, were a class of small 600 millimetres (23.6 inches) narrow gauge paired 0-6-0T steam locomotives. They were built in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for military railways in Germany and the German Empire. The first large consignment of Zwillinge locomotives arrived in Swakopmund between 1898 and 1899. Eventually, by 1905, more than fifty new or used pairs had been delivered to the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn.[1][2]

They were built by six manufacturers, Krauss and Company, Henschel and Son, L. Schwartzkopff, Egestorf, Machinenbau Anstalt and Arnold Jung. These so-called Feldbahn locomotives, built for the military, were also used in other German colonies and several came to GSWA second-hand.[1]

The final batch of four pairs of Zwillinge for the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn were built by Krauss in 1903 with works numbers 4875 to 4878 and engine numbers 179 to 182 A and B.[5]

Characteristics

[edit]

As indicated by their name Zwillinge (twins), they were actually two separate locomotives which were designed to be semi-permanently coupled back-to-back at the cabs, allowing a single footplate crew to fire and control both engines. The pairs of locomotives shared a common manufacturer's works number and engine number, with the separate units being designated as A and B. The A locomotives had higher cabin roofs than the B locomotives so that the roofs could overlap while they were coupled to provide better protection for the crew. They were designed so that they could also be used separately and each had a complete set of controls. When they were run in single mode, they were commonly referred to as Illinge.[2][6][7]

The principle of using two tank locomotives which are semi-perma­nently coupled at their cab ends was patented in 1855 by the English loco­motive builders Robert Stephenson and Company.[8][9]

The Zwillinge could negotiate curves of 66-foot radius (20-metre) and could haul loads of 32 long tons (32.5 tonnes) up a 1 in 25 (4%) gradient. They had balloon-type spark arresters in their chimneys and were coal-fired, the coal being imported from Germany. The steam regulator was arranged outside the high steam dome and, on some, two sandboxes were arranged on top of the boiler, fore and aft of the dome, while others had two small cylindrical sandboxes attached to the smokebox. They had flat Murdoch's D slide valves which were actuated by Stephenson valve gear, arranged outside the 5⁄8-inch thick (16-millimetre) plate frames.[2]

By the outbreak of the First World War, a total of 182 Zwillinge pairs had been produced for employment in several German territories. Production of new Zwillinge was terminated a few years after the adoption of the larger 0-8-0T Brigadelok as the new standard German military locomotive in 1901. At least twelve of these new Brigadeloks were also delivered to the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn between 1901 and 1904, built by Krauss and numbered in the range from 101 to 112.[5][7]

Service

[edit]
Zwillinge near Pforte in 1898

Shortly after the first Zwillinge locomotives were placed in service, it was found that the tank engine's fuel and water capacities were insufficient for the distances which had to be covered in the German colonies in Africa, especially in the harsh conditions presented by the Namib Desert which had to be crossed between Swakopmund and Windhoek. To solve this, a four-axle water tender was attached to the twin engines. It served the dual purpose of also providing seating for armed escorts. The bench atop the water tender as well as the water pipe between the locomotives and tender is visible in the picture alongside.[2][7]

When the German government began to regauge the line between Windhoek and Swakopmund, most of the Zwillinge were withdrawn from GSWA. Most of them were sold to Japan and a few were purchased by the Otavi Railway for use as construction engines.[2]

No. 169B arriving at Bellville Quarry

In 1922, the South African Railways (SAR) took control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA), but the SWA locomotives were never reclassified or renumbered and retained their former German identities until they were withdrawn from service. Illinge numbers 154A and 169B were the only known survivors of the Zwillinge fleet to be taken onto the SAR roster.[1][10]

No. 154A was employed in Windhoek as a non-revenue departmental locomotive and was finally withdrawn from service in 1939, after logging a total mileage of about 371,000 miles (597,000 kilometres).[10]

No. 169B, built in 1904 by Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, was shipped to Cape Town after the First World War and placed in non-revenue service at the Bellville quarry into the side of the Tygerberg.[1]

Preservation

[edit]

The sole surviving Zwillinge locomotive, no. 154A, is now plinthed under a shelter outside Windhoek Station. This particular locomotive was half of a pair which was built by Henschel in 1900, works no. 5376. The engine arrived in GSWA second-hand in 1904, being shown in the Henschel works lists as originally built new for the Deutsche Feldbahnen in 1900 as one half of seven locomotive pairs with engine numbers 148A&B to 154A&B and works numbers 5364 to 5377. It is not known where it was first placed in service.[2][6][7][10][11]

It was originally plinthed at the Railway College at Esselen Park in Kaalfontein, near Kempton Park in Transvaal. During the late 1950s, it was returned to SWA and plinthed in its present location in front of the station building in Windhoek.[2]

Commemoration

[edit]

A postage stamp depicting the Zwillinge was one of a set of four SWA commemorative stamps which was issued on 2 August 1985 to commemorate the narrow gauge locomotives which pioneered railways in the territory. The stamp design was by the noted stamp designer and artist Koos van Ellinckhuijzen.[3][12]

The particular locomotives depicted were the second GSWA pair, numbered 2A and 2B. The name of the station on the name board on the stamp, written in Fraktur script, is Otjimukoka. In 1903, this station was renamed to Johann Albrechtshöhe in honour of Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, and again changed later to the shortened Albrechts. A head-on outline of an Illinge was used by the SWA postal authorities as a commemorative cancellation for Swakopmund on the date of issue. The stamp, the postmark and another painting of the Zwillinge appeared on the first day cover which marked the release of the four stamps.[13]

Other locomotive types

[edit]

Other locomotive types also served on the Nordbahn, but information about them is sketchy. Apart from the twelve Brigadeloks, the first of another type of small twin locomotives known as Pugs by the enginemen and probably employed on shunting duties, were delivered in 1901 from Machinenbau Anstalt of Breslau, with boilers supplied by Krauss and Company.[14]

The Pug twins shared a water tank which was arranged between their engine frames and had chimneys with balloon-type spark arresters. The wheel arrangement of the individual engines is not known, but the boiler pressure was set at 176 pounds per square inch (1,213 kilopascals), the total heating surface of the boiler was 154 square feet (14.3 square metres), the firegrate area was 3.65 square feet (0.339 square metres) and the tractive effort at 50% of boiler pressure was 2,150 pounds-force (9.6 kilonewtons). The boiler pitch was 3 feet 7+5⁄16 inches (1,100 millimetres) and the engine weight in working order was 7 long tons 0 hundredweight 3 quarters (7,150 kilograms).[14]

A second pair of such twins was delivered by Machinenbau Anstalt, also in 1901, but with larger boilers and without the balloon type spark arresters.[14]

Illustration

[edit]
  • Zwillinge 0-6-0T no. 167 B & A, c. 1920
    Zwillinge 0-6-0T no. 167 B & A, c. 1920
  • No. 154A plinthed at Windhoek Station, 2006
    No. 154A plinthed at Windhoek Station, 2006
  • Plaque on no. 154A, 2013
    Plaque on no. 154A, 2013
  • Rear end of no. 154A, 2013
    Rear end of no. 154A, 2013

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South West African Zwillinge.
  1. ^ a b c d e Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 117, 121. ISBN 0869772112.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII – South African Railways (Continued). South West Africa. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1947. pp. 667–668.
  3. ^ a b Philatelic Bulletin 44, issued by Philatelic Services and INTERSAPA, 1985
  4. ^ Dulez, Jean A. (2012). Railways of Southern Africa 150 Years (Commemorating One Hundred and Fifty Years of Railways on the Sub-Continent – Complete Motive Power Classifications and Famous Trains – 1860–2011) (1st ed.). Garden View, Johannesburg, South Africa: Vidrail Productions. pp. 379–382. ISBN 9 780620 512282.
  5. ^ a b Schmeiser, Bernard (1977). Krauss-Lokomotiven. Verlag Josef Otto Slezak, Wien. ISBN 3-900134-36-7.
  6. ^ a b Klaus Dierks. Namibias Schmalspureisenbahnen erschließen Afrikas letzte Wildnis – Namibias Schienenverkehr zwischen Aufbau und Rückgang.
  7. ^ a b c d The Heeresfeldbahn pages: Zwilling
  8. ^ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II – The Adoption of the 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge on the Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1943. pp. 592–594.
  9. ^ Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
  10. ^ a b c Middleton, John N. (2002). Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009) (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications. p. 67.
  11. ^ Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
  12. ^ De Jager, Okkie and Steenkamp, Riaan – The Art of J.J. (Koos) van Ellinckhuijzen
  13. ^ The Art of Koos van Ellinckhuijzen: Historical Namibian Railways, on North-West University South Africa website
  14. ^ a b c Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII – South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1947. p. 859.
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