Space Development Agency: Difference between revisions
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*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518125734/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ |date=18 May 2023 }} In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs. ''This is part of the '''Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)''' capability.''</ref><ref name= ausa2019wc >AUSA Warriors Corner (10.16.2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|title=2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities|website=DVIDS|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022185406/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= titanRaytheonPalantir >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628170839/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ |date=28 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name= attackOnSats >''Wall Street Journal'' [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 (27 Oct 2022) Russia Warns of Possible Attacks on Satellites Used to Help Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027132742/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 |date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= attackOnSatsDw >Detsche Welle [https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-updates-russia-threatens-wests-satellites/a-63570741 (27 Oct 2022) Ukraine updates: Russia threatens West's satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027141420/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-updates-russia-threatens-wests-satellites/a-63570741 |date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= victusHaze >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/24-hours-to-launch-space-force-diu-kick-off-new-tactically-responsive-space-mission/ (25 Oct 2022) 24 hours to launch: Space Force, DIU kick off new 'Tactically Responsive Space' mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152142/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/24-hours-to-launch-space-force-diu-kick-off-new-tactically-responsive-space-mission/ |date=27 August 2023 }} Space Systems Command Victus Nox → Victus Haze satellite, an in-orbit inspector of LEO satellites.</ref> <!--ua spaceFence -->}} <ref name= plainLang >Washington Headquarters Service (WHS) [https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/plainlanguage/ (2010) Plain Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628083920/https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/plainlanguage/ |date=2022-06-28 }} Official DoD Plain Language Website — DoD Instruction 5025.13, "DoD Plain Language Program".</ref><ref name= CoNotAl >Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, AP [https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf (31 Jul 2023) Biden decides to keep Space Command in Colorado, rejecting move to Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731222822/https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf |date=31 July 2023 }} |
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518125734/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ |date=18 May 2023 }} In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs. ''This is part of the '''Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)''' capability.''</ref><ref name= ausa2019wc >AUSA Warriors Corner (10.16.2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|title=2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities|website=DVIDS|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022185406/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= titanRaytheonPalantir >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628170839/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ |date=28 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name= attackOnSats >''Wall Street Journal'' [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 (27 Oct 2022) Russia Warns of Possible Attacks on Satellites Used to Help Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027132742/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 |date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= attackOnSatsDw >Detsche Welle [https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-updates-russia-threatens-wests-satellites/a-63570741 (27 Oct 2022) Ukraine updates: Russia threatens West's satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027141420/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-updates-russia-threatens-wests-satellites/a-63570741 |date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= victusHaze >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/24-hours-to-launch-space-force-diu-kick-off-new-tactically-responsive-space-mission/ (25 Oct 2022) 24 hours to launch: Space Force, DIU kick off new 'Tactically Responsive Space' mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152142/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/24-hours-to-launch-space-force-diu-kick-off-new-tactically-responsive-space-mission/ |date=27 August 2023 }} Space Systems Command Victus Nox → Victus Haze satellite, an in-orbit inspector of LEO satellites.</ref> <!--ua spaceFence -->}} <ref name= plainLang >Washington Headquarters Service (WHS) [https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/plainlanguage/ (2010) Plain Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628083920/https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/plainlanguage/ |date=2022-06-28 }} Official DoD Plain Language Website — DoD Instruction 5025.13, "DoD Plain Language Program".</ref><ref name= CoNotAl >Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, AP [https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf (31 Jul 2023) Biden decides to keep Space Command in Colorado, rejecting move to Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731222822/https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf |date=31 July 2023 }} |
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*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-command-hq-staying-in-colorado-as-biden-reverses-trump-decision/ (31 Jul 2023) Space Command HQ staying in Colorado, as Biden reverses Trump decision ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801080608/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-command-hq-staying-in-colorado-as-biden-reverses-trump-decision/ |date=1 August 2023 }} |
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-command-hq-staying-in-colorado-as-biden-reverses-trump-decision/ (31 Jul 2023) Space Command HQ staying in Colorado, as Biden reverses Trump decision ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801080608/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-command-hq-staying-in-colorado-as-biden-reverses-trump-decision/ |date=1 August 2023 }} |
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*Sen. Jeanne Shaheen noted that [[Missile Defense Agency]] lost 80% of its workforce in the move to Alabama in 2005.—Marcus Weisgerber and Bradley Peniston [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2023/07/biden-reverse-trump-decision-move-space-command-alabama/388995/ (31 Jul 2023) Biden to reverse Trump decision to move Space Command to Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801202102/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2023/07/biden-reverse-trump-decision-move-space-command-alabama/388995/ |date=1 August 2023 }}</ref>{{efn-ua|name=acqGuidance2|1= The Department of the Air Force (DAF) has 3 Space acquisition organizations, of which SDA is but one.<ref name= 2ofTheAcqOrgsinSpaceForce >AirAndSpaceForces.com [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/watch-read-accelerating-space-acquisition/ (11 Oct 2022) Watch, Read: 'Accelerating Space Acquisition'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011200036/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/watch-read-accelerating-space-acquisition/ |date=11 October 2022 }} Video (pre-SDA in Space Force): SpRCO, SSC talking with Calvelli (SAF/SQ) video: Calvelli; Hammett; Whitney; Purdy</ref><ref name= 3AcqOrgsInSpaceForce >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ (22 Sep 2022) Space Development Agency chief clears up 'confusion' about where his agency is going] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923150812/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ |date=23 September 2022 }} "SDA Director Derek Tournear said his shop will remain its own when it formally joins the Space Force in coming weeks, giving the service another acquisition outlet." SDA and Space RCO remain direct reporting units to [[Frank Calvelli]]; SSC remains a major command of the Space Force.</ref><ref name=hafmdSafsq >SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE [https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf (30 Sep 2022) HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE MISSION DIRECTIVE 1-17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007022347/https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf |date=7 October 2022 }} Special Management ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE (SPACE ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION) (SAF/SQ) 20 pages</ref><ref name= aboutUsSDA >[https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106034633/https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ |date=2022-11-06 }} About Us</ref><ref name= spaceRco22 >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/space/2022/09/21/is-space-force-moving-fast-enough-for-its-rapid-capabilities-office/ (21 Sep 2022) Is Space Force moving fast enough for its Rapid Capabilities Office?] Space RCO is DRU of "SpOC" ?</ref><ref name=spRcoHammett >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/new-space-force-team-to-streamline-onboarding-new-tech-for-operational-use/ (5 Oct 2022) New Space Force team to streamline 'onboarding' new tech for operational use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005155557/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/new-space-force-team-to-streamline-onboarding-new-tech-for-operational-use/ |date=5 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= spaceScorecard >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/exclusive-with-new-scorecard-space-forces-acquisition-chief-talks-changing-culture/ (1 Nov 2022) With new 'scorecard', Space Force’s acquisition chief talks changing culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102023832/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/exclusive-with-new-scorecard-space-forces-acquisition-chief-talks-changing-culture/ |date=2 November 2022 }} "I'm really messaging three things to industry — that I really want them to give me credible proposals, and I really want them to execute, and I'm not going to tolerate poor performance" —Frank Calvelli</ref><ref name= calvelli9tenets >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/11/01/space-forces-calvelli-issues-acquisition-guideposts/ (1 Nov 2022) Space Force's Calvelli issues acquisition 'guideposts'] "nine acquisition tenets"</ref><ref name= flounderingContractors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-acquisition-czar-wraps-program-scorecard-puts-floundering-contractors-on-notice/ (25 Apr 2023) Space Force acquisition czar wraps program 'scorecard', puts floundering contractors on notice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426164418/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-acquisition-czar-wraps-program-scorecard-puts-floundering-contractors-on-notice/ |date=26 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name= smallerSats >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/11/its-official-space-force-sets-sights-smaller-satellites/379204/ (1 Nov 2022) It’s Official: Space Force Sets Sights on Smaller Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102034230/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/11/its-official-space-force-sets-sights-smaller-satellites/379204/ |date=2 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name= cropsey >Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs [https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ (19 Sep 2022) Air Force taps Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey to head new integrated C3 battle management program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323220450/https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ |date=23 March 2023 }} Command, Control, Communications and Battle Management (C3BM). USAF general Cropsey will have the authorities required to ensure integration of all C3BM related programs throughout the DAF, as a core contribution to the Department of Defense's broader Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) effort. [Integrating] PEO will also have responsibility for the Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS).</ref><ref name= networkCentricZeroTrust >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717000312/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ |date=17 July 2023 }} Cropsey on C3BM</ref><ref name= c2bc >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2023/09/12/us-air-force-prioritizing-cloud-based-command-and-control/ (12 Sep 2023) US Air Force prioritizing cloud-based command and control] C2BC, part of CJADC2</ref><ref name=cropsey4Principles >Greg Hadley [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-c3bm-czar-four-simple-principles/ (1 Aug 2023) Cropsey Wants to Keep Things Simple: 'Complexity Is Going to Kill Us'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803031224/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-c3bm-czar-four-simple-principles/ |date=3 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name= overviewSCN >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/space-force-ground-control-operators-press-for-absolutely-critical-network-upgrades/ (17 May 2023) Space Force ground control operators press for 'absolutely critical' network upgrades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518125221/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/space-force-ground-control-operators-press-for-absolutely-critical-network-upgrades/ |date=18 May 2023 }} Overview of [[Satellite Control Network]]</ref><ref name=scnPhasedArray >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/modern-antenna-for-aging-satellite-control-network-passes-first-test/ (25 Sep 2023) Modern antenna for aging Satellite Control Network passes first test] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927142751/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/modern-antenna-for-aging-satellite-control-network-passes-first-test/ |date=27 September 2023 }} SpRCO Phased Array progress</ref><ref name= threatWarningSensors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/space-forces-new-classified-threat-warning-sensors-now-delivering-intel-on-foreign-capabilities/ (14 Dec 2023) Space Force's new, classified 'threat warning' sensors now delivering intel on 'foreign capabilities'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215141206/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/space-forces-new-classified-threat-warning-sensors-now-delivering-intel-on-foreign-capabilities/ |date=15 December 2023 }} SpRCO replacement for Satellite Control Network</ref><ref name= parsonsGroundStations >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-force-selects-parsons-to-develop-ground-system-for-missile-warning-satellites/ (17 May 2023) Space Force selects Parsons to develop ground system for missile-warning satellites] Ground stations For 6 'missile warning, missile tracking, missile track custody' (MTC) satellites in MEO by 2026 --Space Systems Command</ref><ref name= spaceBasedIsr >Greg Hadley [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/isr-aircraft-retire-air-force-intelligence-officer-space/ (17 May 2023) USAF Looks to Fill Intelligence Gaps from Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135241/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/isr-aircraft-retire-air-force-intelligence-officer-space/ |date=19 May 2023 }} spaceBasedIsr: ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)</ref><ref name= delta7spaceBasedIsr >Thomas Gnau [https://www.military.com/topics/intelligence-surveillance-and-reconnaissance-isr (18 May 2023) New Mission for Wright-Patterson: Air Force Says Base to Get New ISR Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135241/https://www.military.com/topics/intelligence-surveillance-and-reconnaissance-isr |date=19 May 2023 }} 76th ISR squadron in Space Delta 7, Wright Patterson AFB. 90 people</ref><ref name= dafBattleNetwork >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/in-new-jadc2-overhaul-air-force-pushes-all-encompassing-daf-battle-network/ (23 Mar 2023) In new JADC2 overhaul, Air Force pushes all-encompassing 'DAF Battle Network'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323220457/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/in-new-jadc2-overhaul-air-force-pushes-all-encompassing-daf-battle-network/ |date=23 March 2023 }} Cropsey to work with ASAFs Hunter and Calvelli, and their leads Jeffrey Valenzia and John Olson (USAF, USSF)</ref><ref name= abmsVendors >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/decision-superiority-air-force-picks-5-companies-to-develop-abms-digital-infrastructure/ (19 Sep 2022) 'Decision superiority': Air Force picks 5 companies to develop ABMS digital infrastructure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135644/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/decision-superiority-air-force-picks-5-companies-to-develop-abms-digital-infrastructure/ |date=26 September 2022 }} [[Frank Calvelli|Calvelli]] gets another report, for Advanced Battle Management System (Air Force and Space Force implementation of [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control|JADC2]]). Air Force's Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) leads the ABMS Digital Infrastructure Consortium for "secure processing, resilient communications, data management and open-architecture".</ref><ref name= spAcqOfcResiliency >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-acquisition-office-weighs-mission-priorities-in-case-satellites-go-down/ (18 Jan 2023) Space acquisition office weighs mission priorities in case satellites go down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119072811/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-acquisition-office-weighs-mission-priorities-in-case-satellites-go-down/ |date=19 January 2023 }} "a new program office dedicated solely to 'resiliency' "</ref><ref name= usafJadc2Contractors >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/09/23/siemens-29-others-added-to-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-contract/ (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract]</ref><ref name= b21Jadc2Ngad >Tobias Naegele [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-vice-chief-b-21-very-unique-things-not-just-dropping-bombs/ (16 Dec 2022) Air Force Vice Chief: B-21 Not Just a Bomber, Will Mesh with JADC2, NGAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216223707/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-vice-chief-b-21-very-unique-things-not-just-dropping-bombs/ |date=16 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name=tRyanGamti >Tim Ryan [[Mitchell Institute]] [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213212251/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ |date=13 February 2023 }} [[Ground Moving Target Identification]] (GMTI) and [[Air Moving Target Identification]] (AMTI)</ref><ref name= tournearOnJadc2 >Amanda Miller [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/refining-the-jadc2-concept/ (3 Nov 2022) Refining the JADC2 Concept] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130051322/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/refining-the-jadc2-concept/ |date=30 November 2022 }} "Agreeing to share data is easy. Actually doing it is hard". —Derek M.Tournear, SDA: °First) beyond-line-of-sight targeting. "Think mobile missile launchers—think ships. Detect them. Track them. Calculate a fire control solution and send it down directly to the war fighter so they can use that in their solution"; °Second) enable that same thing 'for advanced missiles in flight'. That is, to detect and track a hypersonic glide vehicle in flight, then "calculate a fire control solution [and] send it down to an interceptor to take out that threat immediately".</ref><ref name= needForHbtss >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ (11 May 2023) Congressional concern re-emerges on fate of MDA’s hypersonic missile tracking sensors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512133609/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ |date=12 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name= fooFighterSensors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ (14 Jul 2023) There goes my missile: SDA eyes new FOO Fighter missile defense 'fire control' sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717004514/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ |date=17 July 2023 }} " 'Fire-Control On Orbit-Support-To-The-War Fighter (FOO Fighter or F2)' program" SDA 'plans to purchase and deploy' eight F2 space vehicles carrying electro-optical/infrared sensors</ref><ref name= groundStations19 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/sda-racing-ahead-with-new-us-based-satellite-ground-stations-could-meet-hiccup-abroad/ (18 Jul 2023) SDA racing ahead with new, US-based satellite ground stations, could meet hiccup abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719085102/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/sda-racing-ahead-with-new-us-based-satellite-ground-stations-could-meet-hiccup-abroad/ |date=19 July 2023 }} 19 ground stations April or May 2024, for the 166 satellites of Tranche 1</ref><ref name= spaceAcquisitionIntegrationKirtland >Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/07/07/us-space-force-rapid-capabilities-office-to-deliver-first-project-this-year/ (7 Jul 2022) US Space Force rapid capabilities office to deliver first project this year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927224221/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/07/07/us-space-force-rapid-capabilities-office-to-deliver-first-project-this-year/ |date=27 September 2022 }} Kelly Hammett directs Space RCO. Space RCO is colocated with Space Systems Command’s Innovation and Prototyping Delta, and Air Force Research Laboratory’s Space Vehicles Directorate</ref><ref name= spaceAcquisitionCouncil >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/new-space-force-acquisition-exec-eschews-more-reorganization/ (29 Jun 2022) New Space Force acquisition exec eschews more reorganization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629184811/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/new-space-force-acquisition-exec-eschews-more-reorganization/ |date=29 June 2022 }} [[Frank Calvelli]]</ref> <!--ua acqGuidance2 -->}}<ref name= yam >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/loft-orbitals-rideshare-sats-take-an-uber-to-space/ (28 Jun 2021) Loft Orbital’s ‘Rideshare’ Sats: Take An Uber To Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629012657/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/loft-orbitals-rideshare-sats-take-an-uber-to-space/ |date=29 June 2021 }} Yam-2, Yam-3</ref><ref name= meoMissileTrackingTCD >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/smc-eyes-meo-sats-for-missile-tracking/ (1 Jul 2021) SMC Eyes MEO Sats For Missile Tracking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702144127/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/smc-eyes-meo-sats-for-missile-tracking/ |date=2 July 2021 }} Raytheon & Boeing Millennium Systems are designing digital prototypes which are in Critical design review (CDR) by Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) for launch to MEO in late 2022. Missile Track Custody Prototype (TCD)</ref><ref name= lm400 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/raytheon-selects-lockheed-martin-bus-for-u-s-space-force-missile-tracking-satellite/ (4 Jan 2023) Raytheon selects Lockheed Martin bus for U.S. Space Force missile-tracking satellite] "Raytheon's infrared sensing payload will be integrated on a Lockheed Martin LM400" 2026 launch</ref><ref name= 3epochSpiral >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/10/space-force-plans-next-meo-missile-tracking-satellite-awards-by-early-2025/ (20 Oct 2023) Space Force plans next MEO missile tracking satellite awards by early 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021070225/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/10/space-force-plans-next-meo-missile-tracking-satellite-awards-by-early-2025/ |date=21 October 2023 }} spiral development of "MEO missile warning/tracking" in 3 epochs</ref><ref name= mwMtEpochs >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-force-to-begin-procurement-of-missile-tracking-satellites-for-medium-earth-orbit-constellation/ (30 Oct 2023) Space Force to begin procurement of missile-tracking satellites for medium Earth orbit constellation] MEO</ref><ref name= meoIcbmHypersonics >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-forces-first-six-missile-defense-satellites-in-medium-orbit-to-cost-about-500-million/ (18 Dec 2023) Space Force’s first six missile-defense satellites in medium orbit to cost about $500 million] counter ICBMs, hypersonic missile from MEO </ref><ref name= oislCapabilities >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ (1 Jul 2021) The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here’s what they’ll do.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702174010/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ |date=2 July 2021 }} Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET). Yam-3 for data fusion. Pitboss for Autonomous mission management.</ref><ref name= seakr >Nathan Strout [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/11/29/raytheon-acquires-seakr-engineering/ (29 Nov 2021) Raytheon acquires SEAKR Engineering]</ref><ref name= rocketdyneAcquired >Marjorie Censer |
*Sen. Jeanne Shaheen noted that [[Missile Defense Agency]] lost 80% of its workforce in the move to Alabama in 2005.—Marcus Weisgerber and Bradley Peniston [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2023/07/biden-reverse-trump-decision-move-space-command-alabama/388995/ (31 Jul 2023) Biden to reverse Trump decision to move Space Command to Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801202102/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2023/07/biden-reverse-trump-decision-move-space-command-alabama/388995/ |date=1 August 2023 }}</ref>{{efn-ua|name=acqGuidance2|1= The Department of the Air Force (DAF) has 3 Space acquisition organizations, of which SDA is but one.<ref name= 2ofTheAcqOrgsinSpaceForce >AirAndSpaceForces.com [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/watch-read-accelerating-space-acquisition/ (11 Oct 2022) Watch, Read: 'Accelerating Space Acquisition'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011200036/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/watch-read-accelerating-space-acquisition/ |date=11 October 2022 }} Video (pre-SDA in Space Force): SpRCO, SSC talking with Calvelli (SAF/SQ) video: Calvelli; Hammett; Whitney; Purdy</ref><ref name= 3AcqOrgsInSpaceForce >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ (22 Sep 2022) Space Development Agency chief clears up 'confusion' about where his agency is going] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923150812/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ |date=23 September 2022 }} "SDA Director Derek Tournear said his shop will remain its own when it formally joins the Space Force in coming weeks, giving the service another acquisition outlet." SDA and Space RCO remain direct reporting units to [[Frank Calvelli]]; SSC remains a major command of the Space Force.</ref><ref name=hafmdSafsq >SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE [https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf (30 Sep 2022) HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE MISSION DIRECTIVE 1-17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007022347/https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf |date=7 October 2022 }} Special Management ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE (SPACE ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION) (SAF/SQ) 20 pages</ref><ref name= aboutUsSDA >[https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106034633/https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ |date=2022-11-06 }} About Us</ref><ref name= spaceRco22 >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/space/2022/09/21/is-space-force-moving-fast-enough-for-its-rapid-capabilities-office/ (21 Sep 2022) Is Space Force moving fast enough for its Rapid Capabilities Office?] Space RCO is DRU of "SpOC" ?</ref><ref name=spRcoHammett >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/new-space-force-team-to-streamline-onboarding-new-tech-for-operational-use/ (5 Oct 2022) New Space Force team to streamline 'onboarding' new tech for operational use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005155557/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/new-space-force-team-to-streamline-onboarding-new-tech-for-operational-use/ |date=5 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name= spaceScorecard >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/exclusive-with-new-scorecard-space-forces-acquisition-chief-talks-changing-culture/ (1 Nov 2022) With new 'scorecard', Space Force’s acquisition chief talks changing culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102023832/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/exclusive-with-new-scorecard-space-forces-acquisition-chief-talks-changing-culture/ |date=2 November 2022 }} "I'm really messaging three things to industry — that I really want them to give me credible proposals, and I really want them to execute, and I'm not going to tolerate poor performance" —Frank Calvelli</ref><ref name= calvelli9tenets >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/11/01/space-forces-calvelli-issues-acquisition-guideposts/ (1 Nov 2022) Space Force's Calvelli issues acquisition 'guideposts'] "nine acquisition tenets"</ref><ref name= flounderingContractors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-acquisition-czar-wraps-program-scorecard-puts-floundering-contractors-on-notice/ (25 Apr 2023) Space Force acquisition czar wraps program 'scorecard', puts floundering contractors on notice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426164418/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-acquisition-czar-wraps-program-scorecard-puts-floundering-contractors-on-notice/ |date=26 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name= smallerSats >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/11/its-official-space-force-sets-sights-smaller-satellites/379204/ (1 Nov 2022) It’s Official: Space Force Sets Sights on Smaller Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102034230/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/11/its-official-space-force-sets-sights-smaller-satellites/379204/ |date=2 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name= cropsey >Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs [https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ (19 Sep 2022) Air Force taps Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey to head new integrated C3 battle management program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323220450/https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ |date=23 March 2023 }} Command, Control, Communications and Battle Management (C3BM). USAF general Cropsey will have the authorities required to ensure integration of all C3BM related programs throughout the DAF, as a core contribution to the Department of Defense's broader Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) effort. [Integrating] PEO will also have responsibility for the Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS).</ref><ref name= networkCentricZeroTrust >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717000312/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ |date=17 July 2023 }} Cropsey on C3BM</ref><ref name= c2bc >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2023/09/12/us-air-force-prioritizing-cloud-based-command-and-control/ (12 Sep 2023) US Air Force prioritizing cloud-based command and control] C2BC, part of CJADC2</ref><ref name=cropsey4Principles >Greg Hadley [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-c3bm-czar-four-simple-principles/ (1 Aug 2023) Cropsey Wants to Keep Things Simple: 'Complexity Is Going to Kill Us'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803031224/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-c3bm-czar-four-simple-principles/ |date=3 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name= overviewSCN >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/space-force-ground-control-operators-press-for-absolutely-critical-network-upgrades/ (17 May 2023) Space Force ground control operators press for 'absolutely critical' network upgrades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518125221/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/space-force-ground-control-operators-press-for-absolutely-critical-network-upgrades/ |date=18 May 2023 }} Overview of [[Satellite Control Network]]</ref><ref name=scnPhasedArray >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/modern-antenna-for-aging-satellite-control-network-passes-first-test/ (25 Sep 2023) Modern antenna for aging Satellite Control Network passes first test] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927142751/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/modern-antenna-for-aging-satellite-control-network-passes-first-test/ |date=27 September 2023 }} SpRCO Phased Array progress</ref><ref name= threatWarningSensors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/space-forces-new-classified-threat-warning-sensors-now-delivering-intel-on-foreign-capabilities/ (14 Dec 2023) Space Force's new, classified 'threat warning' sensors now delivering intel on 'foreign capabilities'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215141206/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/space-forces-new-classified-threat-warning-sensors-now-delivering-intel-on-foreign-capabilities/ |date=15 December 2023 }} SpRCO replacement for Satellite Control Network</ref><ref name= parsonsGroundStations >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-force-selects-parsons-to-develop-ground-system-for-missile-warning-satellites/ (17 May 2023) Space Force selects Parsons to develop ground system for missile-warning satellites] Ground stations For 6 'missile warning, missile tracking, missile track custody' (MTC) satellites in MEO by 2026 --Space Systems Command</ref><ref name= spaceBasedIsr >Greg Hadley [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/isr-aircraft-retire-air-force-intelligence-officer-space/ (17 May 2023) USAF Looks to Fill Intelligence Gaps from Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135241/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/isr-aircraft-retire-air-force-intelligence-officer-space/ |date=19 May 2023 }} spaceBasedIsr: ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)</ref><ref name= delta7spaceBasedIsr >Thomas Gnau [https://www.military.com/topics/intelligence-surveillance-and-reconnaissance-isr (18 May 2023) New Mission for Wright-Patterson: Air Force Says Base to Get New ISR Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135241/https://www.military.com/topics/intelligence-surveillance-and-reconnaissance-isr |date=19 May 2023 }} 76th ISR squadron in Space Delta 7, Wright Patterson AFB. 90 people</ref><ref name= dafBattleNetwork >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/in-new-jadc2-overhaul-air-force-pushes-all-encompassing-daf-battle-network/ (23 Mar 2023) In new JADC2 overhaul, Air Force pushes all-encompassing 'DAF Battle Network'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323220457/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/in-new-jadc2-overhaul-air-force-pushes-all-encompassing-daf-battle-network/ |date=23 March 2023 }} Cropsey to work with ASAFs Hunter and Calvelli, and their leads Jeffrey Valenzia and John Olson (USAF, USSF)</ref><ref name= abmsVendors >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/decision-superiority-air-force-picks-5-companies-to-develop-abms-digital-infrastructure/ (19 Sep 2022) 'Decision superiority': Air Force picks 5 companies to develop ABMS digital infrastructure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135644/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/decision-superiority-air-force-picks-5-companies-to-develop-abms-digital-infrastructure/ |date=26 September 2022 }} [[Frank Calvelli|Calvelli]] gets another report, for Advanced Battle Management System (Air Force and Space Force implementation of [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control|JADC2]]). Air Force's Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) leads the ABMS Digital Infrastructure Consortium for "secure processing, resilient communications, data management and open-architecture".</ref><ref name= spAcqOfcResiliency >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-acquisition-office-weighs-mission-priorities-in-case-satellites-go-down/ (18 Jan 2023) Space acquisition office weighs mission priorities in case satellites go down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119072811/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-acquisition-office-weighs-mission-priorities-in-case-satellites-go-down/ |date=19 January 2023 }} "a new program office dedicated solely to 'resiliency' "</ref><ref name= usafJadc2Contractors >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/09/23/siemens-29-others-added-to-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-contract/ (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract]</ref><ref name= b21Jadc2Ngad >Tobias Naegele [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-vice-chief-b-21-very-unique-things-not-just-dropping-bombs/ (16 Dec 2022) Air Force Vice Chief: B-21 Not Just a Bomber, Will Mesh with JADC2, NGAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216223707/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-vice-chief-b-21-very-unique-things-not-just-dropping-bombs/ |date=16 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name=tRyanGamti >Tim Ryan [[Mitchell Institute]] [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213212251/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ |date=13 February 2023 }} [[Ground Moving Target Identification]] (GMTI) and [[Air Moving Target Identification]] (AMTI)</ref><ref name= tournearOnJadc2 >Amanda Miller [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/refining-the-jadc2-concept/ (3 Nov 2022) Refining the JADC2 Concept] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130051322/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/refining-the-jadc2-concept/ |date=30 November 2022 }} "Agreeing to share data is easy. Actually doing it is hard". —Derek M.Tournear, SDA: °First) beyond-line-of-sight targeting. "Think mobile missile launchers—think ships. Detect them. Track them. Calculate a fire control solution and send it down directly to the war fighter so they can use that in their solution"; °Second) enable that same thing 'for advanced missiles in flight'. That is, to detect and track a hypersonic glide vehicle in flight, then "calculate a fire control solution [and] send it down to an interceptor to take out that threat immediately".</ref><ref name= needForHbtss >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ (11 May 2023) Congressional concern re-emerges on fate of MDA’s hypersonic missile tracking sensors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512133609/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ |date=12 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name= fooFighterSensors >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ (14 Jul 2023) There goes my missile: SDA eyes new FOO Fighter missile defense 'fire control' sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717004514/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ |date=17 July 2023 }} " 'Fire-Control On Orbit-Support-To-The-War Fighter (FOO Fighter or F2)' program" SDA 'plans to purchase and deploy' eight F2 space vehicles carrying electro-optical/infrared sensors</ref><ref name= groundStations19 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/sda-racing-ahead-with-new-us-based-satellite-ground-stations-could-meet-hiccup-abroad/ (18 Jul 2023) SDA racing ahead with new, US-based satellite ground stations, could meet hiccup abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719085102/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/sda-racing-ahead-with-new-us-based-satellite-ground-stations-could-meet-hiccup-abroad/ |date=19 July 2023 }} 19 ground stations April or May 2024, for the 166 satellites of Tranche 1</ref><ref name= spaceAcquisitionIntegrationKirtland >Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/07/07/us-space-force-rapid-capabilities-office-to-deliver-first-project-this-year/ (7 Jul 2022) US Space Force rapid capabilities office to deliver first project this year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927224221/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/07/07/us-space-force-rapid-capabilities-office-to-deliver-first-project-this-year/ |date=27 September 2022 }} Kelly Hammett directs Space RCO. Space RCO is colocated with Space Systems Command’s Innovation and Prototyping Delta, and Air Force Research Laboratory’s Space Vehicles Directorate</ref><ref name= spRcoIdiq >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-force-agency-taps-20-companies-for-1-billion-ground-systems-idiq/ (7 Jun 2024) Space Force agency taps 20 companies for $1 billion ground systems IDIQ]</ref><ref name= spaceAcquisitionCouncil >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/new-space-force-acquisition-exec-eschews-more-reorganization/ (29 Jun 2022) New Space Force acquisition exec eschews more reorganization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629184811/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/new-space-force-acquisition-exec-eschews-more-reorganization/ |date=29 June 2022 }} [[Frank Calvelli]]</ref> <!--ua acqGuidance2 -->}}<ref name= yam >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/loft-orbitals-rideshare-sats-take-an-uber-to-space/ (28 Jun 2021) Loft Orbital’s ‘Rideshare’ Sats: Take An Uber To Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629012657/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/loft-orbitals-rideshare-sats-take-an-uber-to-space/ |date=29 June 2021 }} Yam-2, Yam-3</ref><ref name= meoMissileTrackingTCD >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/smc-eyes-meo-sats-for-missile-tracking/ (1 Jul 2021) SMC Eyes MEO Sats For Missile Tracking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702144127/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/smc-eyes-meo-sats-for-missile-tracking/ |date=2 July 2021 }} Raytheon & Boeing Millennium Systems are designing digital prototypes which are in Critical design review (CDR) by Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) for launch to MEO in late 2022. Missile Track Custody Prototype (TCD)</ref><ref name= lm400 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/raytheon-selects-lockheed-martin-bus-for-u-s-space-force-missile-tracking-satellite/ (4 Jan 2023) Raytheon selects Lockheed Martin bus for U.S. Space Force missile-tracking satellite] "Raytheon's infrared sensing payload will be integrated on a Lockheed Martin LM400" 2026 launch</ref><ref name= 3epochSpiral >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/10/space-force-plans-next-meo-missile-tracking-satellite-awards-by-early-2025/ (20 Oct 2023) Space Force plans next MEO missile tracking satellite awards by early 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021070225/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/10/space-force-plans-next-meo-missile-tracking-satellite-awards-by-early-2025/ |date=21 October 2023 }} spiral development of "MEO missile warning/tracking" in 3 epochs</ref><ref name= mwMtEpochs >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-force-to-begin-procurement-of-missile-tracking-satellites-for-medium-earth-orbit-constellation/ (30 Oct 2023) Space Force to begin procurement of missile-tracking satellites for medium Earth orbit constellation] MEO</ref><ref name= meoIcbmHypersonics >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-forces-first-six-missile-defense-satellites-in-medium-orbit-to-cost-about-500-million/ (18 Dec 2023) Space Force’s first six missile-defense satellites in medium orbit to cost about $500 million] counter ICBMs, hypersonic missile from MEO </ref><ref name= oislCapabilities >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ (1 Jul 2021) The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here’s what they’ll do.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702174010/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ |date=2 July 2021 }} Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET). Yam-3 for data fusion. Pitboss for Autonomous mission management.</ref><ref name= seakr >Nathan Strout [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/11/29/raytheon-acquires-seakr-engineering/ (29 Nov 2021) Raytheon acquires SEAKR Engineering]</ref><ref name= rocketdyneAcquired >Marjorie Censer |
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[https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/19/l3harris-moves-to-acquire-aerojet-rocketdyne/ (18 Dec 2022) L3Harris moves to acquire Aerojet Rocketdyne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222814/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/19/l3harris-moves-to-acquire-aerojet-rocketdyne/ |date=23 February 2024 }} for $4.7 billion, after Lockheed Martin ended its attempt for [[Rocketdyne]] in Feb 2022</ref><ref name= seakrPitBoss >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ (3 May 2020) SEAKR moving forward with DARPA’s Pit Boss project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130141408/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ |date=30 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name= pitboss >Theresa Hitchens [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ (15 Jun 2020) DARPA’s Blackjack Jumps Forward With Payload, Bus, Demo Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130141408/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ |date=30 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name= blackjackDelay >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/project-blackjack-darpas-test-of-satellite-laser-links-delayed/ (15 Mar 2023) Project Blackjack: DARPA’s test of satellite laser links delayed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316001914/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/project-blackjack-darpas-test-of-satellite-laser-links-delayed/ |date=16 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name= spaceRco21 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/space-rco-head-too-soon-for-single-acquisition-shop/ (9 Jul 2021) Space RCO Head: Too Soon For Single Acquisition Shop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710010323/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/space-rco-head-too-soon-for-single-acquisition-shop/ |date=10 July 2021 }} 50 to 55 contracts by year-end 2021</ref><ref name= chinaChallenge >Tony Capaccio [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/pentagon-sees-china-e2-80-99s-offensive-space-technology-e2-80-98on-the-march-e2-80-99/ar-AALZOHh (10 Jul 2021) Pentagon Sees China’s Offensive Space Technology ‘On the March’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711121954/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/pentagon-sees-china-e2-80-99s-offensive-space-technology-e2-80-98on-the-march-e2-80-99/ar-AALZOHh |date=11 July 2021 }} Jamming, dazzling, kinetic kill</ref>{{efn-ua|name=OCX|1= OCX is the ground control segment for the [[GPS Block III#OCX|GPS block III constellation]] which is capable of responding to M-code commands from the Earth stations.<ref name= toolkit >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/nts-3-aiming-to-improve-on-gps-starts-integration-tests-in-august/ (16 Jul 2021) NTS-3, Aiming To Improve On GPS, Starts Integration Tests In August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717174050/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/nts-3-aiming-to-improve-on-gps-starts-integration-tests-in-august/ |date=17 July 2021 }} Toolkit of PWSA techniques</ref><ref name= smallSatTest >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/29/space-force-launches-small-satellite-to-test-new-sensor-possibilities/ (29 Jul 2021) Space Force launches small satellite to test new sensor possibilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801003035/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/29/space-force-launches-small-satellite-to-test-new-sensor-possibilities/ |date=1 August 2021 }} 6U vs 12U bus</ref><ref name=ac.cto.mil >CTO Advanced Capabilities [https://ac.cto.mil/ (2021) Advanced Capabilities Roles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802225743/https://ac.cto.mil/ |date=2021-08-02 }}</ref><ref name= ocx >Theresa Hitchens {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/05/ocx-on-track-says-raytheon-begins-new-upgrade/|title=OCX On Track, Says Raytheon; Begins New Upgrade|date=May 5, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222939/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/ocx-on-track-says-raytheon-begins-new-upgrade/|url-status=live}} [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] ''See [[GPS signals]]''</ref><ref name= raytheonGpsOcx >Loren Blinde {{Cite web|url=https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/raytheon-is-wins-gps-ocx-contract/|title=Raytheon I&S wins GPS OCX contract|date=May 6, 2021|access-date=August 6, 2021|archive-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806181933/https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/raytheon-is-wins-gps-ocx-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= ocx3f >Barry Rosenberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/next-gen-gps-satellites-get-ground-control-modernization/ (20 Aug 2021) Next-Gen GPS Satellites Get Ground-Control Modernization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051913/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/next-gen-gps-satellites-get-ground-control-modernization/ |date=5 April 2023 }} control segment: [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] 3F |
[https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/19/l3harris-moves-to-acquire-aerojet-rocketdyne/ (18 Dec 2022) L3Harris moves to acquire Aerojet Rocketdyne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222814/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/19/l3harris-moves-to-acquire-aerojet-rocketdyne/ |date=23 February 2024 }} for $4.7 billion, after Lockheed Martin ended its attempt for [[Rocketdyne]] in Feb 2022</ref><ref name= seakrPitBoss >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ (3 May 2020) SEAKR moving forward with DARPA’s Pit Boss project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130141408/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ |date=30 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name= pitboss >Theresa Hitchens [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ (15 Jun 2020) DARPA’s Blackjack Jumps Forward With Payload, Bus, Demo Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130141408/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/03/seakr-moving-forward-with-darpas-pit-boss-project/ |date=30 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name= blackjackDelay >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/project-blackjack-darpas-test-of-satellite-laser-links-delayed/ (15 Mar 2023) Project Blackjack: DARPA’s test of satellite laser links delayed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316001914/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/project-blackjack-darpas-test-of-satellite-laser-links-delayed/ |date=16 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name= spaceRco21 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/space-rco-head-too-soon-for-single-acquisition-shop/ (9 Jul 2021) Space RCO Head: Too Soon For Single Acquisition Shop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710010323/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/space-rco-head-too-soon-for-single-acquisition-shop/ |date=10 July 2021 }} 50 to 55 contracts by year-end 2021</ref><ref name= chinaChallenge >Tony Capaccio [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/pentagon-sees-china-e2-80-99s-offensive-space-technology-e2-80-98on-the-march-e2-80-99/ar-AALZOHh (10 Jul 2021) Pentagon Sees China’s Offensive Space Technology ‘On the March’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711121954/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/pentagon-sees-china-e2-80-99s-offensive-space-technology-e2-80-98on-the-march-e2-80-99/ar-AALZOHh |date=11 July 2021 }} Jamming, dazzling, kinetic kill</ref>{{efn-ua|name=OCX|1= OCX is the ground control segment for the [[GPS Block III#OCX|GPS block III constellation]] which is capable of responding to M-code commands from the Earth stations.<ref name= toolkit >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/nts-3-aiming-to-improve-on-gps-starts-integration-tests-in-august/ (16 Jul 2021) NTS-3, Aiming To Improve On GPS, Starts Integration Tests In August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717174050/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/nts-3-aiming-to-improve-on-gps-starts-integration-tests-in-august/ |date=17 July 2021 }} Toolkit of PWSA techniques</ref><ref name= smallSatTest >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/29/space-force-launches-small-satellite-to-test-new-sensor-possibilities/ (29 Jul 2021) Space Force launches small satellite to test new sensor possibilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801003035/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/29/space-force-launches-small-satellite-to-test-new-sensor-possibilities/ |date=1 August 2021 }} 6U vs 12U bus</ref><ref name=ac.cto.mil >CTO Advanced Capabilities [https://ac.cto.mil/ (2021) Advanced Capabilities Roles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802225743/https://ac.cto.mil/ |date=2021-08-02 }}</ref><ref name= ocx >Theresa Hitchens {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/05/ocx-on-track-says-raytheon-begins-new-upgrade/|title=OCX On Track, Says Raytheon; Begins New Upgrade|date=May 5, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222939/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/ocx-on-track-says-raytheon-begins-new-upgrade/|url-status=live}} [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] ''See [[GPS signals]]''</ref><ref name= raytheonGpsOcx >Loren Blinde {{Cite web|url=https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/raytheon-is-wins-gps-ocx-contract/|title=Raytheon I&S wins GPS OCX contract|date=May 6, 2021|access-date=August 6, 2021|archive-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806181933/https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/raytheon-is-wins-gps-ocx-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= ocx3f >Barry Rosenberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/next-gen-gps-satellites-get-ground-control-modernization/ (20 Aug 2021) Next-Gen GPS Satellites Get Ground-Control Modernization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051913/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/next-gen-gps-satellites-get-ground-control-modernization/ |date=5 April 2023 }} control segment: [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] 3F |
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*Michael J. Dunn, Space Systems Command, Capability Area Integrator for Positioning, Navigation and Timing [https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2022-positioned-for-the-future/ (2 May 2022) Directions 2022: GPS positioned for the future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121224904/https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2022-positioned-for-the-future/ |date=21 January 2023 }} space segment: [[GPS Block III]] user equipment segment: MGUE —modernized GPS user equipment</ref><ref name= gpsControlSegment >gps.gov (updated 9 Dec 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/control/OCX/|title=GPS.gov: Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX)|website=www.gps.gov|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124070057/https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/control/OCX/|url-status=live}} [https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY22/RDTE_/FY22%20DAF%20J-Book%20-%203620%20-%20SF%20RDT%20and%20E.pdf?ver=IjGtfzXsB_JjzQshbt68Fw==#page=489 (PB2022) Exhibit R-2A, RDT&E Project Justification: PB 2022 Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208185947/https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY22/RDTE_/FY22%20DAF%20J-Book%20-%203620%20-%20SF%20RDT%20and%20E.pdf?ver=IjGtfzXsB_JjzQshbt68Fw==#page=489 |date=2022-12-08 }} Presidential budget justification for [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] activities</ref><ref name= riskGps3fDelay >Michael Marrow [https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/space-force-sees-another-schedule-slip-ocx-delivery-risking-gps-iiif-delay (27 Sep 2022) Space Force sees another schedule slip for OCX delivery, risking GPS IIIF delay ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214115332/https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/space-force-sees-another-schedule-slip-ocx-delivery-risking-gps-iiif-delay |date=14 December 2022 }} on IOC of Apr 2023: "[[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] will replace the legacy [[Global Positioning System]] ground control apparatus as the Space Force plans the launch of a new series of GPS satellites"</ref><ref name= ocxInc1,2Delay >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/06/09/space-force-sees-further-delays-to-troubled-gps-ground-segment/ (9 Jun 2023) Space Force sees further delays to 'troubled' GPS ground segment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222942/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/06/09/space-force-sees-further-delays-to-troubled-gps-ground-segment/ |date=23 February 2024 }} slip to year-end 2023</ref><ref name= griffonAwards >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/05/03/raytheon-lockheed-to-compete-for-space-force-satellite-ground-system/ (3 May 2023) Raytheon, Lockheed to compete for Space Force satellite ground system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222942/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/05/03/raytheon-lockheed-to-compete-for-space-force-satellite-ground-system/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Ground Resilient Integration and Framework for Operational Nuclear Command, Control and Communication system (GRIFFON)</ref><ref name= ocxSummer2024 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/next-gen-gps-ground-system-expected-to-come-online-this-summer-calvelli/ (7 Nov 2023) Next-gen GPS ground system expected to come online this summer: Calvelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108042409/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/next-gen-gps-ground-system-expected-to-come-online-this-summer-calvelli/ |date=8 November 2023 }} OCX and ATLAS</ref><ref name= ocxJul2025 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/ground-system-for-jam-resistant-gps-delayed-again-to-july-2025-at-earliest-pentagon-tester-says/ (2 Feb 2024) Ground system for jam-resistant GPS delayed again to July 2025 at earliest, Pentagon tester says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202231913/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/ground-system-for-jam-resistant-gps-delayed-again-to-july-2025-at-earliest-pentagon-tester-says/ |date=2 February 2024 }} OCX by July 2025; MGUE receiver cards and GPS IIIF launches are also delayed.</ref><ref name= LMnatlSecurSpace >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/05/lockheed-reorganizes-its-space-division-adding-plans-sell-satellite-parts-other-companies/385992/ (4 May 2023) Lockheed Reorganizes Its Space Division, Adding Plans to Sell Satellite Parts to Other Companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504230444/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/05/lockheed-reorganizes-its-space-division-adding-plans-sell-satellite-parts-other-companies/385992/ |date=4 May 2023 }}. Lockheed National Security Space "combine[s] its military space unit, which builds satellites; its special programs division for classified work; and its mission solutions unit, which connects the satellites to the military and intelligence community".</ref><ref name= noMoreGeoSats >Brian Everstine [https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/afa-air-space-cyber-conference/why-space-force-wants-out-geo-long-development-cycles (22 Sep 2022) Why Space Force Wants Out Of GEO, Long Development Cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915052310/https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/afa-air-space-cyber-conference/why-space-force-wants-out-geo-long-development-cycles |date=15 September 2023 }} noMoreGeoSats. For the Space Force, last of the geosynchronous satellites. Gone by 2040</ref> <!--ua OCX -->}} <ref name= earthModelsCloud >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ngas-stardust-will-modernize-earth-models-for-gps-mapping/ (6 Dec 2022) NGA’s Stardust will modernize Earth models for GPS, mapping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107131819/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ngas-stardust-will-modernize-earth-models-for-gps-mapping/ |date=7 January 2023 }} [[Geomatics]]</ref><ref name= satTrackGaps >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ (6 Apr 2023) SPACECOM ops head 'tired of the excuses' about satellite tracking gaps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030551/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ |date=10 April 2023 }} a BMC3 problem; currently solvable in the [[United States Space Surveillance Network|Space Surveillance Network]] (SSN).</ref><ref name= wfov >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/experimental-missile-warning-satellite-will-test-tech-for-space-force-use-in-multiple-orbits/ (1 Jul 2022) Experimental missile warning satellite will test tech for Space Force use in multiple orbits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701142037/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/experimental-missile-warning-satellite-will-test-tech-for-space-force-use-in-multiple-orbits/ |date=1 July 2022 }} WFOV to GEO, for OPIR</ref><ref name= ngOpir >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/08/06/northrop-grumman-ball-aerospace-clear-milestone-for-missile-warning-payload/ (6 Aug 2021) Northrop Grumman, Ball Aerospace clear milestone for missile warning payload] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808194424/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/08/06/northrop-grumman-ball-aerospace-clear-milestone-for-missile-warning-payload/ |date=8 August 2021 }} Next Gen Overhead Persistent Infrared to replace SBIRS</ref><ref name= sbirsReplacement >Colin Clark {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/09/sasc-frets-dod-missile-warning-satellite-efforts-may-be-flailing/|title=SASC Frets DoD Missile Warning Satellite Efforts May Be Flailing|date=September 28, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222943/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/sasc-frets-dod-missile-warning-satellite-efforts-may-be-flailing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= hypersonicMissileTracking >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/mda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-prototypes-on-point-for-2023-launch/ (11 Nov 2021) MDA: Hypersonic missile tracking prototypes on point for 2023 launch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113024849/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/mda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-prototypes-on-point-for-2023-launch/ |date=13 November 2021 }} "What happens after the HBTSS prototype demonstrations, however, is yet to be determined"</ref><ref name= forgeNioStations >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/space-force-taps-4-firms-to-vie-for-missile-warning-c2-prototype/ (9 Nov 2023) Space Force taps 4 firms to vie for missile warning C2 prototype] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110123735/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/space-force-taps-4-firms-to-vie-for-missile-warning-c2-prototype/ |date=10 November 2023 }} Pathway from SBIRS replacements to ground stations</ref><ref name= MDAspaceDomainAwareness >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/04/missile-defense-agencys-new-long-range-radar-steps-toward-full-deployment/ (24 Apr 2024) Missile Defense Agency's new long-range radar steps toward full deployment ] LRDR space domain awareness test Jan 2024: a data collection event in January 2024 proved the space domain awareness capability, and the U.S. Space Force and MDA are in the process of formally declaring LRDR ready for early use of space domain awareness in April 2024</ref><ref name=sscPeoBmc3 >PEO, BMC3 [https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/Program-Executive-Offices/Battle-Management-Command-Control-Communications (Apr 2023) BATTLE MANAGEMENT COMMAND, CONTROL & COMMUNICATIONS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414072405/https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/Program-Executive-Offices/Battle-Management-Command-Control-Communications |date=2023-04-14 }}</ref><ref name= pirpl >Tara Copp [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/08/hypersonic-missile-defense-may-depend-low-earth-orbit-satellites/184397/ (9 Aug 2021) Hypersonic Missile Defense May Depend on Low Earth Orbit Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811011308/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/08/hypersonic-missile-defense-may-depend-low-earth-orbit-satellites/184397/ |date=11 August 2021 }} PIRPL</ref><ref name= saicAppFactory>THERESA HITCHENS and JASPREET GILL [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/saic-to-build-software-app-factory-for-space-development-agency/ (21 Jun 2023) SAIC to build software app factory for Space Development Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622010340/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/saic-to-build-software-app-factory-for-space-development-agency/ |date=22 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name= hytenSpaceWeapon >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/pentagon-posed-to-unveil-classified-space-weapon/ (20 Aug 2021) Exclusive: Pentagon Poised To Unveil, Demonstrate Classified Space Weapon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825000745/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/pentagon-posed-to-unveil-classified-space-weapon/ |date=25 August 2021 }} to shoot down satellites —[[John Hyten]]</ref><ref name= seeksShift >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/space-force-chief-seeks-to-shift-mindset-to-defend-joint-force-on-the-ground/ (30 Jun 2023) Space Force chief seeks to 'shift mindset' to defend Joint Force on the ground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704130747/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/space-force-chief-seeks-to-shift-mindset-to-defend-joint-force-on-the-ground/ |date=4 July 2023 }} "While important, a narrow focus on protecting space capabilities disregards how U.S. strategic competitors are preparing to use their own space capabilities to find, target, and attack forces operating in the terrestrial domains" —USSF Gen. [[Chance Saltzman]]</ref><ref name= alliesShouldGetProtection >Tim Martin [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-force-should-offer-european-allies-protection-from-anti-satellite-attacks-saltzman/ (17 Jul 2023) Space Force should offer European allies protection from anti-satellite attacks: Saltzman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717181127/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-force-should-offer-european-allies-protection-from-anti-satellite-attacks-saltzman/ |date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> {{efn-ua|name=overClassification|1= Overclassification is a huge problem.—DoD policy chief.<ref name= overClassProb >Therese Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/huge-huge-problem-dod-space-policy-chief-says-over-classification-allied-advantage/ (15 Dec 2022) 'Huge, huge problem': DoD space policy chief says over-classification harming allied advantage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217143512/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/huge-huge-problem-dod-space-policy-chief-says-over-classification-allied-advantage/ |date=17 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name= starlinkLaunch36th >Tariq Malik [https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-second-january-2022-launch-webcast (22 Jan 2022) You can watch SpaceX launch more than four dozen Starlink internet satellites tonight. Here's how.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118220544/https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-second-january-2022-launch-webcast |date=18 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name= daviscourt >{{cite web|last=Daviscourt|first=Joshua|url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2673038/cots-and-space-based-missile-defense/|title=COTS and Space-based Missile Defense|publisher=United States Air Force|date=28 June 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205053937/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2673038/cots-and-space-based-missile-defense/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name= boostPhaseMissileDefense >RevModPhys2004 {{cite web|url=https://www.nap.edu/download/13189|title=An Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives|publisher=National Research Council|date=5 November 2012|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222950/https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=13189|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= 424pageReport>{{cite journal|journal= Reviews of Modern Physics|doi= 10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|last1= Barton|first1= David K.|author1-link= David K. Barton|last2= Falcone|first2= Roger|last3= Kleppner|first3= Daniel|last4= Lamb|first4= Frederick K.|last5= Lau|first5= Ming K.|last6= Lynch|first6= Harvey L.|last7= Moncton|first7= David|last8= Montague|first8= David|last9= Mosher|first9= David E.|last10= Priedhorsky|first10= William|last11= Tigner|first11= Maury|last12= Vaughan|first12= David R.|volume= 76|issue= 3|pages= S1–S424|url= https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|date= 5 October 2004|title= Report of the American Physical Society Study Group on Boost-Phase Intercept Systems for National Missile Defense: Scientific and Technical Issues|access-date= 18 January 2022|doi-access= free|hdl= 1721.1/71781|hdl-access= free|archive-date= 20 January 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120120107/https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= kendall1 >Theresa Hitchens (24 Aug 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/08/kendall-to-announce-space-acquisition-shake-up/|title=Kendall To Announce Space Acquisition Shake Up|date=August 24, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222944/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/kendall-to-announce-space-acquisition-shake-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= kendall2 >Marcus Weisgerber (24 Aug 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/08/air-forces-kendall-creates-space-acquisition-office-accelerates-absorption-space-development-agency/184815/|title=Air Force’s Kendall Creates Space Acquisition Office, Accelerates Absorption of Space Development Agency|website=Defense One|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234653/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/08/air-forces-kendall-creates-space-acquisition-office-accelerates-absorption-space-development-agency/184815/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= pb21 >Proposed budget FY21 {{Cite web|url= https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY21/RDTE_/FY21%20Space%20Force%20Research%20Development%20Test%20and%20Evaluation.pdf?ver=2020-02-11-083608-887#page=335|title= (FY2021 budget justification) Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Space Force (FY20) Proposed Budget Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget Item Justification: PB 2021 Air Force|access-date= 2021-08-06|archive-date= 2021-03-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002223/https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY21/RDTE_/FY21%20Space%20Force%20Research%20Development%20Test%20and%20Evaluation.pdf?ver=2020-02-11-083608-887#page=335|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= mtaThreat >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ (6 Feb 2023) Oversight or overkill? DoD faces new congressional order to detail Mid-Tier Acquisitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207125532/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ |date=7 February 2023 }} "While lawmakers worry over lack of oversight, MITRE's Pete Modilgiani tells Breaking Defense, 'The Middle Tier of Acquisition [MTA] pathway is one of DoD's most valuable tools to rapidly deliver capabilities ... to deter China’s threat' ".</ref><ref name= 1stOpConstellation >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ (27 Aug 2021) ''SDA Opens Contest For First Operational Constellation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829000956/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ |date=29 August 2021 }} 30 Aug 2021 RFP for Tranche 1 Transport Layer (T1TL) Jan 2022</ref><ref name= T1TLAug2021rescinded>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ (28 Oct 2021) SDA Scraps, Relaunches Data Transport Satellite Bidding After Protest ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220636/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ |date=28 October 2021 }} Tranche 1: T1TL of Aug 2021 was rescinded: "126 satellites [each] with Ka-band space-to-ground communications link, four optical communications terminals, a Link 16 payload (which is the current standard for machine-to-machine communications link among US and allied weapon systems), and a battle management, command, control and communications (BMC3) compute and storage module"; T1TL RFP was reissued 28 Oct 2021. T1TL terms were replaced with OTA authority instead. Proposals were due 24 Nov 2021.</ref><ref name= t1Tl>Greg Hadley [https://www.airforcemag.com/sda-awards-1-8-billion-contracts-126-satellites/ (28 Feb 2022) SDA Awards $1.8 Billion in Contracts for 126 Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301111252/https://www.airforcemag.com/sda-awards-1-8-billion-contracts-126-satellites/ |date=1 March 2022 }} for 2024 T1TL</ref><ref name= t1TlAward >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ (18 Feb 2022) SDA awards $1.8B in contracts for first operational data transport sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302141428/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ |date=2 March 2022 }} Tranche 1 Transport layer (T1TL) award</ref><ref name= mynaricMk3 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ (28 Sep 2023) Mynaric optical terminals selected for Northrop Grumman satellites pass key tests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223406/https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ |date=23 February 2024 }} T1TL interop with CACI</ref><ref name= gaesManhattan2024 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-funds-demonstration-of-satellite-laser-links-in-degraded-environments/ (29 Sep 2023) Space Development Agency funds demonstration of satellite laser links in 'degraded' environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223325/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-funds-demonstration-of-satellite-laser-links-in-degraded-environments/ |date=23 February 2024 }} GAES to deliver 'Manhattan' terminals by Dec 2024</ref><ref name= NC3tracking >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-missile-tracking-data-will-inform-nc3/ (11 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency missile tracking data will inform NC3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112090131/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-missile-tracking-data-will-inform-nc3/ |date=12 November 2022 }} "While the timeframe for certifying SDA's Tracking Layer as part of the nuclear attack sensor network remains unclear, SDA Director Derek Tournear said there is 'plenty of time' to get it done". SBIRS and next-gen OPIR satellites are already ITWAA-certified. 2025-26 time frame.</ref><ref name=noMoreGeoSats/><ref name= hbtssCdr >Nathan Strout [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/12/21/new-hypersonic-missile-tracking-satellites-pass-critical-design-review/ (27 Aug 2021) New hypersonic missile-tracking satellites pass critical design review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223513/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/12/21/new-hypersonic-missile-tracking-satellites-pass-critical-design-review/ |date=23 February 2024 }} for Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) prototypes</ref><ref name= tcpMeoGroundStations >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ (7 Apr 2022) Space Force’s $1B for hypersonic missile tracking in FY23 will go to new satellites, ground systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407202443/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ |date=7 April 2022 }} Track Custody Prototype (TCP), and MEO satellite constellations with ground stations</ref><ref name= raytheonBoeingTcpMeo >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-force-missile-track-custody-prototype-effort-moves-to-hardware-stage/ (4 Jan 2023) Space Force Missile Track Custody prototype effort moves to hardware stage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105003201/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-force-missile-track-custody-prototype-effort-moves-to-hardware-stage/ |date=5 January 2023 }} 2 awards: to Raytheon Intelligence & Space (RI&S), and to Boeing’s Millennium Space Systems. Satellites in MEO by 2026.</ref><ref name= silentBarker >Tony Capaccio, Bloomberg [https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/new-us-spy-satellites-to-track-chinese-russian-threats-in-orbit-4100546 (7 Jun 2023) "Silent Barker": US Spy Satellite To Counter Russia, China Threats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607142222/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/new-us-spy-satellites-to-track-chinese-russian-threats-in-orbit-4100546 |date=7 June 2023 }} a constellation in geosynchronous orbit. NRO/USSF</ref><ref name= silentBarkerObservationSats >Cortney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/09/10/space-force-nro-launch-silent-barker-space-observation-satellites/ (10 Sep 2023) Space Force, NRO launch 'Silent Barker' space observation satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223332/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/09/10/space-force-nro-launch-silent-barker-space-observation-satellites/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Observation Sats for tracking objects in geosynchronous orbit</ref><ref name= dtThompsonAustinHaines >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/top-level-study-on-intel-community-space-force-satellite-control-coming-soon/ (12 Jun 2023) Top-level study on Intel Community, Space Force satellite control coming soon ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612232024/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/top-level-study-on-intel-community-space-force-satellite-control-coming-soon/ |date=12 June 2023 }} NRO/USSF/DNI/DoD</ref><ref name= victusNox >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/06/us-space-forces-responsive-space-strategy-taking-shape/ (6 Apr 2023) US Space Force's responsive space strategy taking shape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223526/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/06/us-space-forces-responsive-space-strategy-taking-shape/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Tactically responsive space strategy: Millennium to build (8 months), Firefly to launch (24 hours after build is complete)</ref><ref name= nssl25,fy34 >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ (10 Apr 2023) US Space Force to simplify timelines, purchases as launches surge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223328/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ |date=23 February 2024 }} National Security Space Launch (NSSL Phase 3) FY25 to FY34</ref><ref name= 3yrsOrLess >Audrey Decker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/04/three-years-or-less-space-forces-new-simple-formula-go-fast/385011/ (10 Apr 2023) Three Years or Less: The Space Force's New "Simple Formula" to Go Fast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410233613/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/04/three-years-or-less-space-forces-new-simple-formula-go-fast/385011/ |date=10 April 2023 }} Calvelli constraints on NRE, fixed price contracts</ref><ref name= titanConstraint >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/antennas-the-hard-physics-challenge-for-space-force-hybrid-satcom-plan/ (15 Apr 2021) Antennas: The hard physics challenge for Space Force ‘hybrid’ SATCOM plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418183802/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/antennas-the-hard-physics-challenge-for-space-force-hybrid-satcom-plan/ |date=18 April 2022 }} TITAN seeks "SATCOM signals from constellations in LEO, MEO and GEO"</ref><ref name= TitanJadc2 >Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/titan-is-a-thing-of-great-strength-intellect-and-importance-for-the-army-its-all-that-for-jadc2/ (24 Oct 2022) TITAN is a thing of great strength, intellect, and importance: For the Army, it’s all that for JADC2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132019/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/titan-is-a-thing-of-great-strength-intellect-and-importance-for-the-army-its-all-that-for-jadc2/ |date=25 October 2022 }} "A tactical ground station that finds and tracks threats to support long-range precision targeting, TITAN promises to bring together data from ground, air, and space sensors".</ref><ref name= notOcx >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/sda-ponders-signal-tech-trade-offs-for-alternate-gps-satellite-payloads/ (21 Nov 2022) SDA ponders signal, tech trade-offs for alternate GPS satellite payloads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213412/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/sda-ponders-signal-tech-trade-offs-for-alternate-gps-satellite-payloads/ |date=21 November 2022 }} "SDA is considering signals different to GPS, but offered within the same frequency bands. If SDA’s military PNT service is located within the existing GPS frequency bands, it will minimize integration cost of new antenna systems on terrestrial weapon systems". Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)</ref><ref name= prototypingImds >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/space-force-prototypes-new-integrated-deltas-for-readiness-boost/ (12 Sep 2023) Space Force prototypes new 'integrated' Deltas for readiness boost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914041346/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/space-force-prototypes-new-integrated-deltas-for-readiness-boost/ |date=14 September 2023 }} For 1 year, SpOC is prototyping 2 Integrated Mission Deltas (IMDs): 1 for electronic warfare, 1 for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). SpOC is the operations side of USSF; SSC is for acquisition and sustainment</ref><ref name= maxarAcquired >C4ISRNET staff [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/12/16/space-imaging-company-maxar-agrees-to-64-billion-takeover/ (16 Dec 2022) Space imaging company Maxar agrees to $6.4 billion takeover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223328/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/12/16/space-imaging-company-maxar-agrees-to-64-billion-takeover/ |date=23 February 2024 }} by Advent International. Maxar to remain in Westminster, Colorado. 4400 employees</ref><ref name= gdIridium >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system (27 May 2022) Space Development Agency taps GD-Iridium team for complex ground system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531182504/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system/ |date=31 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name= sesO3bmPower >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ses-launches-o3b-mpower-satellites-eyeing-government-defense-sectors/ (19 Dec 2022) SES launches O3b mPower satellites, eyeing government, defense sectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219200638/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ses-launches-o3b-mpower-satellites-eyeing-government-defense-sectors/ |date=19 December 2022 }} Satellite uses 5000 digitally formed beams, each tuned to a different sovereign user. 2 satellites launched into MEO, 11 satellites planned</ref>{{efn-ua|name= greatWall|1= China is planning a Great Wall of 13,000 satellites.<ref name= gw >Stephen Chen, SCMP [https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3211438/china-aims-launch-nearly-13000-satellites-suppress-elon-musks-starlink-researchers-say (24 Feb 2023) China aims to launch nearly 13,000 satellites to 'suppress' Elon Musk’s Starlink, researchers say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225150105/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3211438/china-aims-launch-nearly-13000-satellites-suppress-elon-musks-starlink-researchers-say |date=25 February 2023 }} in near-Earth orbit</ref><ref name=" trslCset" >Sam Bresnick [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/chinas-rapid-space-launch-advantage-and-how-the-us-can-try-to-counter-it/ (8 Aug 2023) China's rapid space launch advantage, and how the US can try to counter it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809163124/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/chinas-rapid-space-launch-advantage-and-how-the-us-can-try-to-counter-it/ |date=9 August 2023 }} —Tactically responsive space launch (TRSL): "China has now passed the United States in its tactically responsive space launch capabilities", says the Center for Security and Emerging Technology.</ref><ref name= 26pSurvey >Aaron Mehta, ed. [https://info.breakingdefense.com/hubfs/Breaking_Defense_Military_Space_Survey_E-Book.pdf (6 January 2022) 2021-2022 Military Space Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044033/https://info.breakingdefense.com/hubfs/Breaking_Defense_Military_Space_Survey_E-Book.pdf |date=14 April 2022 }} 26 pages</ref><ref name= 72satsLeo >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-issues-draft-solicitation-for-72-satellites/ (1 Feb 2023) Space Development Agency issues draft solicitation for 72 satellites] beta 2026 Tranche 2 Transport Layer: "The Space Development Agency is planning a new procurement of 72 satellites to continue to build out a military constellation in low Earth orbit". Part of a 216 satellite tranche. 6 orbital planes.</ref> <!--A space domain awareness architecture (SDAA) akin to the [[Space Situational Awareness Programme]] or [[United States Space Surveillance Network]] may be in order.<ref name=sdaa/--><ref name= sdaa >Joshua Hartman, GEOST [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/its-time-to-rethink-how-to-get-the-most-out-of-a-space-domain-awareness-architecture/ (4 Jan 2023) It’s time to rethink how to get the most out of a Space Domain Awareness architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105151032/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/its-time-to-rethink-how-to-get-the-most-out-of-a-space-domain-awareness-architecture/ |date=5 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name= saltzmanSdaa >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/to-kill-the-kill-chains-how-space-force-could-use-ai-to-avoid-operational-surprise-on-orbit/ (25 Jan 2024) To kill the kill chains: How Space Force could use AI to avoid 'operational surprise' on orbit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129094451/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/to-kill-the-kill-chains-how-space-force-could-use-ai-to-avoid-operational-surprise-on-orbit/ |date=29 January 2024 }} for space domain awareness</ref><ref name=SDAAcislunarCubesat >Eric Berger [https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/the-first-cubesat-to-fly-and-operate-at-the-moon-has-successfully-arrived/ (14 Nov 2022) The first cubesat to fly and operate at the Moon has successfully arrived ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115162813/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/the-first-cubesat-to-fly-and-operate-at-the-moon-has-successfully-arrived/ |date=15 November 2022 }} cislunar Cubesat</ref><ref name= cislunarStrategy >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/critically-important-new-white-house-strategy-for-cislunar-research-echoes-space-force/ (17 Nov 2022) 'Critically important': New White House strategy for cislunar research echoes Space Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118095640/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/critically-important-new-white-house-strategy-for-cislunar-research-echoes-space-force/ |date=18 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name= 1stGuardianOnIss >Katie Balevic [https://www.businessinsider.com/space-force-guardian-nick-hague-spacex-rocket-iss-2024-2 (3 Feb 2024) Space Force is sending one of its 'Guardians' into space for the first time in its history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125214/https://www.businessinsider.com/space-force-guardian-nick-hague-spacex-rocket-iss-2024-2 |date=4 February 2024 }} Nick Hague's 3rd tour as astronaut</ref><ref name= gHadley >Greg Hadley [https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ (7 Jun 2022) Study: Combine Missile Warning, Tracking Constellations Into One Multi-Orbit System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610014157/https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ |date=10 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name= meoLeoWarningSats >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ (21 Sep 2022) Space Force phasing out missile warning from GEO, will focus on lower orbits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922142423/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ |date=22 September 2022 }} ' "We'll do away with the GEOs, and the big, exquisite expensive satellites," said SDA Director Derek Tournear.'</ref><ref name= otaSsc >Millennium Space Systems [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/u-s-space-force-tetra-1-launches-to-geo/ (1 Nov 2022) U.S. Space Force Tetra-1 launches to GEO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102115554/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/u-s-space-force-tetra-1-launches-to-geo/ |date=2 November 2022 }} built for Space Systems Command under OTA</ref><ref name= btlMgtAsk >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ (10 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency asks for satellite 'battle management system' proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111083841/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ |date=11 November 2022 }} "The on-board Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications ([[United States Army Futures Command#BMC3|BMC3]]) software module will be tested on SDA's Tranche 1 Transport Layer data relay satellites"</ref><ref name= may2023MdaSda >David Vergun. DoD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ (11 May 2022) DOD Focused on Hypersonic Missile Defense Development, Admiral Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923081606/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ |date=23 September 2022 }} Jon A. Hill: Planned May 2023 launch MDA/ SDA launch of interoperable hypersonic tracking satellites to track dim targets (cruise missiles)</ref><ref name= csis7Feb22 >Center for Strategic & International Studies [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY (7 Feb 2022) Complex Air Defense: Countering the Hypersonic Missile Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923065000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY |date=23 September 2022 }} Dr. Tom Karako, Director of the CSIS Missile Defense Project; Ms. Kelley Sayler, CRS; Dr. Gillian Bussey, Director of the Joint Hypersonics Transition Office; Dr. Mark Lewis, Executive Director of NDIA's Emerging Technologies Institute; Mr. Stan Stafira, Chief Architect at the Missile Defense Agency (MDA)</ref> <!--ua overClassification -->}} <!--ua greatWall -->}} <!--ua acqGuidance -->}}{{efn|name=pleoIdiq|1= Proliferated Low earth orbit satellite-based services, awarded under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts. Services for Space Systems Command include high-speed broadband, synthetic aperture radar imaging, space domain awareness; and alternative positioning, navigation and timing.<ref name= 20vendorsPleoIdiq >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/additional-vendors-selected-for-dods-low-earth-orbit-satellite-services-contract/ (27 Nov 2023) Additional vendors selected for DoD's low Earth orbit satellite services contract] The 20 vendors: first 16 are: ARINC, Artel, Capella Federal, BlackSky, SES, Hughes, Viasat, KGS, Intelsat General, OneWeb, PAR Government, RiteNet Corporation, Satcom Direct Government, SpaceX, Trace Systems and UltiSat; the additional 4 vendors are AT&T, Honeywell Aerospace, Iridium and Lynk Global. </ref><!--<ref name= >[]</ref><ref name= >[]</ref>-->}} |
*Michael J. Dunn, Space Systems Command, Capability Area Integrator for Positioning, Navigation and Timing [https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2022-positioned-for-the-future/ (2 May 2022) Directions 2022: GPS positioned for the future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121224904/https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2022-positioned-for-the-future/ |date=21 January 2023 }} space segment: [[GPS Block III]] user equipment segment: MGUE —modernized GPS user equipment</ref><ref name= gpsControlSegment >gps.gov (updated 9 Dec 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/control/OCX/|title=GPS.gov: Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX)|website=www.gps.gov|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124070057/https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/control/OCX/|url-status=live}} [https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY22/RDTE_/FY22%20DAF%20J-Book%20-%203620%20-%20SF%20RDT%20and%20E.pdf?ver=IjGtfzXsB_JjzQshbt68Fw==#page=489 (PB2022) Exhibit R-2A, RDT&E Project Justification: PB 2022 Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208185947/https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY22/RDTE_/FY22%20DAF%20J-Book%20-%203620%20-%20SF%20RDT%20and%20E.pdf?ver=IjGtfzXsB_JjzQshbt68Fw==#page=489 |date=2022-12-08 }} Presidential budget justification for [[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] activities</ref><ref name= riskGps3fDelay >Michael Marrow [https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/space-force-sees-another-schedule-slip-ocx-delivery-risking-gps-iiif-delay (27 Sep 2022) Space Force sees another schedule slip for OCX delivery, risking GPS IIIF delay ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214115332/https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/space-force-sees-another-schedule-slip-ocx-delivery-risking-gps-iiif-delay |date=14 December 2022 }} on IOC of Apr 2023: "[[GPS Block III#OCX|OCX]] will replace the legacy [[Global Positioning System]] ground control apparatus as the Space Force plans the launch of a new series of GPS satellites"</ref><ref name= ocxInc1,2Delay >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/06/09/space-force-sees-further-delays-to-troubled-gps-ground-segment/ (9 Jun 2023) Space Force sees further delays to 'troubled' GPS ground segment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222942/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/06/09/space-force-sees-further-delays-to-troubled-gps-ground-segment/ |date=23 February 2024 }} slip to year-end 2023</ref><ref name= griffonAwards >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/05/03/raytheon-lockheed-to-compete-for-space-force-satellite-ground-system/ (3 May 2023) Raytheon, Lockheed to compete for Space Force satellite ground system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222942/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/05/03/raytheon-lockheed-to-compete-for-space-force-satellite-ground-system/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Ground Resilient Integration and Framework for Operational Nuclear Command, Control and Communication system (GRIFFON)</ref><ref name= ocxSummer2024 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/next-gen-gps-ground-system-expected-to-come-online-this-summer-calvelli/ (7 Nov 2023) Next-gen GPS ground system expected to come online this summer: Calvelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108042409/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/next-gen-gps-ground-system-expected-to-come-online-this-summer-calvelli/ |date=8 November 2023 }} OCX and ATLAS</ref><ref name= ocxJul2025 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/ground-system-for-jam-resistant-gps-delayed-again-to-july-2025-at-earliest-pentagon-tester-says/ (2 Feb 2024) Ground system for jam-resistant GPS delayed again to July 2025 at earliest, Pentagon tester says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202231913/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/ground-system-for-jam-resistant-gps-delayed-again-to-july-2025-at-earliest-pentagon-tester-says/ |date=2 February 2024 }} OCX by July 2025; MGUE receiver cards and GPS IIIF launches are also delayed.</ref><ref name= LMnatlSecurSpace >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/05/lockheed-reorganizes-its-space-division-adding-plans-sell-satellite-parts-other-companies/385992/ (4 May 2023) Lockheed Reorganizes Its Space Division, Adding Plans to Sell Satellite Parts to Other Companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504230444/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/05/lockheed-reorganizes-its-space-division-adding-plans-sell-satellite-parts-other-companies/385992/ |date=4 May 2023 }}. Lockheed National Security Space "combine[s] its military space unit, which builds satellites; its special programs division for classified work; and its mission solutions unit, which connects the satellites to the military and intelligence community".</ref><ref name= noMoreGeoSats >Brian Everstine [https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/afa-air-space-cyber-conference/why-space-force-wants-out-geo-long-development-cycles (22 Sep 2022) Why Space Force Wants Out Of GEO, Long Development Cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915052310/https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/afa-air-space-cyber-conference/why-space-force-wants-out-geo-long-development-cycles |date=15 September 2023 }} noMoreGeoSats. For the Space Force, last of the geosynchronous satellites. Gone by 2040</ref> <!--ua OCX -->}} <ref name= earthModelsCloud >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ngas-stardust-will-modernize-earth-models-for-gps-mapping/ (6 Dec 2022) NGA’s Stardust will modernize Earth models for GPS, mapping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107131819/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ngas-stardust-will-modernize-earth-models-for-gps-mapping/ |date=7 January 2023 }} [[Geomatics]]</ref><ref name= satTrackGaps >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ (6 Apr 2023) SPACECOM ops head 'tired of the excuses' about satellite tracking gaps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030551/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ |date=10 April 2023 }} a BMC3 problem; currently solvable in the [[United States Space Surveillance Network|Space Surveillance Network]] (SSN).</ref><ref name= wfov >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/experimental-missile-warning-satellite-will-test-tech-for-space-force-use-in-multiple-orbits/ (1 Jul 2022) Experimental missile warning satellite will test tech for Space Force use in multiple orbits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701142037/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/experimental-missile-warning-satellite-will-test-tech-for-space-force-use-in-multiple-orbits/ |date=1 July 2022 }} WFOV to GEO, for OPIR</ref><ref name= ngOpir >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/08/06/northrop-grumman-ball-aerospace-clear-milestone-for-missile-warning-payload/ (6 Aug 2021) Northrop Grumman, Ball Aerospace clear milestone for missile warning payload] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808194424/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/08/06/northrop-grumman-ball-aerospace-clear-milestone-for-missile-warning-payload/ |date=8 August 2021 }} Next Gen Overhead Persistent Infrared to replace SBIRS</ref><ref name= sbirsReplacement >Colin Clark {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/09/sasc-frets-dod-missile-warning-satellite-efforts-may-be-flailing/|title=SASC Frets DoD Missile Warning Satellite Efforts May Be Flailing|date=September 28, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222943/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/sasc-frets-dod-missile-warning-satellite-efforts-may-be-flailing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= hypersonicMissileTracking >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/mda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-prototypes-on-point-for-2023-launch/ (11 Nov 2021) MDA: Hypersonic missile tracking prototypes on point for 2023 launch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113024849/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/mda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-prototypes-on-point-for-2023-launch/ |date=13 November 2021 }} "What happens after the HBTSS prototype demonstrations, however, is yet to be determined"</ref><ref name= forgeNioStations >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/space-force-taps-4-firms-to-vie-for-missile-warning-c2-prototype/ (9 Nov 2023) Space Force taps 4 firms to vie for missile warning C2 prototype] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110123735/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/space-force-taps-4-firms-to-vie-for-missile-warning-c2-prototype/ |date=10 November 2023 }} Pathway from SBIRS replacements to ground stations</ref><ref name= MDAspaceDomainAwareness >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/04/missile-defense-agencys-new-long-range-radar-steps-toward-full-deployment/ (24 Apr 2024) Missile Defense Agency's new long-range radar steps toward full deployment ] LRDR space domain awareness test Jan 2024: a data collection event in January 2024 proved the space domain awareness capability, and the U.S. Space Force and MDA are in the process of formally declaring LRDR ready for early use of space domain awareness in April 2024</ref><ref name=sscPeoBmc3 >PEO, BMC3 [https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/Program-Executive-Offices/Battle-Management-Command-Control-Communications (Apr 2023) BATTLE MANAGEMENT COMMAND, CONTROL & COMMUNICATIONS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414072405/https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/Program-Executive-Offices/Battle-Management-Command-Control-Communications |date=2023-04-14 }}</ref><ref name= pirpl >Tara Copp [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/08/hypersonic-missile-defense-may-depend-low-earth-orbit-satellites/184397/ (9 Aug 2021) Hypersonic Missile Defense May Depend on Low Earth Orbit Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811011308/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/08/hypersonic-missile-defense-may-depend-low-earth-orbit-satellites/184397/ |date=11 August 2021 }} PIRPL</ref><ref name= saicAppFactory>THERESA HITCHENS and JASPREET GILL [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/saic-to-build-software-app-factory-for-space-development-agency/ (21 Jun 2023) SAIC to build software app factory for Space Development Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622010340/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/saic-to-build-software-app-factory-for-space-development-agency/ |date=22 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name= hytenSpaceWeapon >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/pentagon-posed-to-unveil-classified-space-weapon/ (20 Aug 2021) Exclusive: Pentagon Poised To Unveil, Demonstrate Classified Space Weapon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825000745/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/pentagon-posed-to-unveil-classified-space-weapon/ |date=25 August 2021 }} to shoot down satellites —[[John Hyten]]</ref><ref name= seeksShift >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/space-force-chief-seeks-to-shift-mindset-to-defend-joint-force-on-the-ground/ (30 Jun 2023) Space Force chief seeks to 'shift mindset' to defend Joint Force on the ground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704130747/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/space-force-chief-seeks-to-shift-mindset-to-defend-joint-force-on-the-ground/ |date=4 July 2023 }} "While important, a narrow focus on protecting space capabilities disregards how U.S. strategic competitors are preparing to use their own space capabilities to find, target, and attack forces operating in the terrestrial domains" —USSF Gen. [[Chance Saltzman]]</ref><ref name= alliesShouldGetProtection >Tim Martin [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-force-should-offer-european-allies-protection-from-anti-satellite-attacks-saltzman/ (17 Jul 2023) Space Force should offer European allies protection from anti-satellite attacks: Saltzman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717181127/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/space-force-should-offer-european-allies-protection-from-anti-satellite-attacks-saltzman/ |date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> {{efn-ua|name=overClassification|1= Overclassification is a huge problem.—DoD policy chief.<ref name= overClassProb >Therese Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/huge-huge-problem-dod-space-policy-chief-says-over-classification-allied-advantage/ (15 Dec 2022) 'Huge, huge problem': DoD space policy chief says over-classification harming allied advantage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217143512/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/huge-huge-problem-dod-space-policy-chief-says-over-classification-allied-advantage/ |date=17 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name= starlinkLaunch36th >Tariq Malik [https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-second-january-2022-launch-webcast (22 Jan 2022) You can watch SpaceX launch more than four dozen Starlink internet satellites tonight. Here's how.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118220544/https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-second-january-2022-launch-webcast |date=18 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name= daviscourt >{{cite web|last=Daviscourt|first=Joshua|url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2673038/cots-and-space-based-missile-defense/|title=COTS and Space-based Missile Defense|publisher=United States Air Force|date=28 June 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205053937/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2673038/cots-and-space-based-missile-defense/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name= boostPhaseMissileDefense >RevModPhys2004 {{cite web|url=https://www.nap.edu/download/13189|title=An Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives|publisher=National Research Council|date=5 November 2012|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222950/https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=13189|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= 424pageReport>{{cite journal|journal= Reviews of Modern Physics|doi= 10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|last1= Barton|first1= David K.|author1-link= David K. Barton|last2= Falcone|first2= Roger|last3= Kleppner|first3= Daniel|last4= Lamb|first4= Frederick K.|last5= Lau|first5= Ming K.|last6= Lynch|first6= Harvey L.|last7= Moncton|first7= David|last8= Montague|first8= David|last9= Mosher|first9= David E.|last10= Priedhorsky|first10= William|last11= Tigner|first11= Maury|last12= Vaughan|first12= David R.|volume= 76|issue= 3|pages= S1–S424|url= https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|date= 5 October 2004|title= Report of the American Physical Society Study Group on Boost-Phase Intercept Systems for National Missile Defense: Scientific and Technical Issues|access-date= 18 January 2022|doi-access= free|hdl= 1721.1/71781|hdl-access= free|archive-date= 20 January 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120120107/https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.S1|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= kendall1 >Theresa Hitchens (24 Aug 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/08/kendall-to-announce-space-acquisition-shake-up/|title=Kendall To Announce Space Acquisition Shake Up|date=August 24, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222944/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/kendall-to-announce-space-acquisition-shake-up/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= kendall2 >Marcus Weisgerber (24 Aug 2021) {{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/08/air-forces-kendall-creates-space-acquisition-office-accelerates-absorption-space-development-agency/184815/|title=Air Force’s Kendall Creates Space Acquisition Office, Accelerates Absorption of Space Development Agency|website=Defense One|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234653/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/08/air-forces-kendall-creates-space-acquisition-office-accelerates-absorption-space-development-agency/184815/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= pb21 >Proposed budget FY21 {{Cite web|url= https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY21/RDTE_/FY21%20Space%20Force%20Research%20Development%20Test%20and%20Evaluation.pdf?ver=2020-02-11-083608-887#page=335|title= (FY2021 budget justification) Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Space Force (FY20) Proposed Budget Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget Item Justification: PB 2021 Air Force|access-date= 2021-08-06|archive-date= 2021-03-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002223/https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY21/RDTE_/FY21%20Space%20Force%20Research%20Development%20Test%20and%20Evaluation.pdf?ver=2020-02-11-083608-887#page=335|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= mtaThreat >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ (6 Feb 2023) Oversight or overkill? DoD faces new congressional order to detail Mid-Tier Acquisitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207125532/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ |date=7 February 2023 }} "While lawmakers worry over lack of oversight, MITRE's Pete Modilgiani tells Breaking Defense, 'The Middle Tier of Acquisition [MTA] pathway is one of DoD's most valuable tools to rapidly deliver capabilities ... to deter China’s threat' ".</ref><ref name= 1stOpConstellation >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ (27 Aug 2021) ''SDA Opens Contest For First Operational Constellation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829000956/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ |date=29 August 2021 }} 30 Aug 2021 RFP for Tranche 1 Transport Layer (T1TL) Jan 2022</ref><ref name= T1TLAug2021rescinded>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ (28 Oct 2021) SDA Scraps, Relaunches Data Transport Satellite Bidding After Protest ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220636/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ |date=28 October 2021 }} Tranche 1: T1TL of Aug 2021 was rescinded: "126 satellites [each] with Ka-band space-to-ground communications link, four optical communications terminals, a Link 16 payload (which is the current standard for machine-to-machine communications link among US and allied weapon systems), and a battle management, command, control and communications (BMC3) compute and storage module"; T1TL RFP was reissued 28 Oct 2021. T1TL terms were replaced with OTA authority instead. Proposals were due 24 Nov 2021.</ref><ref name= t1Tl>Greg Hadley [https://www.airforcemag.com/sda-awards-1-8-billion-contracts-126-satellites/ (28 Feb 2022) SDA Awards $1.8 Billion in Contracts for 126 Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301111252/https://www.airforcemag.com/sda-awards-1-8-billion-contracts-126-satellites/ |date=1 March 2022 }} for 2024 T1TL</ref><ref name= t1TlAward >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ (18 Feb 2022) SDA awards $1.8B in contracts for first operational data transport sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302141428/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ |date=2 March 2022 }} Tranche 1 Transport layer (T1TL) award</ref><ref name= mynaricMk3 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ (28 Sep 2023) Mynaric optical terminals selected for Northrop Grumman satellites pass key tests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223406/https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ |date=23 February 2024 }} T1TL interop with CACI</ref><ref name= gaesManhattan2024 >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-funds-demonstration-of-satellite-laser-links-in-degraded-environments/ (29 Sep 2023) Space Development Agency funds demonstration of satellite laser links in 'degraded' environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223325/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-funds-demonstration-of-satellite-laser-links-in-degraded-environments/ |date=23 February 2024 }} GAES to deliver 'Manhattan' terminals by Dec 2024</ref><ref name= NC3tracking >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-missile-tracking-data-will-inform-nc3/ (11 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency missile tracking data will inform NC3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112090131/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-missile-tracking-data-will-inform-nc3/ |date=12 November 2022 }} "While the timeframe for certifying SDA's Tracking Layer as part of the nuclear attack sensor network remains unclear, SDA Director Derek Tournear said there is 'plenty of time' to get it done". SBIRS and next-gen OPIR satellites are already ITWAA-certified. 2025-26 time frame.</ref><ref name=noMoreGeoSats/><ref name= hbtssCdr >Nathan Strout [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/12/21/new-hypersonic-missile-tracking-satellites-pass-critical-design-review/ (27 Aug 2021) New hypersonic missile-tracking satellites pass critical design review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223513/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/12/21/new-hypersonic-missile-tracking-satellites-pass-critical-design-review/ |date=23 February 2024 }} for Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) prototypes</ref><ref name= tcpMeoGroundStations >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ (7 Apr 2022) Space Force’s $1B for hypersonic missile tracking in FY23 will go to new satellites, ground systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407202443/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ |date=7 April 2022 }} Track Custody Prototype (TCP), and MEO satellite constellations with ground stations</ref><ref name= raytheonBoeingTcpMeo >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-force-missile-track-custody-prototype-effort-moves-to-hardware-stage/ (4 Jan 2023) Space Force Missile Track Custody prototype effort moves to hardware stage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105003201/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/space-force-missile-track-custody-prototype-effort-moves-to-hardware-stage/ |date=5 January 2023 }} 2 awards: to Raytheon Intelligence & Space (RI&S), and to Boeing’s Millennium Space Systems. Satellites in MEO by 2026.</ref><ref name= silentBarker >Tony Capaccio, Bloomberg [https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/new-us-spy-satellites-to-track-chinese-russian-threats-in-orbit-4100546 (7 Jun 2023) "Silent Barker": US Spy Satellite To Counter Russia, China Threats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607142222/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/new-us-spy-satellites-to-track-chinese-russian-threats-in-orbit-4100546 |date=7 June 2023 }} a constellation in geosynchronous orbit. NRO/USSF</ref><ref name= silentBarkerObservationSats >Cortney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/09/10/space-force-nro-launch-silent-barker-space-observation-satellites/ (10 Sep 2023) Space Force, NRO launch 'Silent Barker' space observation satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223332/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/09/10/space-force-nro-launch-silent-barker-space-observation-satellites/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Observation Sats for tracking objects in geosynchronous orbit</ref><ref name= dtThompsonAustinHaines >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/top-level-study-on-intel-community-space-force-satellite-control-coming-soon/ (12 Jun 2023) Top-level study on Intel Community, Space Force satellite control coming soon ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612232024/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/top-level-study-on-intel-community-space-force-satellite-control-coming-soon/ |date=12 June 2023 }} NRO/USSF/DNI/DoD</ref><ref name= victusNox >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/06/us-space-forces-responsive-space-strategy-taking-shape/ (6 Apr 2023) US Space Force's responsive space strategy taking shape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223526/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/06/us-space-forces-responsive-space-strategy-taking-shape/ |date=23 February 2024 }} Tactically responsive space strategy: Millennium to build (8 months), Firefly to launch (24 hours after build is complete)</ref><ref name= nssl25,fy34 >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ (10 Apr 2023) US Space Force to simplify timelines, purchases as launches surge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223328/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ |date=23 February 2024 }} National Security Space Launch (NSSL Phase 3) FY25 to FY34</ref><ref name= 3yrsOrLess >Audrey Decker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/04/three-years-or-less-space-forces-new-simple-formula-go-fast/385011/ (10 Apr 2023) Three Years or Less: The Space Force's New "Simple Formula" to Go Fast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410233613/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/04/three-years-or-less-space-forces-new-simple-formula-go-fast/385011/ |date=10 April 2023 }} Calvelli constraints on NRE, fixed price contracts</ref><ref name= titanConstraint >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/antennas-the-hard-physics-challenge-for-space-force-hybrid-satcom-plan/ (15 Apr 2021) Antennas: The hard physics challenge for Space Force ‘hybrid’ SATCOM plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418183802/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/antennas-the-hard-physics-challenge-for-space-force-hybrid-satcom-plan/ |date=18 April 2022 }} TITAN seeks "SATCOM signals from constellations in LEO, MEO and GEO"</ref><ref name= TitanJadc2 >Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/titan-is-a-thing-of-great-strength-intellect-and-importance-for-the-army-its-all-that-for-jadc2/ (24 Oct 2022) TITAN is a thing of great strength, intellect, and importance: For the Army, it’s all that for JADC2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132019/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/titan-is-a-thing-of-great-strength-intellect-and-importance-for-the-army-its-all-that-for-jadc2/ |date=25 October 2022 }} "A tactical ground station that finds and tracks threats to support long-range precision targeting, TITAN promises to bring together data from ground, air, and space sensors".</ref><ref name= notOcx >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/sda-ponders-signal-tech-trade-offs-for-alternate-gps-satellite-payloads/ (21 Nov 2022) SDA ponders signal, tech trade-offs for alternate GPS satellite payloads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213412/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/sda-ponders-signal-tech-trade-offs-for-alternate-gps-satellite-payloads/ |date=21 November 2022 }} "SDA is considering signals different to GPS, but offered within the same frequency bands. If SDA’s military PNT service is located within the existing GPS frequency bands, it will minimize integration cost of new antenna systems on terrestrial weapon systems". Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)</ref><ref name= prototypingImds >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/space-force-prototypes-new-integrated-deltas-for-readiness-boost/ (12 Sep 2023) Space Force prototypes new 'integrated' Deltas for readiness boost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914041346/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/space-force-prototypes-new-integrated-deltas-for-readiness-boost/ |date=14 September 2023 }} For 1 year, SpOC is prototyping 2 Integrated Mission Deltas (IMDs): 1 for electronic warfare, 1 for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). SpOC is the operations side of USSF; SSC is for acquisition and sustainment</ref><ref name= maxarAcquired >C4ISRNET staff [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/12/16/space-imaging-company-maxar-agrees-to-64-billion-takeover/ (16 Dec 2022) Space imaging company Maxar agrees to $6.4 billion takeover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223328/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/12/16/space-imaging-company-maxar-agrees-to-64-billion-takeover/ |date=23 February 2024 }} by Advent International. Maxar to remain in Westminster, Colorado. 4400 employees</ref><ref name= gdIridium >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system (27 May 2022) Space Development Agency taps GD-Iridium team for complex ground system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531182504/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system/ |date=31 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name= sesO3bmPower >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ses-launches-o3b-mpower-satellites-eyeing-government-defense-sectors/ (19 Dec 2022) SES launches O3b mPower satellites, eyeing government, defense sectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219200638/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ses-launches-o3b-mpower-satellites-eyeing-government-defense-sectors/ |date=19 December 2022 }} Satellite uses 5000 digitally formed beams, each tuned to a different sovereign user. 2 satellites launched into MEO, 11 satellites planned</ref>{{efn-ua|name= greatWall|1= China is planning a Great Wall of 13,000 satellites.<ref name= gw >Stephen Chen, SCMP [https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3211438/china-aims-launch-nearly-13000-satellites-suppress-elon-musks-starlink-researchers-say (24 Feb 2023) China aims to launch nearly 13,000 satellites to 'suppress' Elon Musk’s Starlink, researchers say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225150105/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3211438/china-aims-launch-nearly-13000-satellites-suppress-elon-musks-starlink-researchers-say |date=25 February 2023 }} in near-Earth orbit</ref><ref name=" trslCset" >Sam Bresnick [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/chinas-rapid-space-launch-advantage-and-how-the-us-can-try-to-counter-it/ (8 Aug 2023) China's rapid space launch advantage, and how the US can try to counter it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809163124/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/chinas-rapid-space-launch-advantage-and-how-the-us-can-try-to-counter-it/ |date=9 August 2023 }} —Tactically responsive space launch (TRSL): "China has now passed the United States in its tactically responsive space launch capabilities", says the Center for Security and Emerging Technology.</ref><ref name= 26pSurvey >Aaron Mehta, ed. [https://info.breakingdefense.com/hubfs/Breaking_Defense_Military_Space_Survey_E-Book.pdf (6 January 2022) 2021-2022 Military Space Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044033/https://info.breakingdefense.com/hubfs/Breaking_Defense_Military_Space_Survey_E-Book.pdf |date=14 April 2022 }} 26 pages</ref><ref name= 72satsLeo >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-issues-draft-solicitation-for-72-satellites/ (1 Feb 2023) Space Development Agency issues draft solicitation for 72 satellites] beta 2026 Tranche 2 Transport Layer: "The Space Development Agency is planning a new procurement of 72 satellites to continue to build out a military constellation in low Earth orbit". Part of a 216 satellite tranche. 6 orbital planes.</ref> <!--A space domain awareness architecture (SDAA) akin to the [[Space Situational Awareness Programme]] or [[United States Space Surveillance Network]] may be in order.<ref name=sdaa/--><ref name= sdaa >Joshua Hartman, GEOST [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/its-time-to-rethink-how-to-get-the-most-out-of-a-space-domain-awareness-architecture/ (4 Jan 2023) It’s time to rethink how to get the most out of a Space Domain Awareness architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105151032/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/its-time-to-rethink-how-to-get-the-most-out-of-a-space-domain-awareness-architecture/ |date=5 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name= saltzmanSdaa >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/to-kill-the-kill-chains-how-space-force-could-use-ai-to-avoid-operational-surprise-on-orbit/ (25 Jan 2024) To kill the kill chains: How Space Force could use AI to avoid 'operational surprise' on orbit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129094451/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/to-kill-the-kill-chains-how-space-force-could-use-ai-to-avoid-operational-surprise-on-orbit/ |date=29 January 2024 }} for space domain awareness</ref><ref name=SDAAcislunarCubesat >Eric Berger [https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/the-first-cubesat-to-fly-and-operate-at-the-moon-has-successfully-arrived/ (14 Nov 2022) The first cubesat to fly and operate at the Moon has successfully arrived ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115162813/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/the-first-cubesat-to-fly-and-operate-at-the-moon-has-successfully-arrived/ |date=15 November 2022 }} cislunar Cubesat</ref><ref name= cislunarStrategy >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/critically-important-new-white-house-strategy-for-cislunar-research-echoes-space-force/ (17 Nov 2022) 'Critically important': New White House strategy for cislunar research echoes Space Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118095640/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/critically-important-new-white-house-strategy-for-cislunar-research-echoes-space-force/ |date=18 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name= 1stGuardianOnIss >Katie Balevic [https://www.businessinsider.com/space-force-guardian-nick-hague-spacex-rocket-iss-2024-2 (3 Feb 2024) Space Force is sending one of its 'Guardians' into space for the first time in its history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125214/https://www.businessinsider.com/space-force-guardian-nick-hague-spacex-rocket-iss-2024-2 |date=4 February 2024 }} Nick Hague's 3rd tour as astronaut</ref><ref name= gHadley >Greg Hadley [https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ (7 Jun 2022) Study: Combine Missile Warning, Tracking Constellations Into One Multi-Orbit System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610014157/https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ |date=10 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name= meoLeoWarningSats >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ (21 Sep 2022) Space Force phasing out missile warning from GEO, will focus on lower orbits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922142423/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ |date=22 September 2022 }} ' "We'll do away with the GEOs, and the big, exquisite expensive satellites," said SDA Director Derek Tournear.'</ref><ref name= otaSsc >Millennium Space Systems [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/u-s-space-force-tetra-1-launches-to-geo/ (1 Nov 2022) U.S. Space Force Tetra-1 launches to GEO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102115554/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/u-s-space-force-tetra-1-launches-to-geo/ |date=2 November 2022 }} built for Space Systems Command under OTA</ref><ref name= btlMgtAsk >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ (10 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency asks for satellite 'battle management system' proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111083841/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ |date=11 November 2022 }} "The on-board Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications ([[United States Army Futures Command#BMC3|BMC3]]) software module will be tested on SDA's Tranche 1 Transport Layer data relay satellites"</ref><ref name= may2023MdaSda >David Vergun. DoD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ (11 May 2022) DOD Focused on Hypersonic Missile Defense Development, Admiral Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923081606/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ |date=23 September 2022 }} Jon A. Hill: Planned May 2023 launch MDA/ SDA launch of interoperable hypersonic tracking satellites to track dim targets (cruise missiles)</ref><ref name= csis7Feb22 >Center for Strategic & International Studies [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY (7 Feb 2022) Complex Air Defense: Countering the Hypersonic Missile Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923065000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY |date=23 September 2022 }} Dr. Tom Karako, Director of the CSIS Missile Defense Project; Ms. Kelley Sayler, CRS; Dr. Gillian Bussey, Director of the Joint Hypersonics Transition Office; Dr. Mark Lewis, Executive Director of NDIA's Emerging Technologies Institute; Mr. Stan Stafira, Chief Architect at the Missile Defense Agency (MDA)</ref> <!--ua overClassification -->}} <!--ua greatWall -->}} <!--ua acqGuidance -->}}{{efn|name=pleoIdiq|1= Proliferated Low earth orbit satellite-based services, awarded under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts. Services for Space Systems Command include high-speed broadband, synthetic aperture radar imaging, space domain awareness; and alternative positioning, navigation and timing.<ref name= 20vendorsPleoIdiq >Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/additional-vendors-selected-for-dods-low-earth-orbit-satellite-services-contract/ (27 Nov 2023) Additional vendors selected for DoD's low Earth orbit satellite services contract] The 20 vendors: first 16 are: ARINC, Artel, Capella Federal, BlackSky, SES, Hughes, Viasat, KGS, Intelsat General, OneWeb, PAR Government, RiteNet Corporation, Satcom Direct Government, SpaceX, Trace Systems and UltiSat; the additional 4 vendors are AT&T, Honeywell Aerospace, Iridium and Lynk Global. </ref><!--<ref name= >[]</ref><ref name= >[]</ref>-->}} |
Revision as of 00:10, 8 June 2024
Space Development Agency | |
Agency overview | |
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Formed | March 12, 2019 |
Type | Direct reporting unit |
Headquarters | The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. 38°52′16″N 77°03′22″W / 38.871°N 77.056°W |
Motto |
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Agency executives |
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Parent department | United States Department of the Air Force |
Parent agency | United States Space Force |
Website | www |
The Space Development Agency (SDA) is a United States Space Force direct-reporting unit tasked with deploying disruptive space technology.[1] One of the technologies being worked on is space-based missile tracking using large global satellite constellations made up of industry-procured low-cost satellites.[2][3][4] The SDA has been managed by the United States Space Force since October 2022.[5] By February 2024 the SDA had 33 satellites on orbit.[6] SDA intends to have at least 1,000 satellites in low Earth orbit by 2026.[7]
History
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Article was previously pushing conspiracies using WP:SYNTH and WP:OR and has only been partially cleaned with some synthesis and original research still remaining (all content needs to be fact checked with sources), is not well organized, has run-on paragraphs about unrelated topics, and has anchors that are used elsewhere on wikipedia but link into the middle of the text that should be their own sections or redirects. (May 2024) |
The agency was established by Mike Griffin in 2019 with his appointment to Under Secretary of Defense (R&E) by President Donald Trump.[8] Griffin had long advocated for low Earth orbit constellations to eliminate U.S. vulnerability to ballistic missiles with his work on space-based interceptors for the Strategic Defense Initiative and Brilliant Pebbles in the 1980s. However these programs dissolved in the 1990s due to excess cost and political disagreement.[9] Later, the United States and other countries developed hypersonic weapons, which Griffin argued were thermally dimmer and could only be reliably tracked by low-flying satellites with infrared sensors, creating a need to resurrect such programs.[10][2] In addition to hypersonic weapons, the memorandum establishing the SDA also calls for a new space architecture "not bound by legacy methods or culture" that provides unifying command and control through a cross-domain artificial intelligence-enabled network.[11]
The Space Development Agency proposed the National Defense Space Architecture,[12][13][14] later renamed the Proliferated Warfighting Space Architecture.[a] It advances a network of global orbiters composed of layers with different military capabilities such as communications, surveillance, global navigation, battle management, deterrence, and missile defense. The satellite constellation is to be interconnected by free-space optical laser terminals[15] in a secure command and control optical mesh network.[16] Satellites are to be low cost and "proliferated" in low Earth orbit. New commercial technology such as reusable launch systems have reduced deployment costs[17] and new mass-produced commercial satellites offer less "juicy" targets for anti-satellite weapons by being inexpensive and potentially hard to distinguish from other commercial satellites.[2] Development is to follow the spiral model,[b][c] incorporating learning from previous iterations and launching new satellite replacements regularly as the useful lifetime of each is relatively short. The SDA expects to field and maintain a constellation of at least 1,000 satellites on orbit by 2026.[7]
The SDA has mostly avoided flaws that plagued earlier proliferated missile defense programs such as Brilliant Pebbles. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty was a major impediment in the past, as these systems were deemed non-compliant with the treaty by Congress.[9] However, George W. Bush withdrew the United States from the treaty in 2002, eliminating this barrier.[18] Over the years, launch and manufacturing costs have been greatly reduced. Decades after the SDIO’s DC-X failed there are now commercial reusable launch vehicles such as SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.[19] Meanwhile mass manufacturing as with Starlink has proven the potential for lower satellite build costs.[17]
Political and administrative opposition to SDA came from 24th Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson who argued that "launching hundreds of cheap satellites into theater as a substitute for the complex architectures where we provide key capabilities to the warfighter will result in failure on America's worst day if relied upon alone."[7] Members of Congress also gave concerns that SDA would drain resources and jobs from Air Force and questioned why DoD had to create a separate organization to circumvent its own procurement process. Despite the pushback, the Pentagon did not require congressional authorization to create the SDA, and Wilson was overruled by Patrick M. Shanahan, who became acting defense secretary by appointment of Donald Trump. He placed the new agency under the authority and control of Mike Griffin who was also appointed as Under Secretary of Defense (R&E).[8]
Despite these early successes, SDA still faces critical challenges. The Union of Concerned Scientists warned SDA could escalate tensions with Russia and China and called the project "fundamentally destabilizing".[20] Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the U.S. plans for militarization of space.[21] The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has advocated for better use of arms control and international agreements such as a treaty halting related development by all parties to prevent an arms race in space.[22]
Critics have reiterated longstanding concerns that ground-based lasers can easily "paint" satellites in low Earth orbit, temporarily blinding their sensors. The APS reporting the energy needed for this is very low.[23] Likewise, RF jamming is simpler when communication and radar satellites are in lower altitudes as less power is needed to saturate their low-noise amplifiers. It is also far easier to launch an anti-satellite weapon to destroy satellites in low Earth orbit (as demonstrated with small ASM-135 or RIM-161 missiles) given much less energy is required to kinetically intersect than to enter and maintain orbit. An adversary would simply need to "punch a hole" in the constellation immediately before launching an attack.[24][20][25] When the Biden administration took ownership of the program in 2021, they appeared to take heed of these concerns[26] but still signed on to a $500M increase for the agency in the FY2023 spending bill.[27]
The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, dubbed the Space Development Agency "a model for the military". In their 2025 Mandate for Leadership, they call to develop new offensive space capabilities to "impose [American] will if necessary". They further claim the Biden administration "has eliminated almost all offensive deterrence capabilities" in space that were planned under the Trump administration.[28]
In 2020, 13th Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Will Roper expressed interest in the SpaceX Starlink satellite internet constellation as a platform for the SDA.[29][30]
SDA awarded its first contracts in August 2020. Lockheed Martin received $188 million and York Space Systems received $94 million to each build 10 data relay satellites for its transport layer. In October 2020, SDA chose SpaceX and L3Harris Technologies to develop four satellites each to detect and track ballistic and hypersonic missiles.[31] The initial tranche of satellites were originally scheduled to launch September 2022.[16] However, the initial launch slipped due to supply-chain issues for microelectronics such as radios,[32] software problems, and protests by Raytheon and Airbus over procurement and evaluation process.[33] SDA industry partners now include SpaceX, L3Harris Technologies, Northrop Grumman, Ball Aerospace and General Dynamics.[7]
A number of experimental satellites were launched in 2021. SDA plans to test some of the key technologies in a series of on-orbit experiments that went up on Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET).[34]
SDA's current schedule expects Tranche 0 capability[c][d] will be on orbit in time to support a summer 2023 demonstration.[33][35][36][37] Link 16 connectivity between Five Eyes nations, via Low Earth Orbit Tranche 0 satellites was demonstrated from 21 November to 27 November 2023.[38][39] Global coverage of missile launches will take 40 downward-looking satellites.[40] By year-end 2025 there will be 126 Link-16 satellites in orbit for intercommunication, using Tranche 1 Tracking capabilities.[41] Tranche 2 Tracking capability will start in 2026.[41]
Tranche 1 satellites were solicited for bid in 2021,[42] expecting first launch in September 2024,[43] and monthly launches thereafter.[44][45] Tranche 1 totals more than 150 satellites: 126 in Tranche 1 Transport Layer; 35 in Tranche 1 Tracking Layer; 12 in the Tranche 1 Demonstration and Experimentation System.[44] In 2022 contracts were awarded to York Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space, and Northrop Grumman Space Systems.[46]
Tranche 2 satellites were solicited for bid in 2023,[47] for launch in 2026.[47] This consists of more than 550 satellites: 250 in the Transport Layer; 50 in the Tracking Layer; Transport Layer will have 100 Alpha satellites, 72 Beta satellites, and 44 Gamma satellites;[44] The Beta satellites Request for Proposal (RFP) was released in the 2nd week of April.[44] The Alpha RFP was released in June 2023 and Gamma is scheduled for early 2024.[44] The Alpha satellites are similar to those in the Tranche 1 Transport Layer; the Beta satellites will have UHF and tactical communications payloads; the Gamma satellites will carry advanced waveform payloads.[44][48] York Space Systems will build 62 satellites for the Tranche 2 Transport Layer.[49] In 2023 contracts for 72 satellites were awarded to Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin (for 36 Beta satellites apiece).[50][51][52][53] In 2024 a third vendor, Rocket Lab LLC, was selected to supply 18 space vehicles, an additional part of the Beta Tranche 2 Tracking Layer (T2TL) tranche, for a total of 90 space vehicles in the Beta T2TL tranche.[54]
On 16 January 2024, the SDA announced an award to three vendors worth up to $2.5 billion. These vendors will supply "preliminary fire control" satellites in the Tranche 2 Tracking Layer. They will carry infrared (IR) cameras, with a mix of fields of view (FOVs).[55][56] The FOVs in the IR cameras will be either wide FOV (WFOV), or medium FOV (MFOV) for low-resolution, or higher-resolution tracking capability respectively.[55] If such a satellite were to prove performant, and launched early, and no later than April 2027, a vendor could receive an incentive payment.[55] Each vendor is to provide 18 satellites, of which 16 are to carry WFOV cameras; the remaining two are to be MFOV cameras.[d][56][55] The Proliferated Warfighting Space Architecture (PWSA) will rely on these preliminary fire control satellites to perform the JADC2 concept.[55] Tranche 2 Tracking capability will start after the 2026 launches.[41]
Projects and research
SDA satellites are the first to have direct-to-weapon control according to SDA's technical director, Frank Turner.[62]
Among the SDA projects:
- "Optical communications between satellites, and from satellites to a military drone aircraft".[63][64][65][14] Including the CubeSat based Laser Interconnect and Networking Communication System (LINCS).
- Provide a resilient, persistent response to ballistic missile detection[66][67][68][69][70]
- Build the JADC2[71] satellite backbone[72][73] using the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA):[a][13][74][e] JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale".[35] —Gen. Chance Saltzman, US Space Force
- The satellite constellations are in near-polar low Earth orbit.[78] Hundreds of satellites are expected by the end of the 2020s.[14] "Would you be able to take out some of these satellites? Probably. Would you be able to take out all of these satellites? Probably not, before you are going to have a really bad day."—Derek Tournear [79]: min -2:10 before the end of the video clip [80][70]
- NExT (National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA)[a] Experimental Testbed)[c] is a test bed of 10 space vehicles and associated mission-enabling ground systems, for realizing its various aspects, in miniature, before its larger, later scheduled deployments. In particular, the capability to retain and/or relay messages for command and control (C2) can then be demonstrated on the NExT test bed, before deployment at scale.[81][82]
- Using the satellites of Tranche 0, the SDA will be demonstrating the new capabilities[c] of the PWSA[a] to the warfighters, to aid in concept development (using the "warfighter immersion tranche").[83][59][43]
- Rapid response launch proliferated C2;[84][59][42] SDA remains the rapid launch proliferated arm for the Space Force.[61][a][68][42][86][87][58]
- User equipment (Earth stations and weapon systems)[79][88] SDA has selected the "ground Operations and Integration (O&I) segment for Tranche 1".[89]
- Transport layer intersatellite data[78] Tranche 1 Transport Layer (T1TL):[57] T1TL forms a mesh network in a constellation of small satellites in Low earth orbit (LEO). Each satellite would have 4 optical links.[42] SDA may have awarded 3 contracts totalling $1.8 billion to 3 firms, each for 42 satellites to be launched by September 2024.[57][86] However, there was a funding constraint in the FY2022 budget.[90][91][92]
- Tracking layer handles launched items,[93] connects to existing user equipment[13][90][88][94][95] Two contractors will each build 14 satellites for the Tranche 1 Tracking Layer as of 16 July 2022; these satellites will be in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) by 2025; hundreds of satellites are planned for the Tracking layer.[96] The Tracking Layer is capable of tracking hypersonic missiles throughout their flight, by their heat signatures.[96][97][58][98]
- Custody layer[99] handles items not yet launched from objects as big as a truck,[100] connects to existing user equipment[13]
- Battle management ("autonomy, tipping and queuing and data fusion")[13][a][101][102][f][d][59][106][107][108][109][110]
- Navigation layer is not finalized, provides navigation & launch data[13]
- Deterrence layer is situational awareness of cislunar space vehicles[13]
Launches
SDA's initial launch of 10 satellites (denoted Tranche 0)[c] had been scheduled for December 2022; however tests of 8 of these satellites indicated that each had a noisy power supply. The contractor, York Space Systems retrofitted filters on the 8 satellites at no cost to the government; the initial launch was delayed to March 2023, including the 8 retrofitted by York Space Systems.[111][35]
On 2 April 2023 the first 10 satellites of Tranche 0 were launched into low earth orbit, as planned. These satellites will demonstrate the responsive (low latency) communication links of the Transport layer of the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA). An initial checkout of the satellite bus and mission[c] payloads is the current priority.[111] The second Tranche 0 launch, carrying 13 more satellites, took place on 2 September 2023.[113] Of the 18 initially scheduled payloads one Transport satellite built by York has been excluded to conduct software tests, while the four Tracking satellites built by L3Harris had been kept on the ground by production delays and were launched later as rideshare payloads of a USSF-124 mission in February 2024.[114]
Manufacturer | Nickname | Built | Launched | On the ground | Decayed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tranche 0A (02 Apr 2023) |
Tranche 0B (02 Sep 2023) |
USSF-124 (15 Feb 2024) | |||||
Transport layer | |||||||
York Space Systems | Checkmate | A-Class: 6 B-Class: 4 |
A-Class: 5 B-Class: 3 |
A-Class: 0 B-Class: 1 |
A-Class: 0 B-Class: 0 |
A-Class: 1 B-Class: 0 |
|
Lockheed Martin | Wildfire | A-Class: 7 B-Class: 3 |
A-Class: 0 B-Class: 0 |
A-Class: 7 B-Class: 3 |
A-Class: 0 B-Class: 0 |
A-Class: 0 B-Class: 0 | |
Tracking layer | |||||||
SpaceX | BB | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
L3Harris | Raptor | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Management
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: too many citations at end of first paragraph, difficult to comprehend which one to check for verification of content. (June 2023) |
SDA began as a direct reporting unit (DRU) of DoD's USD(R&E): research and engineering.[b] By design,[117] the functions for acquisition and sustainment (A&S) are the responsibility of another under secretary of defense —the USD(A&S); this separation of function decouples the technology development of a working prototype system, even the systems as complicated as those taken on by the SDA, from overcomplication induced by the processes of the DoD.[G][h]
The SDA has relied heavily on "Section 804" Mid-Tier Acquisitions (MTAs) to avoid traditional defense procurement requirements. SDA has been able to forgo a number of reporting activities by breaking up larger programs into numerous two-year rapid fielding projects that each qualify as MTAs. Members of Congress and the Government Accountability Office have said this obfuscates costs and limits transparency. The FY23 omnibus appropriations act, signed by President Joe Biden on 29 December 2022, levies new reporting and certification requirements on the Pentagon regarding the use of MTAs and other rapid prototype programs. Industry participants such as MITRE Acquisition Chief Pete Modigliani have said the new requirements would "drastically impede DoD’s rapid acquisition abilities" for SDA and other programs.[240]
No. | Director | Term | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Duration | |
- | Fred Kennedy[267] Acting | March 12, 2019 | June 2019 | ~3 months and 3 days | |
- | Derek M. Tournear[268] Acting | June 2019 | October 28, 2019 | ~4 months and 13 days | |
1 | Derek M. Tournear[268] | October 28, 2019[269] | Incumbent | 4 years, 9 months, and 20 days |
See also
- Kessler Syndrome
- Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
- Automatic identification system (AIS)
- Earth observation
- Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)
- Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2)
- Satellite navigation
- SpaceX Starshield
- Shijian#Shijian-21 flagged by Gen. James H. Dickinson[154]
Notes and references
- ^ a b c d e f g h The name change of the constellation from NDSA to PWSA —'proliferated warfighter space architecture'— will have no impact to the SDA mission.[85]
- ^ a b "The OUSD(R&E) will develop critical technologies, rapidly prototype them, and conduct continuous campaigns of joint experimentation to improve on those technologies and deliver capabilities", —Hon. Heidi Shyu, head of the office of the undersecretary of defense for research and engineering (OUSD(R&E)).[115][116]
- ^ a b c d e f Tranche 0 will demonstrate the feasibility of
- ^ a b c Space development agency (SDA) provides the PWSA wide field of view (WFOV) sensors; Missile defense agency (MDA) provides the Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) sensors, (i.e., the Medium Field of View (MFOV) sensors). The WFOV sensors provide cueing data to the MFOV sensors, which are more sensitive and provide tipping data to the earth-based interceptors.[104] as cited in USNI News.[105] Two WFOV satellites were launched as part of the inititial Tranche 0.[35]
- ^ In September 2021 the Space Development Agency approved design plans for its new missile warning satellites, which will be capable of detecting and tracking hypersonic weapons.[75][58]
- L3Harris Technologies announced that the Space Development Agency has approved the company’s proposed design for a missile tracking satellite.[76] A production contract for 16 Tranche 1 Tracking satellites to track hypersonic missiles, for launch in 2025, was approved.[77]
- SpaceX will build 4 satellites for the Tranche 0 tracking layer.[35]
- ^ In Remote Sensing, Tipping and Queuing (Cueing) is a technique for tracking and monitoring fast-moving objects, using multiple sensors of multiple modalities (for example electro-optical and radar sensors). One sensor with a wide field of view might detect, acquire, and even track an object of interest (the 'target'); that sensor would 'tip' another sensor with the tracking information for that target. The next sensor, say with point defense capability, might then take the 'cue' to narrow the tracking box around the target, to build more accurate tracking information, to tip yet another defense system, and so forth. See Automatic identification system (AIS)[103]
- ^ SDA Tranche 0 planning for 2022[59][35][47][37][44][65]
- ^ Proliferated Low earth orbit satellite-based services, awarded under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts. Services for Space Systems Command include high-speed broadband, synthetic aperture radar imaging, space domain awareness; and alternative positioning, navigation and timing.[266]
- ^ There is "no magical fix" for DoD acquisition.[118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][58][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][72][66][137]
- ^ There are 40,000 objects in space to be tracked.[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][74][160][161][73][68][59][63][64][67][162][163][79][88][80][164][165]
- ^ The Department of the Air Force (DAF) has 3 Space acquisition organizations, of which SDA is but one.[168][61][60][12][169][170][171][172][173][174][107][108][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][112][109][190][191][192][193]
- ^ OCX is the ground control segment for the GPS block III constellation which is capable of responding to M-code commands from the Earth stations.[206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][4]
- ^ China is planning a Great Wall of 13,000 satellites.[256][257][258][259] [260][261][262][263][264][69][70][265][101][97][98]
- ^ Overclassification is a huge problem.—DoD policy chief.[232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][42][86][57][92][15][241][242][4][243][99][244][245][246][247][248][45][249][250][251][252][253][254][89][255][E]
- ^ No magical fix to acquisition.[A] [g][B] [166][167][C][194][195][196][197][198][110][14][199][200][201][202][203][204][205][D] [219][106][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231] [F]
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- ^ Courtney Albon (12 Apr 2024) Space Development Agency satellites poised to track first missile test
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- ^ a b Audrey Decker (4 Apr 2023) Satellite Ground Stations Are Vulnerable, US Warns Archived 6 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ a b Courtney Albon (10 Apr 2023) US Space Force to simplify timelines, purchases as launches surge Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine National Security Space Launch (NSSL Phase 3) FY25 to FY34
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- ^ Patrick Tucker (21 Aug 2023) Lockheed, Northrop share $1.5 billion contract for new transport satellites Archived 21 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Seventy-two satellites, which will begin launching in 2026, will be "the space backbone for the Joint All Domain Command and Control"; apparently the Beta Tranche 2 satellites.
- ^ Courtney Albon (20 Oct 2023) Space Development Agency orders 62 satellites from York Space Systems Archived 21 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine Launch in 2026 for Tranche 2 Transport Layer
- ^ Erwin, Sandra (2023-08-21). "Space Development Agency awards contracts to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman for 72 satellites". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ Michael Sheetz (30 Oct 2023) Pentagon awards $1.3 billion in contracts to Northrop Grumman and York for 100 satellites Archived 31 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine Previous reporting was for 36 Northrop satellites rather than the 38 reported now; 62 satellites are confirmed for York.
- ^ Carlo Munoz, Janes.com (1 Nov 2023) Pentagon awards USD1.3 billion for PWSA prototype development Archived 2 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (6 Sep 2023) SDA steps toward global hypersonic missile tracking, plus new targeting capability Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine at least 54 space vehicles with IR sensors for Tranche 2 Tracking Layer of the SDA's Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA).
- ^ SDA (8 Jan 2024) Space Development Agency Makes Third Award to Build 18 Additional Beta Variant Satellites for Tranche 2 Transport Layer Archived 9 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine Rocket Lab LLC to make 18 space vehicles in beta tranche T2TL, part of a total of 90 space vehicles to be launched in the beta T2TL tranche by July 2027.
- ^ a b c d e Theresa Hitchens (16 Jan 2024) SDA's latest Tracking Layer contract includes 6 'fire control' sats Archived 17 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine ... 'the "preliminary fire control" satellites in Tracking Layer Tranche 2 will carry a mix of wide-field-of-view and medium-field-of-view infrared cameras'
- ^ a b Sandra Erwin (16 Jan 2024) Space Development Agency awards contracts worth $2.5 billion for missile-tracking satellites Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine 18 satellites apiece: L3Harris, Lockheed Martin and Sierra Space
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- ^ Sandra Erwin (20 Dec 2023) L3Harris gets green light to produce 16 space-based hypersonic missile trackers
- ^ a b SDA.mil Transport layer Archived 2021-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
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- as reported by Courtney Albon (16 Jun 2022) Space Development Agency plans for 'enduring' satellite experimentation testbed
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (20 Jan 2023) SDA hopes SABRE sensors can slash missile testing costs by 'millions' Archived 20 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine "SDA already has a lot of interest from the Army and DoD's testing community in its Space-Based Telemetry Monitoring, Electronic Support, and Alternative Navigation (SABRE) project"
- ^ Courtney Albon (4 Apr 2023) Space Development Agency enters demonstration phase after first launch Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ C Todd Lopez (2 May 2021) On-Time Delivery Top Priority at Space Development Agency Archived 6 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ SDA (23 Jan 2023) SDA Layered Network of Military Satellites Now Known as "Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture" Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (PWSA— formerly known as NDSA)
- ^ a b c Theresa Hitchens (28 Oct 2021) SDA Scraps, Relaunches Data Transport Satellite Bidding After Protest Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine Tranche 1: T1TL of Aug 2021 was rescinded: "126 satellites [each] with Ka-band space-to-ground communications link, four optical communications terminals, a Link 16 payload (which is the current standard for machine-to-machine communications link among US and allied weapon systems), and a battle management, command, control and communications (BMC3) compute and storage module"; T1TL RFP was reissued 28 Oct 2021. T1TL terms were replaced with OTA authority instead. Proposals were due 24 Nov 2021.
- ^ a b Chris Gordon (3 Apr 2023) Speed, Cost, Performance—In That Order—Key to SDA's Successful Tranche 0 Launch, Director Says Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine First use of Link 16 in space
- ^ a b c Andrew Eversden (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN Archived 28 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (27 May 2022) Space Development Agency taps GD-Iridium team for complex ground system Archived 31 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (1 Mar 2022) Budget roadblock delaying Pentagon satellite program to track hypersonic missiles Archived 2 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine $750 million in question in FY2022 budget. An alternative, Tranche 1 Demonstration and Experimentation System (T1DES) can be let for 18 satellites.
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (6 Oct 2022) York scores SDA contract worth up to $200M for experimental communications satellites Archived 7 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine T1DES capabilities test (of UHF/S-band frequencies) using 12 satellites; provides data for a March 2023 decision on Tranche2
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (18 Feb 2022) SDA awards $1.8B in contracts for first operational data transport sats Archived 2 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Tranche 1 Transport layer (T1TL) award
- ^ SDA.mil Tracking layer Archived 2021-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Courtney Albon (2 Mar 2023) Raytheon to make seven missile-tracking satellites for US space agency Tranche 1 Tracking Layer
- ^ Courtney Albon (15 Mar 2022) Space Development Agency to launch next missile warning satellites earlier than expected Archived 2 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (18 July 2022) L3Harris, Northrop score $1.3B in SDA hypersonic missile tracking contracts Archived 19 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b David Vergun. DoD News (11 May 2022) DOD Focused on Hypersonic Missile Defense Development, Admiral Says Archived 23 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine Jon A. Hill: Planned May 2023 launch MDA/ SDA launch of interoperable hypersonic tracking satellites to track dim targets (cruise missiles)
- ^ a b Center for Strategic & International Studies (7 Feb 2022) Complex Air Defense: Countering the Hypersonic Missile Threat Archived 23 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine Dr. Tom Karako, Director of the CSIS Missile Defense Project; Ms. Kelley Sayler, CRS; Dr. Gillian Bussey, Director of the Joint Hypersonics Transition Office; Dr. Mark Lewis, Executive Director of NDIA's Emerging Technologies Institute; Mr. Stan Stafira, Chief Architect at the Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (7 Apr 2022) Space Force’s $1B for hypersonic missile tracking in FY23 will go to new satellites, ground systems Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Track Custody Prototype (TCP), and MEO satellite constellations with ground stations
- ^ SDA.mil Custody layer Archived 2021-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (10 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency asks for satellite 'battle management system' proposals Archived 11 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "The on-board Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications (BMC3) software module will be tested on SDA's Tranche 1 Transport Layer data relay satellites"
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 Dec 2021) NGA Gears Up For All Domain Ops Archived 5 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine references tipping and queuing of the data sensors and sources of the NGA's intelligence community
- ^ Muhammad Irfan Ali (20 Jan 2021) Tip And Cue technique for efficient near-real-time satellite monitoring of moving objects Archived 3 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kelley M. Sayler (24 Jan 2023) Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress Archived 23 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine IF11623
- ^ USNI News (27 Jan 2023) Report to Congress on Hypersonic Missile Defense Archived 28 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (6 Apr 2023) SPACECOM ops head 'tired of the excuses' about satellite tracking gaps Archived 10 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine a BMC3 problem; currently solvable in the Space Surveillance Network (SSN).
- ^ a b Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs (19 Sep 2022) Air Force taps Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey to head new integrated C3 battle management program Archived 23 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Command, Control, Communications and Battle Management (C3BM). USAF general Cropsey will have the authorities required to ensure integration of all C3BM related programs throughout the DAF, as a core contribution to the Department of Defense's broader Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) effort. [Integrating] PEO will also have responsibility for the Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS).
- ^ a b Michael Marrow (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine Cropsey on C3BM
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (14 Jul 2023) There goes my missile: SDA eyes new FOO Fighter missile defense 'fire control' sats Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine " 'Fire-Control On Orbit-Support-To-The-War Fighter (FOO Fighter or F2)' program" SDA 'plans to purchase and deploy' eight F2 space vehicles carrying electro-optical/infrared sensors
- ^ a b Sandra Erwin (18 Dec 2023) Space Force’s first six missile-defense satellites in medium orbit to cost about $500 million counter ICBMs, hypersonic missile from MEO
- ^ a b Courtney Albon (2 Apr 2023) SpaceX rocket launches Space Development Agency’s first satellites
- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (11 May 2023) Congressional concern re-emerges on fate of MDA’s hypersonic missile tracking sensors Archived 12 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lentz, Danny (2 September 2023). "SpaceX launches of Space Development Agency's Tranche 0 mission". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ Erwin, Sandra (26 May 2023). "Space Development Agency to launch 13 satellites in late June". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ Justin Katz (2 Feb 2022) Pentagon developing 'National Defense Science and Technology' strategy: Memo Archived 28 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine by Hon. Heidi Shyu
- ^ Jaspreet Gill (25 Jul 2023) Pentagon's R&E office stands up 3 new assistant secretaries, 8 new DASDs Archived 26 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ USD(R&E) (20 Nov 2020) DOD INSTRUCTION 5000.88: ENGINEERING OF DEFENSE SYSTEMS Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Valerie Insinna (11 Apr 2022) After hearing Silicon Valley complaints, Hicks says no 'magical' fix to acquisition Archived 12 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Hicks software modernization strategy
- ^ Arnold Punaro "Book Excerpt: Pruning The Acquisition Kudzu". July 29, 2021.
- ^ Jaspreet Gill (21 Jul 2023) Now at a 'tipping point', Defense Innovation Unit looks to next 'phase': Scaling tech Archived 22 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine DIU to attempt to "scale... and do it quickly"
- ^ Courtney Albon (8 Dec 2022) How the Space Development Agency 'could have died any number of ways' Apr 2019
- ^ Aaron Mehta and Valerie Insinna (13 Mar 2019) In memo, Air Force secretary slams Space Development Agency as not ready for prime time Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (7 Dec 2022) 'Compromise' NDAA boosts Space Force budget, but keeps tight reins on policy decisions Archived 14 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Senate wants explicit waiver from OSD exempting SDA from JCIDS
- ^ Greg Hadley (8 Dec 2022) Compromise NDAA; Here’s What’s in It for the Space Force Archived 10 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine The Office of the Secretary of Defense to review "whether the Space Development Agency should be exempt from the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System in order to speed overall fielding of proliferated space system".
- ^ Ryan Duffy (12 Dec 2022) Lawmakers Release FY23 Compromise NDAA Bill Archived 14 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Space Force funding summary
- ^ Courtney Albon (28 Nov 2022) Millennium, Raytheon complete design review for missile warning system Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Missile Track Custody, in MEO
- ^ Courtney Albon (13 Jan 2023) Lawmakers chart 'middle course' on space-based missile warning funding Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Bridging strategies for Missile warning, tracking, custody. GEO/MEO/LEO.
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (27 Jul 2022) Rocket science: How Space Force acquisition works, with many players and dual hats Archived 28 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine Space Force's Space Systems Command (SSC) org chart. Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, is head of SSC
- ^ DoD News (14 Dec 2020) What's With All the U.S. Space-Related Agencies? Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Manpower levels from all contributors
- ^ Tobias Naegele (27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force Archived 29 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Gen. B. Chance "Salty" Saltzman builds out the Force by empowering its people
- ^ DoD (8 Dec 2022) Seven Nations Meet to Address Space Security Archived 19 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine CSpO Principals Board: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States met in NZ. Included: Dr. John Plumb, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Space Policy; U.S. Space Force Gen. Chance Saltzman, Chief of Space Operations; U.S. Army GEN James H. Dickinson, Commander, United States Space Command; and Mr. Damon Wells, National Reconnaissance Office
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (28 Dec 2022) At home and internationally, ‘governance’ is the space watchword: 2023 Preview Archived 4 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Space governance
- ^ Devin Coldewey (9 Jan 2023) FCC moves to form Space Bureau as its role in regulating orbit intensifies Archived 9 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (23 Dec 2022) In Space, baby steps and a ponderous 'pivot': 2022 in Review Archived 24 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jaspreet Gill (13 Jul 2022) Air Force needs more efficiency from 'raindrop' software factories: Former DoD cyber official Archived 14 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine devSecOps
- Jaspreet Gill (7 Feb 2022) The Pentagon wants to turn its 29 software factories into one ‘ecosystem’ Archived 14 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ David Roza (14 Jun 2022) The Pentagon’s new data chief waited days just for an ID card Archived 14 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sandra Erwin (February 17, 2019). "Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ Mandy Mayfield (16 Apr 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon Bringing New Space Sensing Capabilities Online (UPDATED) Archived 4 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Space Fence
- ^ "Satellite Map | Explore Active Satellites Orbiting Earth". geoxc-apps.bd.esri.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-27. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- ^ Jacqueline Feldscher (31 Mar 2022) Space Force Buys a Digital Twin of Orbital Space Archived 1 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine "Updated 'minute-by-minute', the Slingshot Aerospace tool is expected to improve training and real-world planning"
- ^ Eric Berger (8 Aug 2022) Rocket Lab’s launch cadence now "100 percent" driven by market demand -Updated Archived 9 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine Western Launch Companies: United Launch Alliance, ArianeSpace, SpaceX, and Rocket Lab
- ^ Audrey Decker (18 Apr 2024) ULA has an ambitious plan to 'reuse' Vulcan rocket: keep it in space Keep upper stage in orbit after launch of Sierra Space's Dream Chaser
- ^ Courtney Albon (14 July 2023) Space Force to open launch business to a third provider Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robert Johnson (19 May 2021) Parsons Lands $185M Task to Support Space Force Situational Awareness System Archived 28 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Integrated Solutions for Situational Awareness ISSA, unclassified version
- ^ airandspaceforces.com (22 Jun 2023) 2023 USAF & USSF Almanac: DAF Personnel Archived 7 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine DAF TOTAL FORCE END STRENGTH as of 30 Sep 2022 (SDA was not yet included)
- ^ Courtney Albon (3 Nov 2022) Next Space Force chief should focus on resiliency, Raymond says Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine 1st commander of USSF. Summary: SWAC worked well with 600 people.
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (26 Apr 2023) Space Force wraps initial plan for building 'hybrid' commercial/military 'outernet' Archived 27 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Courtney Albon (26 Apr 2023) The US is rethinking national security space architecture. Is it moving fast enough? 38:21 video. Col. Eric Felt; Mr. Nicholas Eftimiades
- ^ Courtney Albon (26 Apr 2023) Space Force eyes 'outernet' for better data flow in orbit Space Warfighting Analysis Center (SWAC) has analyzed Transport layer needs: Col. Felt. Use mesh networking, use commercial vendors
- ^ Bloomberg Quicktake: Originals (16 Jun 2022) How LeoLabs Is Using New Tech to Target Space Junk Archived 25 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine LEOLabs is focusing on the lowest 2,000 kilometers above Earth, provides an API to transmit collision avoidance (machine-to-machine API) alerts to its customers
- ^ C. Todd Lopez , DOD News (21 Oct 2022) U.S. Space Command to Transfer Space Object Tracking to Department of Commerce Archived 25 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Courtney Albon (10 Nov 2022) Why the Space Force is getting serious about on-orbit servicing
- ^ Sandra Erwin (12 Nov 2022) X-37B space plane completes its sixth mission, lands after nearly 30 months in orbit Could refuel satellites, move space junk to graveyard
- ^ a b Marcus Weisgerber (18 Apr 2023) Allies Want Space Defenses Too, US Official Says Archived 19 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (19 Apr 2023) Space Force, SPACECOM pushing to speed 'sustained' maneuverability on orbit Archived 20 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine "on-orbit servicing and repair, satellite refueling and space junk cleanup"
- ^ Sandra Erwin (29 Aug 2023) TransAstra claims NASA contract for debris capture bag for junk
- ^ Christian Davenport, (c) 2023 The Washington Post (8 Mar 2023) War in space: U.S. officials debating rules for a conflict in orbit Archived 9 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Falcon 9 61 Launches in 2022
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 Sep 2021) Revolutionary Tech Could Allow Near-Real Time Space Tracking, Company Says Archived 15 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine MITRE
- ^ Theresa Hitchens "Theater Commands OK SDA's Sat Plans: EXCLUSIVE". April 1, 2021.
- ^ Nate Turkin (28 Apr 2021) What focus areas are key to America’s future space capabilities? Archived 3 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Le portail Sécurité et Défense du Québec "US Army network team sets timeline for satellite constellations". SDQuébec.
- ^ Colin Clark (20 Mar 2019) Space Force May Not Fix Space Acquisition Mess Archived 4 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Military space programs have to navigate a maze of 60 agencies
- ^ Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops Archived 29 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
- Theresa Hitchens (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads Archived 18 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs. This is part of the Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) capability.
- ^ Detsche Welle (27 Oct 2022) Ukraine updates: Russia threatens West's satellites Archived 27 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 Oct 2022) 24 hours to launch: Space Force, DIU kick off new 'Tactically Responsive Space' mission Archived 27 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Space Systems Command Victus Nox → Victus Haze satellite, an in-orbit inspector of LEO satellites.
- ^ Washington Headquarters Service (WHS) (2010) Plain Language Archived 2022-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Official DoD Plain Language Website — DoD Instruction 5025.13, "DoD Plain Language Program".
- ^ Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, AP (31 Jul 2023) Biden decides to keep Space Command in Colorado, rejecting move to Alabama Archived 31 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Theresa Hitchens (31 Jul 2023) Space Command HQ staying in Colorado, as Biden reverses Trump decision Archived 1 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Sen. Jeanne Shaheen noted that Missile Defense Agency lost 80% of its workforce in the move to Alabama in 2005.—Marcus Weisgerber and Bradley Peniston (31 Jul 2023) Biden to reverse Trump decision to move Space Command to Alabama Archived 1 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ AirAndSpaceForces.com (11 Oct 2022) Watch, Read: 'Accelerating Space Acquisition' Archived 11 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine Video (pre-SDA in Space Force): SpRCO, SSC talking with Calvelli (SAF/SQ) video: Calvelli; Hammett; Whitney; Purdy
- ^ Courtney Albon (21 Sep 2022) Is Space Force moving fast enough for its Rapid Capabilities Office? Space RCO is DRU of "SpOC" ?
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (5 Oct 2022) New Space Force team to streamline 'onboarding' new tech for operational use Archived 5 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (1 Nov 2022) With new 'scorecard', Space Force’s acquisition chief talks changing culture Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "I'm really messaging three things to industry — that I really want them to give me credible proposals, and I really want them to execute, and I'm not going to tolerate poor performance" —Frank Calvelli
- ^ Courtney Albon (1 Nov 2022) Space Force's Calvelli issues acquisition 'guideposts' "nine acquisition tenets"
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 Apr 2023) Space Force acquisition czar wraps program 'scorecard', puts floundering contractors on notice Archived 26 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marcus Weisgerber (1 Nov 2022) It’s Official: Space Force Sets Sights on Smaller Satellites Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Colin Demarest (12 Sep 2023) US Air Force prioritizing cloud-based command and control C2BC, part of CJADC2
- ^ Greg Hadley (1 Aug 2023) Cropsey Wants to Keep Things Simple: 'Complexity Is Going to Kill Us' Archived 3 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (17 May 2023) Space Force ground control operators press for 'absolutely critical' network upgrades Archived 18 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine Overview of Satellite Control Network
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 Sep 2023) Modern antenna for aging Satellite Control Network passes first test Archived 27 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine SpRCO Phased Array progress
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (14 Dec 2023) Space Force's new, classified 'threat warning' sensors now delivering intel on 'foreign capabilities' Archived 15 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine SpRCO replacement for Satellite Control Network
- ^ Sandra Erwin (17 May 2023) Space Force selects Parsons to develop ground system for missile-warning satellites Ground stations For 6 'missile warning, missile tracking, missile track custody' (MTC) satellites in MEO by 2026 --Space Systems Command
- ^ Greg Hadley (17 May 2023) USAF Looks to Fill Intelligence Gaps from Space Archived 19 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine spaceBasedIsr: ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)
- ^ Thomas Gnau (18 May 2023) New Mission for Wright-Patterson: Air Force Says Base to Get New ISR Mission Archived 19 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine 76th ISR squadron in Space Delta 7, Wright Patterson AFB. 90 people
- ^ Michael Marrow (23 Mar 2023) In new JADC2 overhaul, Air Force pushes all-encompassing 'DAF Battle Network' Archived 23 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Cropsey to work with ASAFs Hunter and Calvelli, and their leads Jeffrey Valenzia and John Olson (USAF, USSF)
- ^ Jaspreet Gill (19 Sep 2022) 'Decision superiority': Air Force picks 5 companies to develop ABMS digital infrastructure Archived 26 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine Calvelli gets another report, for Advanced Battle Management System (Air Force and Space Force implementation of JADC2). Air Force's Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) leads the ABMS Digital Infrastructure Consortium for "secure processing, resilient communications, data management and open-architecture".
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (18 Jan 2023) Space acquisition office weighs mission priorities in case satellites go down Archived 19 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine "a new program office dedicated solely to 'resiliency' "
- ^ Colin Demarest (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract
- ^ Tobias Naegele (16 Dec 2022) Air Force Vice Chief: B-21 Not Just a Bomber, Will Mesh with JADC2, NGAD Archived 16 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tim Ryan Mitchell Institute (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space Archived 13 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine Ground Moving Target Identification (GMTI) and Air Moving Target Identification (AMTI)
- ^ Amanda Miller (3 Nov 2022) Refining the JADC2 Concept Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "Agreeing to share data is easy. Actually doing it is hard". —Derek M.Tournear, SDA: °First) beyond-line-of-sight targeting. "Think mobile missile launchers—think ships. Detect them. Track them. Calculate a fire control solution and send it down directly to the war fighter so they can use that in their solution"; °Second) enable that same thing 'for advanced missiles in flight'. That is, to detect and track a hypersonic glide vehicle in flight, then "calculate a fire control solution [and] send it down to an interceptor to take out that threat immediately".
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (18 Jul 2023) SDA racing ahead with new, US-based satellite ground stations, could meet hiccup abroad Archived 19 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine 19 ground stations April or May 2024, for the 166 satellites of Tranche 1
- ^ Courtney Albon (7 Jul 2022) US Space Force rapid capabilities office to deliver first project this year Archived 27 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine Kelly Hammett directs Space RCO. Space RCO is colocated with Space Systems Command’s Innovation and Prototyping Delta, and Air Force Research Laboratory’s Space Vehicles Directorate
- ^ Sandra Erwin (7 Jun 2024) Space Force agency taps 20 companies for $1 billion ground systems IDIQ
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (29 Jun 2022) New Space Force acquisition exec eschews more reorganization Archived 29 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine Frank Calvelli
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (28 Jun 2021) Loft Orbital’s ‘Rideshare’ Sats: Take An Uber To Space Archived 29 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Yam-2, Yam-3
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (1 Jul 2021) SMC Eyes MEO Sats For Missile Tracking Archived 2 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Raytheon & Boeing Millennium Systems are designing digital prototypes which are in Critical design review (CDR) by Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) for launch to MEO in late 2022. Missile Track Custody Prototype (TCD)
- ^ Sandra Erwin (4 Jan 2023) Raytheon selects Lockheed Martin bus for U.S. Space Force missile-tracking satellite "Raytheon's infrared sensing payload will be integrated on a Lockheed Martin LM400" 2026 launch
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (20 Oct 2023) Space Force plans next MEO missile tracking satellite awards by early 2025 Archived 21 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine spiral development of "MEO missile warning/tracking" in 3 epochs
- ^ Sandra Erwin (30 Oct 2023) Space Force to begin procurement of missile-tracking satellites for medium Earth orbit constellation MEO
- ^ Nathan Strout (29 Nov 2021) Raytheon acquires SEAKR Engineering
- ^ Marjorie Censer (18 Dec 2022) L3Harris moves to acquire Aerojet Rocketdyne Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine for $4.7 billion, after Lockheed Martin ended its attempt for Rocketdyne in Feb 2022
- ^ Nathan Strout (3 May 2020) SEAKR moving forward with DARPA’s Pit Boss project Archived 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 Jun 2020) DARPA’s Blackjack Jumps Forward With Payload, Bus, Demo Awards Archived 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 Mar 2023) Project Blackjack: DARPA’s test of satellite laser links delayed Archived 16 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (9 Jul 2021) Space RCO Head: Too Soon For Single Acquisition Shop Archived 10 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine 50 to 55 contracts by year-end 2021
- ^ Tony Capaccio (10 Jul 2021) Pentagon Sees China’s Offensive Space Technology ‘On the March’ Archived 11 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Jamming, dazzling, kinetic kill
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (16 Jul 2021) NTS-3, Aiming To Improve On GPS, Starts Integration Tests In August Archived 17 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Toolkit of PWSA techniques
- ^ Nathan Strout (29 Jul 2021) Space Force launches small satellite to test new sensor possibilities Archived 1 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine 6U vs 12U bus
- ^ CTO Advanced Capabilities (2021) Advanced Capabilities Roles Archived 2021-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens "OCX On Track, Says Raytheon; Begins New Upgrade". May 5, 2021. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2022. OCX See GPS signals
- ^ Loren Blinde "Raytheon I&S wins GPS OCX contract". May 6, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Barry Rosenberg (20 Aug 2021) Next-Gen GPS Satellites Get Ground-Control Modernization Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine control segment: OCX 3F
- Michael J. Dunn, Space Systems Command, Capability Area Integrator for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (2 May 2022) Directions 2022: GPS positioned for the future Archived 21 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine space segment: GPS Block III user equipment segment: MGUE —modernized GPS user equipment
- ^ gps.gov (updated 9 Dec 2021) "GPS.gov: Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX)". www.gps.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-08-06. (PB2022) Exhibit R-2A, RDT&E Project Justification: PB 2022 Air Force Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine Presidential budget justification for OCX activities
- ^ Michael Marrow (27 Sep 2022) Space Force sees another schedule slip for OCX delivery, risking GPS IIIF delay Archived 14 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine on IOC of Apr 2023: "OCX will replace the legacy Global Positioning System ground control apparatus as the Space Force plans the launch of a new series of GPS satellites"
- ^ Courtney Albon (9 Jun 2023) Space Force sees further delays to 'troubled' GPS ground segment Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine slip to year-end 2023
- ^ Courtney Albon (3 May 2023) Raytheon, Lockheed to compete for Space Force satellite ground system Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Ground Resilient Integration and Framework for Operational Nuclear Command, Control and Communication system (GRIFFON)
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (7 Nov 2023) Next-gen GPS ground system expected to come online this summer: Calvelli Archived 8 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine OCX and ATLAS
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (2 Feb 2024) Ground system for jam-resistant GPS delayed again to July 2025 at earliest, Pentagon tester says Archived 2 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine OCX by July 2025; MGUE receiver cards and GPS IIIF launches are also delayed.
- ^ Marcus Weisgerber (4 May 2023) Lockheed Reorganizes Its Space Division, Adding Plans to Sell Satellite Parts to Other Companies Archived 4 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Lockheed National Security Space "combine[s] its military space unit, which builds satellites; its special programs division for classified work; and its mission solutions unit, which connects the satellites to the military and intelligence community".
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (6 Dec 2022) NGA’s Stardust will modernize Earth models for GPS, mapping Archived 7 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Geomatics
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (1 Jul 2022) Experimental missile warning satellite will test tech for Space Force use in multiple orbits Archived 1 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine WFOV to GEO, for OPIR
- ^ Nathan Strout (6 Aug 2021) Northrop Grumman, Ball Aerospace clear milestone for missile warning payload Archived 8 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Next Gen Overhead Persistent Infrared to replace SBIRS
- ^ Colin Clark "SASC Frets DoD Missile Warning Satellite Efforts May Be Flailing". September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (11 Nov 2021) MDA: Hypersonic missile tracking prototypes on point for 2023 launch Archived 13 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine "What happens after the HBTSS prototype demonstrations, however, is yet to be determined"
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (9 Nov 2023) Space Force taps 4 firms to vie for missile warning C2 prototype Archived 10 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine Pathway from SBIRS replacements to ground stations
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (24 Apr 2024) Missile Defense Agency's new long-range radar steps toward full deployment LRDR space domain awareness test Jan 2024: a data collection event in January 2024 proved the space domain awareness capability, and the U.S. Space Force and MDA are in the process of formally declaring LRDR ready for early use of space domain awareness in April 2024
- ^ PEO, BMC3 (Apr 2023) BATTLE MANAGEMENT COMMAND, CONTROL & COMMUNICATIONS Archived 2023-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tara Copp (9 Aug 2021) Hypersonic Missile Defense May Depend on Low Earth Orbit Satellites Archived 11 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine PIRPL
- ^ THERESA HITCHENS and JASPREET GILL (21 Jun 2023) SAIC to build software app factory for Space Development Agency Archived 22 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (20 Aug 2021) Exclusive: Pentagon Poised To Unveil, Demonstrate Classified Space Weapon Archived 25 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine to shoot down satellites —John Hyten
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (30 Jun 2023) Space Force chief seeks to 'shift mindset' to defend Joint Force on the ground Archived 4 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine "While important, a narrow focus on protecting space capabilities disregards how U.S. strategic competitors are preparing to use their own space capabilities to find, target, and attack forces operating in the terrestrial domains" —USSF Gen. Chance Saltzman
- ^ Tim Martin (17 Jul 2023) Space Force should offer European allies protection from anti-satellite attacks: Saltzman Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Therese Hitchens (15 Dec 2022) 'Huge, huge problem': DoD space policy chief says over-classification harming allied advantage Archived 17 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tariq Malik (22 Jan 2022) You can watch SpaceX launch more than four dozen Starlink internet satellites tonight. Here's how. Archived 18 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Daviscourt, Joshua (28 June 2021). "COTS and Space-based Missile Defense". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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- ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (6 Feb 2023) Oversight or overkill? DoD faces new congressional order to detail Mid-Tier Acquisitions Archived 7 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine "While lawmakers worry over lack of oversight, MITRE's Pete Modilgiani tells Breaking Defense, 'The Middle Tier of Acquisition [MTA] pathway is one of DoD's most valuable tools to rapidly deliver capabilities ... to deter China’s threat' ".
- ^ Sandra Erwin (29 Sep 2023) Space Development Agency funds demonstration of satellite laser links in 'degraded' environments Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine GAES to deliver 'Manhattan' terminals by Dec 2024
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (11 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency missile tracking data will inform NC3 Archived 12 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "While the timeframe for certifying SDA's Tracking Layer as part of the nuclear attack sensor network remains unclear, SDA Director Derek Tournear said there is 'plenty of time' to get it done". SBIRS and next-gen OPIR satellites are already ITWAA-certified. 2025-26 time frame.
- ^ Nathan Strout (27 Aug 2021) New hypersonic missile-tracking satellites pass critical design review Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine for Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) prototypes
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (4 Jan 2023) Space Force Missile Track Custody prototype effort moves to hardware stage Archived 5 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine 2 awards: to Raytheon Intelligence & Space (RI&S), and to Boeing’s Millennium Space Systems. Satellites in MEO by 2026.
- ^ Tony Capaccio, Bloomberg (7 Jun 2023) "Silent Barker": US Spy Satellite To Counter Russia, China Threats Archived 7 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine a constellation in geosynchronous orbit. NRO/USSF
- ^ Cortney Albon (10 Sep 2023) Space Force, NRO launch 'Silent Barker' space observation satellites Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Observation Sats for tracking objects in geosynchronous orbit
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (12 Jun 2023) Top-level study on Intel Community, Space Force satellite control coming soon Archived 12 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine NRO/USSF/DNI/DoD
- ^ Courtney Albon (6 Apr 2023) US Space Force's responsive space strategy taking shape Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Tactically responsive space strategy: Millennium to build (8 months), Firefly to launch (24 hours after build is complete)
- ^ Audrey Decker (10 Apr 2023) Three Years or Less: The Space Force's New "Simple Formula" to Go Fast Archived 10 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Calvelli constraints on NRE, fixed price contracts
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 Apr 2021) Antennas: The hard physics challenge for Space Force ‘hybrid’ SATCOM plan Archived 18 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine TITAN seeks "SATCOM signals from constellations in LEO, MEO and GEO"
- ^ Breaking Defense (24 Oct 2022) TITAN is a thing of great strength, intellect, and importance: For the Army, it’s all that for JADC2 Archived 25 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine "A tactical ground station that finds and tracks threats to support long-range precision targeting, TITAN promises to bring together data from ground, air, and space sensors".
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (21 Nov 2022) SDA ponders signal, tech trade-offs for alternate GPS satellite payloads Archived 21 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "SDA is considering signals different to GPS, but offered within the same frequency bands. If SDA’s military PNT service is located within the existing GPS frequency bands, it will minimize integration cost of new antenna systems on terrestrial weapon systems". Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (12 Sep 2023) Space Force prototypes new 'integrated' Deltas for readiness boost Archived 14 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine For 1 year, SpOC is prototyping 2 Integrated Mission Deltas (IMDs): 1 for electronic warfare, 1 for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). SpOC is the operations side of USSF; SSC is for acquisition and sustainment
- ^ C4ISRNET staff (16 Dec 2022) Space imaging company Maxar agrees to $6.4 billion takeover Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine by Advent International. Maxar to remain in Westminster, Colorado. 4400 employees
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (19 Dec 2022) SES launches O3b mPower satellites, eyeing government, defense sectors Archived 19 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Satellite uses 5000 digitally formed beams, each tuned to a different sovereign user. 2 satellites launched into MEO, 11 satellites planned
- ^ Stephen Chen, SCMP (24 Feb 2023) China aims to launch nearly 13,000 satellites to 'suppress' Elon Musk’s Starlink, researchers say Archived 25 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine in near-Earth orbit
- ^ Sam Bresnick (8 Aug 2023) China's rapid space launch advantage, and how the US can try to counter it Archived 9 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine —Tactically responsive space launch (TRSL): "China has now passed the United States in its tactically responsive space launch capabilities", says the Center for Security and Emerging Technology.
- ^ Aaron Mehta, ed. (6 January 2022) 2021-2022 Military Space Survey Archived 14 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine 26 pages
- ^ Sandra Erwin (1 Feb 2023) Space Development Agency issues draft solicitation for 72 satellites beta 2026 Tranche 2 Transport Layer: "The Space Development Agency is planning a new procurement of 72 satellites to continue to build out a military constellation in low Earth orbit". Part of a 216 satellite tranche. 6 orbital planes.
- ^ Joshua Hartman, GEOST (4 Jan 2023) It’s time to rethink how to get the most out of a Space Domain Awareness architecture Archived 5 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 Jan 2024) To kill the kill chains: How Space Force could use AI to avoid 'operational surprise' on orbit Archived 29 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine for space domain awareness
- ^ Eric Berger (14 Nov 2022) The first cubesat to fly and operate at the Moon has successfully arrived Archived 15 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine cislunar Cubesat
- ^ Theresa Hitchens (17 Nov 2022) 'Critically important': New White House strategy for cislunar research echoes Space Force Archived 18 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Katie Balevic (3 Feb 2024) Space Force is sending one of its 'Guardians' into space for the first time in its history Archived 4 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Nick Hague's 3rd tour as astronaut
- ^ Millennium Space Systems (1 Nov 2022) U.S. Space Force Tetra-1 launches to GEO Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine built for Space Systems Command under OTA
- ^ Sandra Erwin (27 Nov 2023) Additional vendors selected for DoD's low Earth orbit satellite services contract The 20 vendors: first 16 are: ARINC, Artel, Capella Federal, BlackSky, SES, Hughes, Viasat, KGS, Intelsat General, OneWeb, PAR Government, RiteNet Corporation, Satcom Direct Government, SpaceX, Trace Systems and UltiSat; the additional 4 vendors are AT&T, Honeywell Aerospace, Iridium and Lynk Global.
- ^ "Dr. Fred G. Kennedy III". www.defense.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
- ^ a b "Derek M. Tournear, Ph.D." www.defense.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
- ^ "Derek Tournear named permanent director of the Space Development Agency". SpaceNews. October 28, 2019.