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{{Short description|Genus of sharks}}
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#redirect [[Hammerhead shark]]
{{automatic taxobox
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| image = Hammerhead shark.jpg
| image_caption = [[Great hammerhead]] (''S. mokarran'')
| taxon = Sphyrna
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel hmjhhRafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810
| type_species = ''[[Sphyrna zygaena|Squalus zygaena]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms =
* ''Cestraciom'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small>
* ''Cestracion'' <small>Klein, 1776</small>
* ''Cestracion'' <small>T. N. Gill, 1862</small>
* ''Cestracion'' <small>J. D. Ogilby, 1916</small>
* ''Cestrorhinus'' <small>Blainville, 1816</small>
* ''Mesozygaena'' <small>Compagno, 1988</small>
* ''Platysqualus'' <small>Swainson, 1839</small>
* ''Reniceps'' <small>T. N. Gill, 1862</small>
* ''Sphyra'' <small>Van der Hoeven, 1855</small>
* ''Sphyrichthys'' <small>Thienemann, 1828</small>
* ''Sphyrnias'' <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small>
* ''Zygaena'' <small>G. Cuvier, 1816</small>
* ''Zygana'' <small>Swainson, 1838</small>
* ''Zygoena'' <small>A. Risso, 1827</small>
| range_map = Sphyrna distribution map.svg
}}
{{Portal|Sharks}}

'''''Sphyrna''''' is a genus of [[hammerhead sharks]] with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] in the world's oceans. Members of ''Sphyrna'' have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the [[intertidal zone]] rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of ''Sphyrna'' are also known by synonyms such as ''Zygaena'', ''Cestracion'', and ''Sphyrichthys''. The earliest species described of this genus was ''[[Sphyrna zygaena]]'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, while the latest described member, ''[[Sphyrna gilberti]]'', was discovered and described in 2013.

The genus name comes from the Greek word {{lang|el|σφῦρα}} ''sphyra'' "hammer", it is also where the family name [[hammerhead shark|Sphyrnidae]] comes from.<ref name="ETYFish">{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/ETYFish_Sphyrnidae.pdf |title=Family SPHYRNIDAE |date=12 December 2022 |last1=Scharpf |first1=Christopher |website=The ETYFish Project |access-date=20 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Species ==
The recognized species in this genus are:<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Sphyrna| month = June | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=Quattro2013/><ref>Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/ng_hh_taxonomy.htm Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy]. ''ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research''. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.</ref>

;Extant
* ''[[Sphyrna corona]]'' <small>([[Stewart Springer|S. Springer]], 1940)</small> (scalloped bonnethead)
* ''[[Sphyrna gilberti]]'' <small>[[Joseph Michael Quattro|Quattro]], [[William B. Driggers III|Driggers]], [[James M. Grady|Grady]], [[Glenn F. Ulrich|Ulrich]] & [[Mark A. Roberts|M. A. Roberts]], 2013</small> (Carolina hammerhead)<ref name=Quattro2013>Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): ''Sphyrna gilberti'' sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. ''Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.''</ref>
* ''[[Sphyrna lewini]]'' <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|E. Griffith]] & [[Charles Hamilton Smith|C. H. Smith]], 1834)</small> (scalloped hammerhead)
* ''[[Sphyrna media]]'' <small>(S. Springer, 1940)</small> (scoophead)
* ''[[Sphyrna mokarran]]'' <small>([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1837)</small> (great hammerhead)
* ''[[Sphyrna tiburo]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (bonnethead)
* ''[[Sphyrna tudes]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1822)</small> (smalleye hammerhead)
* ''[[Sphyrna zygaena]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (smooth hammerhead)

;Extinct
* † ''[[Sphyrna arambourgi]]'' <small>(Cappetta, 1970)</small>
* † ''[[Sphyrna gibbesii]]'' <small>(Hay, 1902)</small>
* † ''[[Sphyrna integra]]'' <small>(Probst, 1878)</small>
* † ''[[Sphyrna laevissima]]'' <small>([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1867)</small>
* † ''[[Sphyrna magna]]'' <small>(Cope, 1867)</small>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline |Sphyrna |''Sphyrna''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q132998}}

[[Category:Sphyrna| ]]
[[Category:Shark genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]


{{shark-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:55, 20 September 2023

Sphyrna
Great hammerhead (S. mokarran)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Sphyrnidae
Genus: Sphyrna
Rafinesque, 1810
Type species
Squalus zygaena
Synonyms
  • Cestraciom Walbaum, 1792
  • Cestracion Klein, 1776
  • Cestracion T. N. Gill, 1862
  • Cestracion J. D. Ogilby, 1916
  • Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816
  • Mesozygaena Compagno, 1988
  • Platysqualus Swainson, 1839
  • Reniceps T. N. Gill, 1862
  • Sphyra Van der Hoeven, 1855
  • Sphyrichthys Thienemann, 1828
  • Sphyrnias Rafinesque, 1815
  • Zygaena G. Cuvier, 1816
  • Zygana Swainson, 1838
  • Zygoena A. Risso, 1827

Sphyrna is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna gilberti, was discovered and described in 2013.

The genus name comes from the Greek word σφῦρα sphyra "hammer", it is also where the family name Sphyrnidae comes from.[1]

Species

[edit]

The recognized species in this genus are:[2][3][4]

Extant
Extinct

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Scharpf, Christopher (12 December 2022). "Family SPHYRNIDAE" (PDF). The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.
  3. ^ a b Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
  4. ^ Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
[edit]
  • Media related to Sphyrna at Wikimedia Commons


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