Spanish Filipinos: Difference between revisions

Spanish Filipinos
Ruffa Gutierrez.	Gary Valenciano
File:Guillermo Gomez.jpg Guillermo Gómez Rivera	Kristine Hermosa

Spanish diaspora
	Flag of the Hispanic people
Total population
	Est. 30-35% of the population*
Regions with significant populations
	Metro Manila, Zamboanga City, Cebu City, Vigan, Iloilo City, Bauang
Languages
	Philippine Spanish, Spanish, Filipino, Chavacano, English
Religion
	Roman Catholic, Evangelical, Pentecostal, Judaism, Agnostic
Related ethnic groups
	Spaniards, Hispanic people, Filipinos
	(*) "1/3rd of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry" (est. 1818)

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A Spanish Filipino (Spanish, Chavacano: Español Filipino, Hispano Filipino; Tagalog, Filipino: Kastila, Tisoy, Conio; Cebuano, Hiligaynon: Cachila) is a Filipino who has Spanish or Hispanic lineage, mostly born and raised in the Philippines.

Background

"The Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to the Orient by a gigantic marine wave" - Arnold J. Toynbee.

A Spanish Filipino is any citizen or resident of the Philippines who is of Spanish or Hispanic origin. They are represented in all levels of Philippine society and are integrated politically and economically, in the private and government sector.

Spanish Filipinos are present within several commerce and business sectors in the Philippines and a few sources estimate companies which comprise a significant portion of the Philippine economy are owned by Spanish Filipinos like International Container Terminal Services Inc., Manila Water, Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc., Ayala Land, Ynchausti y Compañia, Ayala Corporation, Aboitiz & Company, Union Bank of the Philippines, ANSCOR, Bank of the Philippine Islands, Globe Telecom, Solaire Resort & Casino, Phelps Dodge, to name but a few.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Demographics

The term Hispanic (Spanish: hispano, hispánico, Galician: hispánico, Asturian: hispanu, Basque: hispaniar, Catalan: hispà,^[7]^[8] hispàno^[9]) broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once part of the Spanish Empire, particularly the countries of Latin America, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, and Spanish Sahara. The Spanish culture and Spanish language are the main traditions.^[10]^[11]

Between 1565 and 1898, Hispanics from Latin America and Spain sailed to and from the Philippine Islands. This contributed to the assimilation of the Hispanics into everyday society and according to an 1818 study by the renowned German ethnologist Fëdor Jagor, "The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes", about "1/3rd of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry and that the vast majority of military personnel have Latin-American origins."^[1]

Using data based on Fëdor Jagor's study, it is estimated that Filipinos with at least some Spanish or Hispanic ancestry comprise roughly 30-35% of the current Philippine population.

Hispanic countries

Flag	Name	Area (km²)	Population	Population density (per km²)	Capital	Name in Spanish
	Argentina	2,780,400	43,024,374	14.4	Buenos Aires	Argentina
	Bolivia	1,098,581	10,631,486	9	Sucre	Bolivia
	Chile	756,102	17,363,894	23	Santiago	Chile
	Colombia	1,138,910	46,245,297	41.5	Bogotá	Colombia
	Costa Rica	51,100	4,755,234	91.3	San José	Costa Rica
	Cuba	110,860	11,047,251	100.6	Havana	Cuba
	Dominican Republic	48,670	10,349,741	210.9	Santo Domingo	República Dominicana
	Ecuador	283,561	15,654,411	54.4	Quito	Ecuador
	Equatorial Guinea	28,051	722,254	24.1	Malabo	Guinea Ecuatorial
	El Salvador	21,041	6,125,512	290.3	San Salvador	El Salvador
	Guatemala	108,889	14,647,083	129	Guatemala City	Guatemala
	Honduras	112,090	8,598,561	76	Tegucigalpa	Honduras
	Mexico	1,964,375	120,286,655	57	Mexico City	México
	Nicaragua	130,370	5,848,641	44.3	Managua	Nicaragua
	Panama	75,420	3,608,431	54.2	Panama City	Panamá
	Paraguay	406,752	6,703,860	14.2	Asunción	Paraguay
	Peru	1,285,216	30,147,935	23	Lima	Perú
	Philippines	300,000	102,172,400	340.57	Manila	Filipinas
	Puerto Rico^a	13,790	3,620,897	397	San Juan	Puerto Rico
	Spain	505,370	47,737,941	92	Madrid	España
	Uruguay	176,215	3,332,972	18.87	Montevideo	Uruguay
	Venezuela	912,050	28,868,486	31.59	Caracas	Venezuela
Total			541,493,316 (7.5% of the global population)

^a Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. where Spanish and English are the official languages^[12] and Spanish is the primary language.

In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.^[13] However, by April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts,^[14] and in January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated.^[15]

Largest Hispanic cities

The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the Hispanic world.^[16]

	City	Country	Metropolitan population (2012)	Gross Domestic Product (USD, 2012)	GDP per capita (USD, 2012)	Global economic ranking by GDP (2012)
1.	Mexico City	Mexico	20,631,353	$411.4 billion	$19,940	15th
2.	Buenos Aires	Argentina	13,333,912	$348.4 billion	$26,129	20th
3.	Manila	Philippines	12,856,400	$182.8 billion	$14,222	N/A
4.	Lima	Peru	10,231,678	$177.4 billion	$17,340	62nd
5.	Bogotá	Colombia	8,868,395	$140.9 billion	$15,891	86th
6.	Santiago	Chile	7,023,767	$150.3 billion	$21,393	79th
7.	Madrid	Spain	6,598,395	$264.0 billion	$40,007	37th
8.	Caracas	Venezuela	5,297,026	$69 billion	$24,000^[17]	N/A
9.	Barcelona	Spain	4,712,749	$171.0 billion	$36,280	65th
10.	Guadalajara	Mexico	4,593,444	$77.4 billion	$16,855	142nd

History

Spanish Philippines is the history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898. It begins with the arrival in 1521 of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for Spain, which heralded the period when the Philippines was an overseas province of Spain, and ends with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898.

Spanish East Indies

Cabildo Street, Intramuros, Manila, 1890s

The Spanish East Indies (Indias orientales españolas) were the Spanish territories in Asia-Pacific from 1565 until 1899. They comprised the Philippine Islands, Guam and the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands (Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia), and for some time parts of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Moluccas (Indonesia). Cebu was the first seat of government, later transferred to Manila. From 1565 to 1821 these territories, together with the Spanish West Indies, were administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City.

Captaincy General of the Philippines

The Captaincy General of the Philippines (Spanish: Capitañía General de las Filipinas; Filipino: Kapitanyang Heneral ng Pilipinas) was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire. The Captaincy General encompassed the Spanish East Indies which included the modern country of the Philippines and various Pacific Island possessions, such as the Caroline Islands and Guam. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish settlements.

For centuries all the political and economic aspects of the Captaincy were administered in Mexico by the Viceroyalty of New Spain, while the administrative issues had to be consulted with the Spanish Crown or the Council of the Indies through the Royal Audience of Manila. However, in 1821, after Mexico became an independent nation, all control was transferred to Madrid.

Language

In Asia, the Philippines, a former Spanish overseas province, is the lone sovereign nation representative of the Spanish language. Spanish was lingua franca of the country from the beginning of Spanish rule in the late 1500s until the first half of the 20th century. It held official status for nearly half a millennium before being demoted as an optional language in 1987. However, Spanish still remained a very important language in the Philippines despite all the inauspicious circumstances that resulted to its gradual decline over the years.^[18] Today, Spanish is being somewhat revived by groups rallying to make it a compulsory subject in schools, and eventually be redesignated as an official language on national level.^[19]

Philippine Spanish

Philippine Spanish (Spanish: Español filipino, Castellano filipino) is a Spanish dialect and a variant of Spanish spoken in the Philippines. Philippine Spanish is very similar to Mexican Spanish, because of Mexican and Latin American emigration to the Spanish East Indies (Philippines) over the years. It is spoken mostly among Spanish Filipinos.

Chavacano

Chavacano or Chabacano [tʃaβaˈkano] is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, meaning "poor taste", "vulgar", for the Chavacano language, developed in Cavite City, Ternate, Zamboanga and Ermita. It is also derived from the word chavano, coined by the Zamboangueño people.

Six different dialects have developed: Zamboangueño in Zamboanga City, Davaoeño Zamboangueño / Castellano Abakay in Davao City, Ternateño in Ternate, Cavite, Caviteño in Cavite City, Cotabateño in Cotabato City and Ermiteño in Ermita.

Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia. It has survived for more than 400 years, making it one of the oldest creole languages in the world. Among Philippine languages, it is the only one not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication.

Literature

Philippine literature in Spanish (Spanish: Literatura Filipina en Castellano) is a body of literature made by Filipino writers in the Spanish language. Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of Philippine literature (Philippine Literature in Filipino being the first, followed by Philippine literature in English). It is slightly larger than the Philippine literature in the vernacular languages. However, because of the very few additions to it in the past 30 years, it is expected that the former will soon overtake its rank.

List of some famous Spanish Philippine literature:

Doctrina Christiana

The Doctrina Christiana was an early book of Roman Catholic Catechism, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the earliest books printed in the Philippines.^[20]

Noli Me Tángere

Noli Me Tángere (Latin for Touch Me Not) is a fictional novel written by José Rizal, one of the national heroes of the Philippines, during the colonization of the country by Spain to expose the inequities of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government.

Originally written in Spanish, the book is more commonly published and read in the Philippines in either Filipino or English. Together with its sequel, El Filibusterismo, the reading of Noli is obligatory for high school students throughout the country.

El Filibusterismo

El Filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for "The Filibustering"^[21]), also known by its English alternative title The Reign of Greed,^[22] is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli me tangere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent.

The novel's dark theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic atmosphere, signifying the character Ibarra's resort to solving his country's issues through violent means, after his previous attempt at reforming the country's system have made no effect and seemed impossible with the attitudes of the Spaniards towards the Filipinos. The novel, along with its predecessor, was banned in some parts of the Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's abuse and corruption. These novels along with Rizal's involvement in organizations that aim to address and reform the Spanish system and its issues led to Rizal's exile to Dapitan and eventual execution. Both the novel and its predecessor, along with Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's literary masterpieces.

People

List of some famous Spanish Filipinos:

Historical

Luis Rodriguez Varela, "El Conde Filipino", early Philippine nationalist
Jose Rizal, Author, Philippine hero
Gabriela Silang, female revolutionary leader

Military

Andres Bonifacio, Founder of the Katipunan, Philippine Hero
Antonio Luna, General, Philippine Hero

Prominent People

Zobel de Ayala family, prominent Spanish Filipino family
Araneta family, prominent Spanish Filipino family
Isabel Preysler, Spanish socialite and TV host, mother of Enrique Iglesias, former spouse of Julio Iglesias

Arts and Literature

Fernando Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo, painter, art collector, founded Museo de Arte Abstracto Español in Spain
Francisco Mañosa, famous architect noted for his Filipino inspired architectural designs
Guillermo Gómez Rivera, famous Hispanist, multilingual author, historian, language scholar
Armida Siguion-Reyna, celebrity, singer, film and stage actress, producer, television show host
Peque Gallaga, veteran director-actor
Fritz Ynfante, multi-awarded Filipino film-maker
Monique Wilson, veteran theatre and film actress, former lead actress for "Miss Saigon"
Monique Lhuillier, famous US-based fashion designer to celebrities
Carlos Celdran, famous tour guide, cultural activist, and performing artist

Politics

Manuel Quezón, first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
José Ozámiz, Senator and Governor of Misamis Occidental
Juan Ponce Enrile, politician, lawyer, businessman
Danding Cojuangco, industrialist, politician
Juan Ponce Enrile, Jr., politician, businessman
Juan Miguel Zubiri, politician, businessman, environmentalist
Jamby Madrigal, politician, businesswoman
Lucy Torres, politician, actress, TV host, model
Sally Ponce Enrile, politician

Music

Pilita Corrales, singer and songwriter
Andion Fernandez, operatic soprano
Junior, singer and actor in Spain and the Philippines
Gary Valenciano, singer, composer, arranger, writer
Maloy Lozanes, singer, German Eurodance, based in Germany

Sports

Paulino Alcántara, footballer and manager of Club de Futbol de Barcelona
Francis Arnaiz, former player of Toyota and Ginebra San Miguel basketball team, from 1975-1986
Ian Veneracion, actor, pilot, sportsman

Business

Vicente Madrigal, business tycoon, industrialist and politician
Enrique Zobel, industrialist, Philippine Air Force Colonel, pilot, polo player, philanthropist, member of the Zobel de Ayala clan
Jaime Zobel de Ayala, industrialist, philanthropist, member of the Zobel de Ayala clan
Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, industrialist, philanthropist, member of the Zobel de Ayala clan
Andres Soriano, industrialist, soldier, philanthropist, former President of San Miguel, founder of ANSCOR
Andres Soriano Jr., industrialist, philanthropist, former CEO of San Miguel Corporation and ANSCOR
Enrique K. Razon, industrialist, head of International Container Terminal Services, Inc.
Jon Ramon Aboitiz, industrialist, member of Aboitiz clan

Beauty Pageant

Gloria Diaz, Miss Universe 1969, actress, TV host
Margarita Moran-Floirendo, Miss Universe 1973, patron of the arts, peace advocate
Charlene Gonzales, Bb. Pilipinas-Universe 1994, actress, TV host, model

Media

Marga Ortigas, broadast journalist with Al Jazeera English, former reporter with CNN International
Pia Hontiveros, broadcast journalist, Chief Correspondent CNN Philippines
Claire Celdran, broadcast journalist, news anchor CNN Philippines
Raymond Gutierrez, TV host, editor, columnist, endorser and actor

Entertainment

Actor

Pancho Magalona, actor
Mario Montenegro, classic film actor
Nestor de Villa, classic film actor
Eddie Mesa, actor, singer, pastor
Bernard Bonnin, actor
Subas Herrero, actor, comedian, singer
German Moreno, actor, comedian, host, talent manager
Jaime Fabregas, film actor and musical director
Eddie Garcia, film actor and director
Jose Mari Gonzales, actor, businessman, politician
Eddie Gutierrez, actor
William Martinez, actor
Albert Martinez, actor, director, and producer.
Miguel Rodriguez, actor, politician, model
Gabby Concepcion, actor, director, singer-songwriter, businessman
Mark Gil, actor
Michael de Mesa, actor
Paquito Diaz, actor
Joey de Leon, actor and composer
Aga Muhlach, actor
Richard Gutierrez, actor
Patrick Garcia, actor and model

Actress

Paraluman, classic film actress
Mila del Sol, classic film actress
Gloria Romero, veteran actress
Maggie dela Riva, movie actress
Rosemarie Gil, actress
Cherie Gil, actress
Cristina Gonzales, actress, politician, model
Isabel Granada, singer and actor
Anna Larrucea, actress
Ruffa Gutierrez, actress
Kristine Hermosa, actress
Marian Rivera, actress and model
Cheska Garcia, actress, TV host, model
Valeen Montenegro, actress, model

References

^ ^a ^b Jagor, Fedor; et al. (2007). "Part VI People and Prospects of the Philippines". The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-1542-9. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
^ "The Basques's contribution to the Philippines".
^ "Ayala Group".
^ "Aboitiz and Company - About Us".
^ "ICTSI - BOD - Enrique K. Razon Jr".
^ "ANSCOR - History".
^ "Significado / definição de Hispânico". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Priberam Informática, S.A. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ "hispà-ana" (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ "hispànic-a" (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ "Archived: 49 CFR Part 26". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 19 January 2016. 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race...
^ "SOP 80 05 3A: Overview of the 8(A) Business Development Program" (PDF). U.S. Small Business Administration. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2016. SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or Spain.
^ Constitution of Puerto Rico, Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
^ Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ...."
^ Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpi, "The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, and the Philippines", The Federal Lawyer, March/April 2011. http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25: "In light of the [Supreme Court] ruling in Boumediene, in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories."
^ accessed 26 January 2013: "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean".
^ http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3
^ http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/global_cities_of_the_future_an_interactive_map
^ The National Archives (archived from the original on 2007-09-27), Houses the Spanish Collection, which consists of around 13 million manuscripts from the Spanish colonial period.
^ "Spanish is once again a compulsory subject in the Philippines". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
^ Lessing J. Rosenwald. "Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection". Library of Congress. World Digital Library. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
^ The Subersive or Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations.
^ "The Reign of Greed by José Rizal". Retrieved 2008-04-24.

[fedor-1] Jagor, Fedor; et al. (2007). "Part VI People and Prospects of the Philippines". The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-1542-9. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[2] "The Basques's contribution to the Philippines".

[3] "Ayala Group".

[4] "Aboitiz and Company - About Us".

[5] "ICTSI - BOD - Enrique K. Razon Jr".

[6] "ANSCOR - History".

[7] "Significado / definição de Hispânico". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Priberam Informática, S.A. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

[8] "hispà-ana" (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

[9] "hispànic-a" (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

[fhwa.dot.gov-10] "Archived: 49 CFR Part 26". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 19 January 2016. 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race...

[SBA_8005-11] "SOP 80 05 3A: Overview of the 8(A) Business Development Program" (PDF). U.S. Small Business Administration. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2016. SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or Spain.

[12] Constitution of Puerto Rico, Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.

[13] Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ...."

[14] Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpi, "The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, and the Philippines", The Federal Lawyer, March/April 2011. http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25: "In light of the [Supreme Court] ruling in Boumediene, in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories."

[15] ssed 26 January 2013: "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean".

[16] ttp://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3

[17] ttp://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/global_cities_of_the_future_an_interactive_map

[18] The National Archives (archived from the original on 2007-09-27), Houses the Spanish Collection, which consists of around 13 million manuscripts from the Spanish colonial period.

[19] "Spanish is once again a compulsory subject in the Philippines". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2010.

[Rosenwald-20] Lessing J. Rosenwald. "Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection". Library of Congress. World Digital Library. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

[21] The Subersive or Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations.

[22] "The Reign of Greed by José Rizal". Retrieved 2008-04-24.

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